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PubMed1991

[Epidemiological study of prisoners at risk for AIDS in a Spanish prison].

Different proportions of the several AIDS risk practices in a Spanish prison during 1988 were studied. Also a epidemiologic study of the infectious diseases of the prisoners with some risk of this type was carried out. Of 135 prisoners with risk of AIDS, it was found that 91.2% of them were drug addicts. The index of positive HIV in all the population study was of 65.2%. 81.5% of the sample had at least one B hepatitis marker and 11.1% had HBs-Ag. 15.4% of the last group also showed HBe-Ag positive. Histories of non-A, non-B hepatitis were not evaluated in 9.6% of all the patients studied. 53.3% had sexually transmitted diseases. It is important to mention the high index of active tuberculosis found (12.6% of the sample), which is higher than the maximum values found in various similar papers. We did not find any differences in the grade of affectation between HIV+ and HIV-.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Risk factors for hepatitis C infection and perception of antibody status among male prison inmates in the Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission in Prisons Study cohort, Australia.

The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among male prison inmates enrolling into a prospective cohort in Australia. We tested 121 inmates who were previously untested or were previously known to be anti-HCV antibody negative for anti-HCV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HCV-positive inmates were classified as cases (n = 25) and HCV-negative inmates as controls (n = 96). The study found that cases were less educated than controls and confirmed that prior imprisonment, drug injection, and a longer duration of injecting were risk factors for HCV infection. More than half of those who tested HCV positive perceived that they did not have HCV infection, and 44% were unsure of their HCV status. Those inmates who were incorrect about their HCV status tended to be less educated and were more likely to have been previously imprisoned than those who were correct about their HCV status. Inmates who were unsure of their HCV status were less likely to have been tested for HCV than those who had a clear perception of their HCV status, even if incorrect. Three (12%) inmates who tested positive denied injecting drug use, but reported other risk factors. Prisons are likely to remain an important site for the diagnosis of HCV infection and targeted interventions aimed at risk reduction among inmates with low education levels and a previous imprisonment history.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The past and future of U.S. prison policy. Twenty-five years after the Stanford prison experiment.

In this article, the authors reflect on the lessons of their Stanford Prison Experiment, some 25 years after conducting it. They review the quarter century of change in criminal justice and correctional policies that has transpired since the Stanford Prison Experiment and then develop a series of reform-oriented proposals drawn from this and related studies on the power of social situations and institutional settings that can be applied to the current crisis in American corrections.

Crime↗
PubMed2003

Therapeutic communities and prison management: an examination of the effects of operating an in-prison therapeutic community on levels of institutional disorder.

There is a growing emphasis in corrections on the treatment of inmates with drug problems. The typical method of evaluating drug treatment programs is to examine how the treatment affects the inmate in terms of relapse and recidivism. This study examines the institutional consequences of operating a therapeutic community located in a medium/high-security male institution. The effect on management is examined from a perspective of institutional disorder. Disorders, from less severe inmate rule violations to more serious assaults, and rates of grievance filing are examined within the treatment unit and compared with rates in the general population. The inmate's perception of the environment, whether in treatment or non-treatment, is also examined. Findings indicate that in-prison therapeutic communities have lower levels of disorder than nontreatment housing units and tend to produce more positive perceptions of the living environment among the inmates living there. The impact of these findings for prison management is discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

[Mental disorders in prisons--view of prison governors].

This article reports on experiences with prisoners with mental diseases. Due to the multitude of drug supply of all kind in Frankfurt, several addicted humans are living in this area. Their way of life is frequently accompanied by arrest and imprisonment. It is demonstrated what we experienced with these prisoners and what kind of problems has occurred. The employees of a penal institution are not prepared enough to deal with such problems. Such demands are demonstrated.

Human Rights↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing in prisons. Career opportunities in the nursing service for prisoners.

This paper looks at the organisation and recent transformation of the nursing service for prisoners. Formerly the majority of health care within the prison service was provided by discipline officers, who had had training in first aid and basic nursing duties. However, the service is now increasingly employing registered nurses.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2000

Correlation between HIV and HCV in Brazilian prisoners: evidence for parenteral transmission inside prison.

OBJECTIVE: It is an accepted fact that confinement conditions increase the risk of some infections related to sexual and/or injecting drugs practices. Mathematical techniques were applied to estimate time-dependent incidence densities of HIV infection among inmates. METHODS: A total of 631 prisoners from a Brazilian prison with 4,900 inmates at that time were interviewed and their blood drawn. Risky behavior for HIV infection was analyzed, and serological tests for HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis were performed, intended as surrogates for parenteral and sexual HIV transmission, respectively. Mathematical techniques were used to estimate the incidence density ratio, as related to the time of imprisonment. RESULTS: Prevalence were: HIV - 16%; HCV - 34%; and syphilis - 18%. The main risk behaviors related to HIV infection were HCV prevalence (OR=10.49) and the acknowledged use of injecting drugs (OR=3.36). Incidence density ratio derivation showed that the risk of acquiring HIV infection increases with the time of imprisonment, peaking around three years after incarceration. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between HIV and HCV seroprevalence and the results of the mathematical analysis suggest that HIV transmission in this population is predominantly due to parenteral exposure by injecting drug, and that it increases with time of imprisonment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Death in prison: changing mortality patterns among male prisoners in Maryland, 1979-87.

The leading causes of death (rate per 100,000 prisoner-years) in Maryland state prisons for the period 1979-87 were circulatory system disease (59), suicide (40), and homicide and legal intervention (30). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) became the leading cause of death in 1987. Homicides declined after 1980; drug overdose deaths peaked in 1981 and later disappeared. Male inmates have 39 percent lower all-cause death rates than the general population of Maryland after adjustment for age and race.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed2000

[Medical discretion versus duty to warn by physicians in prisons-- view of the prison governers].

We appreciate that the limits of medical discretion in penal execution have been clarified by the legislature with the law issued at August 26, 1999. From the point of view of a head of an institution, this law makes it possible to achieve acceptable results in any relevant case-combinations. The "circumspect head of an institution" should, as far as his general responsibilities allow, make use of his right to be informed in a very restricted way. This right is given by the particular conditions in penal execution. The implementation of this law within the institution requires the following: To inform the prisoners on the existing obligations and rights of information. To inform physicians working within institutions on a general level about existing duties without making provisions for particular cases. To name the recipients of information from the medical sector.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed2003

Staying in treatment: how much difference is there from prison to prison?

This is the 1st study to examine the effects of individual- and program-level characteristics on treatment attrition within a prison-based setting. The sample of 1,446 men and women were from 19 programs. Differences were found in both individual- and program-level predictors of disciplinary discharges and dropouts. Dropouts were more likely to be women and enter treatment with lower levels of motivation. Individuals who were disciplinary discharges from treatment were more likely to be young, have a history of violence, and have a diagnosis of antisocial personality. Only 1 program factor--an emphasis on disciplinary discharge for violation of program rules--was associated with disciplinary discharge. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Problems of addiction behind prison walls--experiences from prison medical practice].

The difficult task of medical practice behind prison walls is illustrated by examples. The medical practitioner is often challenged by the task of combining ethics, law, the needs of the client, public opinion and political policy without getting much recognition and/or support. Co-morbidity of addiction and psychological-psychiatric disorders is an additional problem. Often it appears as a "hen or egg" problem, what was first? Clients needing psychiatric treatment often remain imprisoned in care with the medical practitioner because of the difficult circumstances mentioned above. Almost like the medical practitioner finding himself "imprisoned" with the clients managing the situation as good as possible (or not) with limited resources.

Comorbidity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prisoner settles case for right to start methadone in prison.

In July 1999, Dwight Lowe, an inmate at Kent Institution previously using heroin, settled his case against Correctional Service Canada (CSC) in which he challenged as unconstitutional CSC's refusal to permit him to initiate methadone maintenance treatment while in prison.

Canada↗
PubMed2002

A comparison of dental caries and tooth loss for Iowa prisoners with other prison populations and dentate U.S. adults.

PURPOSE: When one compares National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) data to previous national surveys it appears that oral health in the United States has improved. The purpose of this study was to determine if this trend holds for prisoners in Iowa, specifically in regard to number of decayed teeth, number of decayed surfaces, and number of missing teeth. METHODS: This original research is a report of cross-sectional data regarding untreated decay and missing teeth. A representative sample of inmates newly admitted to the Iowa Medical Classification Center (IMCC) between June and December 1998 was selected. Oral health data were collected from records obtained as the result of dental treatment screening examinations conducted by the IMCC staff dental hygienist. Demographic data were obtained from questionnaires. The oral health status of this Iowa inmate population was compared with the status of previously studied samples of inmates throughout the nation using descriptive and parametric statistics and with dentate, noninstitutionalized U.S. adults using descriptive, non-parametric, and parametric statistics. RESULTS: Of the 174 study participants, 149 were male and 25 were female. On average, male inmates had 7.09 decayed teeth, 15.3 surfaces of decay, and 4.07 missing teeth. The female inmates averaged 5.56 teeth with untreated decay, 14.4 surfaces of decay, and 5.12 missing teeth. Findings showed that male Iowa inmates have more untreated decay than previously studied samples of inmates throughout the nation. IMCC Caucasian male inmates had 1.6 to 7.8 times as many untreated decayed teeth as previous inmates, while African American inmates showed 1.2 to 3.4 times as many untreated decayed teeth. The Iowa male inmates had fewer missing teeth than most of the inmate comparison groups. Compared with dentate, noninstitutionalized U.S. adults, the IMCC inmates, male and female combined, had 8.4 times the amount of untreated decay but similar numbers of missing teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Newly admitted male and female inmates were disparate from the general dentate U.S. adult population in terms of untreated decay. This also was found for IMCC male inmates compared to previous studies of male inmates. Inmates of both genders at IMCC did not appear to be disparate with the comparison population with regard to number of missing teeth.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing in prisons. Fighting addiction in prisons.

This paper examines the steps which nurses and other health care staff can take to lessen the likelihood that prisoners will take ilicit drugs--both during their sentences and following release. It presents a range of possible approaches, ranging from the relatively straightforward to the sophisticated, from which nurses can choose the most appropriate intervention to use with a particular client.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Mass gastric examinations of prisoners at Miyagi Prison in Japan.

Mass examinations of the stomach were carried out on 79 convicts over 40 years of age confined in the Miyagi Prison, Japan. Of the 79 subjects, 11.9% were found to need detailed examination of the stomach which disclosed gastric polyp in one case and scar from gastric ulceration in one. None was found to have carcinoma of the stomach. Complaints of symptoms were obviously more frequent with the convicts as compared with a control group. There was not, however, a significant depression in efficiency of this group examination by photofluorography, as compared with the usual gastric mass examination on general inhabitants.

Adult↗