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PubMed2004

Comparison of the Bod Pod and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in men.

The majority of studies investigating the accuracy of the Bod Pod have compared it to hydrostatic weighing (HW), the long held, and perhaps outdated 'gold standard' method of body composition analysis. Much less research has compared the Bod Pod to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a technique that is becoming popular as an alternative reference method. The purpose of this study was to compare per cent fat estimates by the Bod Pod to those of DXA in a large number of men. Participants were 160 men (32 +/- 11 years). Per cent body fat was estimated to be 19.4 +/- 6.8 and 21.6 +/- 8.4 for DXA and the Bod Pod, respectively. Although the two methods were highly correlated (0.94), the mean difference of 2.2% was significant (p < 0.01). The amount of difference increased as body fatness increased (p < 0.0001). The results of this study indicate that a difference between methods existed for our sample of men. It is uncertain exactly where the difference lies. Practitioners should be aware that even with the use of technologically sophisticated methods (i.e., Bod Pod, DXA), differences between methods exist and the determination of body composition is at best, an estimation.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Specific lipoxygenase isoforms accumulate in distinct regions of soybean pod walls and mark a unique cell layer.

Developing seeds constitute a strong sink for the plant and rely on the turnover and mobilization of carbon and nitrogen assimilates to supply the nutrients needed for their maturation. In large part these nutrients emanate from the vegetative organs including leaves and pod walls. Vegetative lipoxygenases (VLXs) accumulate in the paraveinal mesophyll cell layer of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves where individual isoforms are proposed to play a role(s) as active enzymes or as transient storage proteins. VLXs also are prominent proteins in soybean pod walls, representing approximately 12% of the total soluble protein. Examining the temporal, tissue, and subcellular patterns of individual VLX isoform accumulation and of lipoxygenase activity through pod wall development indicates that VLXD is the principal VLX isoform playing a role in storage in this organ. The major accumulation of VLXD occurs just prior to seed fill within the endocarp middle zone, and protein extracted from this region shows relatively low levels of lipoxygenase activity, suggesting the middle zone may act as a storage tissue. Three other VLX isoforms, VLXA, VLXB, and VLXC colocalize to the cytoplasm of a single discrete cell layer in the mesocarp. Thus, the patterns of VLX cellular and subcellular localization in pod walls suggest independent functions for these different isoforms while also serving as specific markers for a novel cell layer in the pod wall.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed2000

The mid-pericarp cell layer in soybean pod walls is a multicellular compartment enriched in specific lipoxygenase isoforms.

Specific lipoxygenase isoforms immunolocalize to the cytosol of a single cell layer in the soybean (Glycine max L.) pod wall. The cells of this layer, termed the mid-pericarp layer (MPL), are larger than adjacent cells and are highly branched. The entire MPL appears to form an elaborate interdigitated network within the pod wall. A particularly striking feature of the MPL is the presence of extensive regions of very thin, approximately 30 nm, cell wall, which connect the cells of the MPL. It was demonstrated that after mechanical wounding of the pod wall, 40-kD fluorescein-dextran was able to move throughout the MPL. In addition, when pod walls are cut, an exudate flows from the MPL that is highly enriched in lipoxygenase isoforms (approximately 40% of the total protein). The MPL of soybean pod walls may represent a novel multicellular compartment involved in defense of leguminous plants.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1984

Ethylene: Symptom, Not Signal for the Induction of Chitinase and beta-1,3-Glucanase in Pea Pods by Pathogens and Elicitors.

Infection of immature pea pods with Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli (a non-pathogen of peas) or f.sp. pisi (a pea pathogen) resulted in induction of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase. Within 30 hours, activities of the two enzymes increased 9-fold and 4-fold, respectively. Chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase were also induced by autoclaved spores of the two F. solani strains and by the known elicitors of phytoalexins in pea pods, cadmium ions, actinomycin D, and chitosan. Furthermore, exogenously applied ethylene caused an increase of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase in uninfected pods. Fungal infection or treatment with elicitors strongly increased ethylene production by immature pea pods. Infected or elicitor-treated pea pods were incubated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine, a specific inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. This lowered stress ethylene production to or below the level of uninfected controls; however, chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase were still strongly induced. It is concluded that ethylene and fungal infection or elicitors are separate, independent signals for the induction of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

The Physiological Basis for Cytokinin Induced Increases in Pod Set in IX93-100 Soybeans.

Previous investigations have shown the feasibility of increasing pod number on legumes by the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) directly to the raceme. These investigations were designed to determine what reproductive parameter was affected by cytokinin application, and if these applications were overcoming a deficiency in root-produced cytokinins during late flowering. Five individual main stem racemes on greenhouse grown soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) were treated with 2 millimolar BA. A single application of BA when pods appeared at 25 to 50% of the proximal floral positions resulted in a 58% increase in pod set due primarily to a 33% reduction in floral abscission. Applications of BA at later intervals also resulted in significant reductions in total abscission. When three applications of BA were imposed on the upper five nodes of field grown soybeans, total pod number and seed weight were significantly increased in this section of the canopy by 27 and 18%, respectively. Throughout the flowering period, root pressure exudate was sampled for the subsequent separation and quantification of zeatin, dihydrozeatin, zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin riboside, and isopentenyladenine. Total cytokinin flux peaked from 0 to 9 days after flowering began, and then dropped to one-half of this level by 15 days postanthesis. The probability that a flower would initiate a pod was directly related to the concentration of total cytokinins present in the exudate when the flower opened.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Hormones and Pod Development in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus).

The endogenous levels of several plant growth substances (indole acetic acid, IAA; abscisic acid, ABA; zeatin, Z; zeatin riboside, [9R]Z; isopentenyladenine, iP; and isopentenyladenosine, [9R]iP were measured during pod development of field grown oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L. var oleifera cv Bienvenu) with high performance liquid chromatography and immunoenzymic (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) techniques. Results show that pod development is characterized by high levels of Z and [9R]Z in 3 day old fruits and of IAA on the fourth day. During pod maturation, initially a significant increase of IAA and cytokinins was observed, followed by a progressive rise of ABA levels and a concomitant decline of IAA and cytokinin (except iP) levels. The relationship between hormone levels and development, especially pod number, seed number per pod, and seed weight determination, will be discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Preferential Loss of an Abundant Storage Protein from Soybean Pods during Seed Development.

A temporary vegetative storage protein, composed of similar 25 kilodalton and 27 kilodalton subunits, was found to be abundant in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Herr. var Hobbit) leaves, stems, pods, flower petals, germinated cotyledons, and less abundant in roots, nodules and seeds. Total pod protein was highest at 3 weeks after flowering and declined by 37% within 3 weeks during seed development. During this time the vegetative storage protein declined from 18% to 1.5% of the total pod protein and accounted for 45% of the protein lost from pods. This indicates that the vegetative storage protein makes a significant contribution to the pool of nutrients mobilized from pods for transport to developing seeds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

PODs in the nuclear spot: enigmas in the magician's pot.

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear body, also known as the PML oncogenic domain (POD), is implicated in the pathophysiology of PML. These nuclear subcompartments are dynamic structures. The PML protein, which undergoes a fusion event in patients with promyelocytic leukemia, is normally found in PODs. The PML protein may be a major regulator of the constituents of PODs, controlling POD organization and function. Hatta and Fukamizu describe the functions of PML and discuss how the POD structure and organization may be regulated and affect apoptosis, gene expression, and cellular transformation.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Molecular characterization of mesoderm-restricted basic helix-loop-helix protein, POD-1/Capsulin.

Members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors have been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe molecular characterization of mesoderm-specific bHLH protein, POD-1/Capsulin. Northern blot analysis showed that POD-1/Capsulin are preferentially expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells, and are enriched in mouse heart, kidney, testis, spleen, and lung. Ectopic expression of the HA-tagged POD-1/Capsulin in 293T cells revealed that this protein has an apparent molecular mass of 26 kDa and localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, in order to identify possible interactants of the bHLH protein, we performed yeast two-hybrid screen in a human kidney cDNA library, and identified alternative-splicing form of HEB, as potential heterodimeric partner of POD-1/Capsulin. Our results provide the molecular basis for cell type-specific transcriptional regulation by POD-1/Capsulin.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1993

Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle metabolites and enzymes of sucrose and starch biosynthesis in developing Brassica pods.

Rate of net CO2 exchange and activities of the key enzymes of fru-2,6-P2, sucrose and starch synthesis and levels of certain intermediates of Calvin cycle were determined in Brassica pods at different stages of their development. The rate of net CO2 exchange, activities of FBPase, UDPG-pyrophosphorylase and SPS, and the contents of 3-PGA, DHAP, RuBP and UDPG increased up to day 21 after anthesis followed by a continuous decrease thereafter. However the content of fru-6-P started decreasing only after 28 days of anthesis. Changes in the levels of fru-2,6-P2 were closely associated with the changes in F6P 2-kinase activity rather than with F2,6-P2ase activity. Similarly, activities of ADPG-pyrophosphorylase and ADPG-starch synthetase closely followed the pattern of starch accumulation in pod tissues. These observations suggest that during the early phase of pod development (up to 21 days after anthesis), which is also the active phase for pod photosynthesis, carbon is mainly utilised for sucrose synthesis and that during the later phase of pod development (from day 21 to 42 after anthesis), there is shift in metabolic path of carbon from sucrose to starch.

Brassica↗
PubMed2004

Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins against cocoa pod borer larvae.

Twelve Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner were tested in bioassays on cacao plantations in Indonesia for activity against the larvae of cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen)), an insect pest of the cacao tree. Through the damage caused by their feeding, the larvae of cocoa pod borer cause the pods of the cocoa tree to ripen prematurely. They are difficult to control with conventional measures. Preliminary assays identified five toxins that were more active than others. In two subsequent bioassays the activity of selected toxins was determined more accurately. Three Cryl proteins with relatively little homology were all found to be toxic, opening perspectives for controlling cocoa pod borer by expression of Cry proteins in transgenic plants.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of pectinases and pectin methylesterase cDNAs in pods of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Tomato fruit maturation is accompanied by a depolymerization of cell wall pectins which is due to the action of endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) preceded by pectin methylesterase (PE) activity. To investigate the role of endoPG and PE in determining the structure of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pectins, these pectinases were studied during pod development. Early developmental stages displayed low endoPG or exoPG activities while PE activities were measurable during all stages of pod and seed development. These results do not favour a possible synergistic action of PE and PG. For seeds, the relatively high PE activities concurred with relatively low levels of pectin methyl esterification. At a molecular level, one partial chromosomal clone of 210 bp (PE1V), two partial PE cDNA clones of 660 bp (PE2V and PE3V) from cv. verona and one full-length PE cDNA clone of 1990 bp (PE3M), from cv. Masai were isolated. The identity of the CDNA clones was confirmed by expression in Escherichia coli and immunodetection with antibodies directed towards a tomato fruit PE. Transcripts corresponding with the genomic clone PE1V were not detected but both PE2 and PE3 cDNAs corresponded with mRNAs 1.8 kb in length. In contrast to PE2, PE3 gene expression levels varied significantly in pods from different cultivars suggesting an involvement in determining pod morphology.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Identification and characterization of a proline-rich mRNA that accumulates during pod development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).

Pod development in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) culminates in a process known as dehiscence (shatter) which can result in the loss of seed before the crop is harvested. In order to investigate the biochemical and the genetic basis controlling this process, a cDNA library was constructed from the dehiscence zone of developing pods. This resulted in the isolation of a cDNA clone (SAC51). The mRNA encoded by SAC51 had a transcript size of ca. 700 nucleotides and was found, by northern analysis, to accumulate preferentially in the dehiscence zone of the pod and in no other part of the plant analysed. The predicted polypeptide is rich in the amino acids proline (14.2%) and leucine (14.2%). The sequence of the polypeptide has more than 40% amino acid sequence identity with polypeptides isolated from carrot embryos, maize roots, soybean seeds and young tomato fruit. The function of these proteins is unknown. Genomic Southern analysis suggests that SAC51 is encoded by a single gene or small gene family. The role of the peptide in the development of pods of oilseed rape is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Effect of soil temperature and drought on peanut pod and stem temperatures relative to Aspergillus flavus invasion and aflatoxin contamination.

Peanut stem and pod temperatures of plants growing in irrigated, drought, drought-heated soil, and drought-cooled soil treatments were determined near the end of the growing season. Mean soil temperatures of the treatments during this period were 21.5 degrees, 25.5 degrees, 30 degrees and 20 degrees C, respectively. Peanut stem temperatures in all drought treatments reached a maximum of ca. 40 degrees C and for 6-7 h each day were as much as 10 degrees C warmer than irrigated peanut stems. Pod temperatures in drought-heated soil and drought treatments were ca. 34 degrees C and 30 degrees C, respectively, for several hours each day. As pod temperatures approached the optimum for A. flavus growth (ca. 35 degrees C), the proportion of kernels colonized and aflatoxin concentrations increased. Increased plant temperature without accompanying pod temperature increases (drought-cooled soil) resulted in colonization percentages and aflatoxin concentrations only slightly higher than those of the irrigated peanuts.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

EST sequencing and time course microarray hybridizations identify more than 700 Medicago truncatula genes with developmental expression regulation in flowers and pods.

To evaluate the molecular mechanisms during pod and seed formation in legumes, starting with the development of reproductive organs, we constructed two cDNA libraries from developing flowers (MtFLOW) and pods including seeds (MtPOSE) of the model plant Medicago truncatula Gaertner. A total of 2,516 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) clustered into 1,776 nonredundant sequences (2k-set), which were annotated and assigned to functional classes. While about 30% of the ESTs encoded proteins of yet unknown function, typical annotations pointed to seed storage proteins, LTPs and lipoxygenases. The 2k-set was used to upgrade Mt6k-RIT microarrays (Küster et al. in J Biotechnol 108: 95, 2004) to Mt8k versions representing approximately 6,300 nonredundant M. truncatula genes. These were used to perform time course expression profiling studies based on hybridizations of samples that covered eight different developmental stages from flower buds to almost mature pods versus leaves as a common reference. About 180 up- and 70 downregulated genes were typically found for each stage and in total, 782 genes were either twofold up- or downregulated in at least one of the eight stages investigated. Based on this set, a combination of self-organizing map and hierarchical clustering revealed genes displaying expression regulation during characteristic stages of M. truncatula flower and pod development. Amongst those, several genes encoded proteins related to seed metabolism and development including novel regulators and proteins involved in signaling.

Expressed Sequence Tags↗
PubMed2001

Pod-1/Capsulin shows a sex- and stage-dependent expression pattern in the mouse gonad development and represses expression of Ad4BP/SF-1.

Mammalian sex-determination and differentiation are controlled by several genes, such as Sry, Sox-9, Dax-1 and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), but their upstream and downstream genes are largely unknown. Ad4BP/SF-1, encoding a zinc finger transcription factor, plays important roles in gonadogenesis. Disruption of this gene caused disappearance of the urogenital system including the gonad. Ad4BP/SF-1, however, is also involved in the sex differentiation of the gonad at later stages, such as the regulation of steroid hormones and MIS. Pod-1/Capsulin, a member of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, is expressed in a pattern closely related but mostly complimentary to that of the Ad4BP/SF-1 expression in the developing gonad. In the co-transfection experiment using cultured cells, overexpression of Pod-1/Capsulin repressed expression of a reporter gene that carried the upstream regulatory region of the Ad4BP/SF-1 gene. Furthermore, forced expression of Pod-1/Capsulin repressed expression of Ad4BP/SF-1 in the Leydig cell-derived I-10 cells. These results suggest that Pod-1/Capsulin may play important roles in the development and sex differentiation of the mammalian gonad via transcriptional regulation of Ad4BP/SF-1.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Cell type-dependent transactivation or repression of mesoderm-restricted basic helix-loop-helix protein, POD-1/Capsulin.

A family of basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) nuclear factors play important roles in controlling cell growth and differentiation as critical regulatory components in transcription. Here we describe molecular characterization of mesoderm-specific bHLH protein, POD-1/Capsulin. Transactivation property of POD-1/Capsulin was analyzed by the Gal4 fusion system in six mammalian cell lines. The results indicated that an activation property was shown in HT1080 and HeLa cells, but a repression activity in HepG2 cells. Mapping analysis for the transactivation and repression activities revealed that the C-terminal domain of POD-1/Capsulin is essential for the transactivation and both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains are contributed to the repression activities. Furthermore, in order to identify possible interactants of the POD-1/Capsulin, we performed yeast two-hybrid screen in a human kidney cDNA library, and identified a class A bHLH protein, ITF-2 as potential heterodimeric partner of the bHLH protein.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2001

A review of soybean (Glycine max) seed, pod, and flower mycofloras in North America, with methods and a key for identification of selected fungi.

A review of the fungi associated with soybean seeds, pods, or flowers was conducted in North America. Species of Deuteromycetes are the most common fungi in each of the soybean flower organs followed by the Ascomycetes and Phycomycetes which comprise about one-fourth of the total mycoflora. Eighty genera and about 135 or more species occur in seeds, pods, or flowers. With regard to numbers of taxa from separate mycofloras, 63 genera and about 108 or more species occur in seeds, 65 genera and about 88 or more species occur in pods, and 36 genera and approximately 47 or more species occur in flowers. Most of the fungi which occur in flowers can be cultured from pods, and the majority of those fungi occur in seeds. Methods for and a key are provided for the identification of the 30 most important selected fungi.

Ascomycota↗