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PubMed2000

Practical logics: the shapes and lessons of popular medical knowledge and practice--examples from Vietnam and Indigenous Australia.

Popular medical knowledge and practice exist in forms that people are able to remember, and that they use to manage their daily lives. This knowledge is fundamentally practical and relates to the patterns of everyday life and the rhythms of the body. The broad "polythetic" concepts of this knowledge system are typically drawn from both dominant and other medical knowledges, and combined in pragmatic, mnemonic ways that constitute a hybrid system. Such popular medical knowledge is attuned to local, family and cultural patterns of medical and other authority, and to the personal dispositions and environmental contexts of its users. Health promoters and educators who understand these formal, embodied and familiar dimensions of popular knowledge can potentially mimic this knowledge system, making their interventions a sustainable part of everyday family life.

Australia↗
PubMed2000

Britain on the couch: the popularization of psychoanalysis in Britain 1918-1940.

Despite the enormous historical attention psychoanalysis has attracted, its popularization in Britain (as opposed to the United States) in the wake of the Great War has been largely overlooked. The present paper explores the sources and fate of the sudden "craze" for psychoanalysis after 1918, examining the content of the books through which the doctrine became widely known, along with the roles played by religious interests and the popular press. The percolation of Freudian and related language into everyday English was effectively complete by the 1930s. Crucially, it is argued that in Britain the character of psychoanalytic theory itself demonstrably converged with the psychological needs of the British population in the postwar period. The situation in Britain was clearly different in many respects from that in the United States. This episode bears on numerous questions about scientific popularization, the distinctiveness of British psychoanalysis, and though it is treated here only peripherally the epistemological status or nature of psychoanalysis. More generally the present paper may be read as an exercise in reflexive disciplinary historiography, in which the levels of discipline ("Psychology") and subject matter ("psychology") are viewed as interpenetrating and mutually constitutive.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

Buffers of peer rejection among girls with and without ADHD: the role of popularity with adults and goal-directed solitary play.

We investigated a risk-resilience model in 91 girls with ADHD and 58 age- and ethnicity-equated comparison girls, who participated in all-female naturalistic summer research camps. The hypothesized risk factor was peer rejection (assessed via sociometric nominations), with criterion measures including multiinformant composites of aggressive behavior and anxious/depressed symptoms. The two hypothesized protective factors were the girls' popularity with adult staff (assessed via staff ratings) and objective observations of goal-directed solitary play. Peer rejection was related to higher levels of aggressive behavior and depressed/anxious behavior, confirming its status as a risk factor. Next, for all girls, popularity with adults predicted lower levels of aggression and goal-directed solitary play predicted lower levels of anxiety/depression. Whereas popularity with adults was most protective among the peer-accepted subgroup, solitary play was most protective among the peer-rejected subgroup. Diagnostic status (ADHD versus comparison) moderated the findings such that engaging in meaningful solitary play was a stronger predictor of lower levels of anxious/depressed behavior in girls with ADHD than in comparison girls. We discuss the need for replication in prospective research and implications for research and intervention regarding the social functioning of peer-rejected children, particularly those with behavior disorders.

Aggression↗
PubMed2001

Mammography messages in popular media: implications for patient expectations and shared clinical decision-making.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the quantity and content of information about mammography in popular magazines and the educational level of their target audience. DESIGN: Articles published in popular magazines from January 1988 through April 1994 in which >or= 25% of all readers were females >or= 35 years of age were identified (n=65). We used the proportion of readers who were college graduates to stratify the magazines into three education levels. We used a content analysis to assess the relationship between media messages about mammography and readers' education levels. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of lowest education level articles were categorized as persuasive or prescriptive compared with 28% of articles in the highest education level (P < 0.01). Only 26% of the lowest education level articles that discussed screening guidelines for women under 50 years of age considered the issue controversial, while 59% of the high education level articles considered it controversial (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Women with lower education levels received a clearly persuasive or prescriptive message urging mammography screening, while higher educated women received more balanced and informative messages. Such differences suggest that women may be entering their physicians' offices with very different sets of information from which to draw when faced with clinical decisions. Physicians and other health-care providers should be aware of these potential differences, and further research should be done to explore the relationship between women's preferences for participation in shared decision-making and the types of messages they are receiving from popular media.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Can educational methods influence the popularity of psychiatric nursing?

The ongoing difficulty of attracting sufficient numbers of undergraduate nursing students to a career in psychiatric nursing has been acknowledged. Limited available research suggests that education can produce a more positive view of psychiatric nursing. Despite these findings, research into the impact of educational methods upon the popularity of psychiatric nursing has not been undertaken. This paper reports the findings of a quasi-experimental research project, which examined the relationship between the study of, and the popularity of, psychiatric nursing. The results propose that through undertaking the psychiatric nursing program, psychiatric nursing as a future career option became more popular. The greater significance of the results of this study than had been found in previous studies suggests that problem-based learning is an educational method capable of influencing the development of more positive attitudes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The evolution of current medical and popular attitudes toward ultraviolet light exposure: part 2.

The 1920s and 1930s represented an extraordinary time in the shaping of modern attitudes towards ultraviolet light. Dermatologists and other physicians today are still confronting the effects of changes in social behavior that occurred at this time. The discovery that ultraviolet wavelengths played a role in vitamin D synthesis in the skin ushered in a period of enormous popularity for ultraviolet light exposure. A variety of other medical claims were soon made for ultraviolet radiation, including that it increased resistance to disease. The field of phototherapy rapidly expanded, and its use was employed by proponents for a host of unlikely medical conditions. Exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet lamps was widely promoted as a form of preventive medicine. Home sunlamps gained popularity and were aggressively marketed to the public. A suntan, which had previously achieved limited popularity, now was viewed as de rigueur in the United States and Europe. The role that medical advocacy of ultraviolet light exposure played in initially advancing the practice of sunbathing is not commonly appreciated today. Ironically, public health recommendations of the time were often diametrically opposed to those being made at present, since sunlight exposure is currently recognized as the major preventable cause of cancer of the skin.

Advertising↗
PubMed1992

Popular and rejected children's social reasoning: linking social status and social knowledge.

The relationship between children's social status/sex and their moral judgements was examined. Sixty-four second- and third-grade children (33 boys, 31 girls) who were identified as popular or rejected by peer sociometric measures were shown pictures of children engaged in moral and second-order transgressions. The children were asked to rate each event on (a) the degree of seriousness for other and self, (b) the amount of punishment for other and self, and (c) rule alterability. The children were also asked for justification of the transgressions (why they thought the transgressions were wrong). The popular and rejected children differentiated between moral and second-order transgressions based upon criterion ratings and justifications. Differences emerged between the popular and the rejected children's ratings and justifications for moral transgressions, suggesting that children's moral judgements are related to social experiences associated with peer acceptance and rejection.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Effects of perceived attractiveness and academic success on early adolescent peer popularity.

Effects of perceived attractiveness and academic performance on 9th graders' ratings of peers' popularity were investigated. Participants were 270 9th graders (152 girls, 118 boys) who read a vignette describing a hypothetical same-sex peer with whom the student had been assigned to complete a project. The partner's attractiveness and academic performance were systematically varied in four conditions: high attractiveness/high grades, high attractiveness/low grades, low attractiveness/high grades, and low attractiveness/low grades. After reading the vignette, the students rated the partner's popularity. As hypothesized, analyses of variance revealed that attractive partners were significantly more popular than unattractive partners, regardless of whether the partner had high or low grades. Contrary to expectation, attractiveness was not more important to girls than to boys. Integration with past research and suggestions for future research are offered.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science. From reverent eye to chemical retina.

This essay examines the use of visual images during the latter half of the nineteenth century in the work of three important popularizers of science. J. G. Wood, Richard Proctor, and Agnes Clerke skillfully used illustrations and photographs to establish their credibility as trustworthy guides to scientific, moral, and religious truths. All three worked within the natural theology tradition, despite the powerful critique of William Paley's argument from design set forth in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). Wood, Proctor, and Clerke recognized that in order to reach a popular audience with their message of divine wonder in nature, they would have to take advantage of the developing mass visual culture embodied in the new pictorial magazines, spectacles, and entertaining toys based on scientific gadgets emblematic of the reorganization of vision. But in drawing on different facets of the emerging visual culture and in looking to the images produced by the new visual technologies to find the hand of God in nature, these popularizers subtly transformed the natural theology tradition.

Art↗
PubMed1990

Old age in America represented in nineteenth and twentieth century popular sheet music.

This paper examines American popular sheet music published between 1830 and 1980 as a source for understanding popular perceptions and feelings about aging and old age. From a private collection of over 300 pieces of sheet music related to aging, two forms of representation of popular sentiments are reviewed: cover art and lyrics. A substantial majority present negative rather than positive views of aging and old age.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Random drift and large shifts in popularity of dog breeds.

A simple model of random copying among individuals, similar to the population genetic model of random drift, can predict the variability in the popularity of cultural variants. Here, we show that random drift also explains a biologically relevant cultural phenomenon--changes in the distributions of popularity of dog breeds in the United States in each of the past 50 years. There are, however, interesting deviations from the model that involve large changes in the popularity of certain breeds. By identifying meaningful departures from our null model, we show how it can serve as a foundation for studying culture change quantitatively, using the tools of population genetics.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The needs and popularization of psychotherapy in Taiwan.

A literature review, a population survey and analysis of hospital statistics were used to assess the needs and the popularity of psychotherapy in Taiwan. Three community epidemiological studies revealed very similar prevalence rates of minor mental disorders. The statistics of the Children's Mental Health Center revealed that intensive psychotherapy was not a popular treatment received by patients. The second cycle Taiwan Social Change Survey also showed a high rate of anxiety and depression in the community. It also revealed a low acceptance of psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and depression provided by professionals. The discrepancy between the great potential needs for psychotherapy and the unpopularity of psychotherapy in practice was discussion. Methods to make psychotherapy more popular are also suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Coverage and quality of oral cancer information in selected popular press: May 1998 to July 2003.

OBJECTIVES: A 1998 study demonstrated a lack of coverage about oral cancer in the popular press between April 1987 and April 1997. Since that study, several oral cancer-related activities took place, many of which could have increased the media's attention to oral cancer. Therefore, this study analyzed coverage and quality of oral cancer information in selected popular press between May 1998 and July 2003. METHODS: Articles from magazines and newspapers were retrieved from three databases and were analyzed by specific topics and subtopics for adequacy of content and accuracy of information. Articles were categorized as either "primarily oral cancer-related" or "primarily tobacco-related." RESULTS: Sixty articles were identified, 39 of which were included in the analysis (14 magazines; 25 newspapers). Seventeen articles were "primarily oral cancer-related," and 22 were "primarily tobacco-related." Seventy-two percent of the articles mentioned at least one risk factor for oral cancer, the most common being tobacco use (69%). Far fewer articles noted alcohol (10%) or the combined use of tobacco and alcohol (5%) as risk factors. Only 8 percent of the articles recommended an oral cancer examination. CONCLUSION: Despite local and limited national efforts and activities aimed at increasing public awareness of oral cancer, the popular press coverage of those activities was minimal or nonexistent.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Injury risk from popular childhood physical activities: results from an Australian primary school cohort.

BACKGROUND: Children engage in various physical activities that pose different injury risks. However, the lack of adequate data on exposure has meant that these risks have not been quantified or compared in young children aged 5-12 years. OBJECTIVES: To measure exposure to popular activities among Australian primary school children and to quantify the associated injury risks. METHOD: The Childhood Injury Prevention Study prospectively followed up a cohort of randomly selected Australian primary and preschool children aged 5-12 years. Time (min) engaged in various physical activities was measured using a parent-completed 7-day diary. All injuries over 12 months were reported to the study. All data on exposure and injuries were coded using the International classification of external causes of injury. Injury rates per 1000 h of exposure were calculated for the most popular activities. RESULTS: Complete diaries and data on injuries were available for 744 children. Over 12 months, 314 injuries relating to physical activity outside of school were reported. The highest injury risks per exposure time occurred for tackle-style football (2.18/1000 h), wheeled activities (1.72/1000 h) and tennis (1.19/1000 h). Overall, boys were injured more often than girls; however, the differences were non-significant or reversed for some activities including soccer, trampolining and team ball sports. CONCLUSION: Although the overall injury rate was low in this prospective cohort, the safety of some popular childhood activities can be improved so that the benefits may be enjoyed with fewer negative consequences.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2003

[A popular concept of schistosomiasis mansoni: modes of transmission and prevention in the perspective of gender differences].

This is a study on popular ideas, beliefs and practices concerning the transmission and prevention of parasitic diseases, specifically schistosomiasis mansoni. The author explored the existence of a popular belief system within the health care system, combining elements from biomedicine and folk medicine for the understanding and management of the health/disease phenomenon. The study describes the differences in perception of morbidity and gender among the interviewees. Finally, the study presents popular discourse on parasitic diseases and discusses difficulties with control measures. It considers the contradiction between cultural values and habits and conventional control measures, critically assessing the lack of precision in health education measures under government prevention programs.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1982

Teacher popularity and contrast effects in a classroom token economy.

There is a common fear that the use of a token economy in one classroom might harm pupil performance in situations where the contingencies are not in effect. This study investigated potential contrast effects on measures of children's productivity and attitudes toward teachers. Six children with reading deficits participated. A multiple baseline design was used to assess the effects of a token economy which was systematically introduced across three teachers. Dependent measures included two rating forms of teacher popularity and work rate on a programmed reading series. The results indicated that the token system was effective in increasing the children's productivity and that no consistent behavioral contrast effects occurred. Furthermore, children's attitudes toward teachers did not appear to be influenced by the token economy until only one teacher was not delivering tokens. At this point, her popularity declined until she also delivered tokens. The token economy manipulation appeared to have a specific, desirable effect on the targeted behavior (i.e., work rate) and had minimal negative or positive "side effects" on teacher popularity.

Attitude↗
PubMed1995

The association between alcohol and breast cancer: popular press coverage of research.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to examine popular press reports of the association between alcohol and breast cancer. METHODS: Articles from scientific journals and stories from newspapers and magazines published from January 1, 1985, to July 1, 1992, were retrieved from six on-line databases. Lay press stories were analyzed to determine which medical articles were publicized and what information was reported. RESULTS: Fifty-eight scientific articles on the relationship of alcohol and breast cancer were found, and 64 newspaper and 23 magazine stories were retrieved. The press cited 11 studies, 19% of those published during the study period. Three studies were featured in 77% of popular press stories. No scientific review articles were reported. Behavioral recommendations were given to the public in 63% of stories. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of scientific studies on alcohol and breast cancer were ignored in press reports. We encourage researchers and the popular press to give the public a broader understanding of public health issues.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

The old prospector: The Treasure of the Sierra Madre as exemplar of old age in popular film.

Popular films often feature representations of older people and interpretations of the aging experience. Interpretations of aging in film parallel concepts and theories in contemporary gerontology. This article examines gerontological themes in the classic popular film, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. The ubiquity of aging motifs in popular film offers gerontology a significant opportunity for public education.

Adaptation, Psychological↗