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PubMedDate not supplied

Activity of enzymes of adenyline compounds metabolism during crush and decompression of muscle tissue. Part I. Adenylate deaminase activity at experimental crush syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The number of works on investigation of crush syndrome (CS) pathogenesis, of organs and enzymatic systems at traumatic toxicosis is rather limited. While the clinical current of trauma and the lethality prognosis depend on a degree of violations in them. Such investigations are necessary for opportune diagnosis and definition of a treatment tactic. To complete this deficiency, adenylate deaminase (AMPD) level was studied in twelve tissues at experimental CS in vivo. RESULTS: The experimental model of CS on white rats was caused by crush and decompression of femoral muscle tissue. The CS influence on AMPD activity was investigated in hemisphere, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary body, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, crushed and not crushed muscles. In muscles, kidney, pituitary body and adrenal the activity decreased in 2 hours crush but the compensation of effect is observed after 5 hours crush. In cerebellum, hemisphere, heart, liver and lung it decreased during both of crush times. After 2 and 5 hours crush in hypothalamus and in spleen AMPD activity appeared much higher than in control. After 2 hours crush at the end of 48 hours decompression, the activity in muscles, kidney, adrenal and pituitary body was lower, in cerebellum, hypothalamus, hemisphere and heart--higher than, in lung, spleen and liver--close to control. After 5 hours crush in the majority of studied tissues at the end of decompression, the activity was below of control. The greatest deviance was observed in muscles. As to brain in cerebellum and hemisphere the parameter was close to, in pituitary body and in hypothalamus it was 1,5-fold of control. CONCLUSION: AMPD level in the most of studied tissues differs from the control at definite time of crush and decompression. These results mean the possibility of nucleotides pool balance distortion and intermediates accumulation.

AMP Deaminase↗
PubMed1987

Light bodies in human pituitary adenomas.

Light bodies are large cytoplasmic granules originally described in the gonadotrophic cells of the rat pituitary gland. In order to determine whether similar bodies occur in the human anterior pituitary gland, 89 pituitary adenomas and periadenomatous tissue from 20 cases were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Double membrane bound bodies with filamentous internal structure identical to rodent light bodies were identified in 10 hormone-producing adenomas: 5 PRL, 1 PRL-GH, 2 GH, and 2 ACTH-producing tumours. No light bodies were found in the remaining 79 tumours nor in the pituitary cells in periadenomatous tissue from 20 cases. These results show that some human pituitary adenomas may contain light bodies identical to those seen in gonadotrophs of rat pituitary.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of alcohol on the content of sex steroid receptors in the hypothalamus and hypophysis of male rats].

In experimental dipsomania model (formation of physical dependence by method of intensive alcoholization) we have studied receptor binding of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in the hypothalamus and pituitary body of mature male rats. Administration (at 10 and 16 h) of 25% ethanol-saline solution at a dose of 7.5 g/kg of body weight in the course of 5 days significantly decreased serum T level but did not change serum LH and FSH levels. Essential reduction of the nuclear androgen receptors in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (POA), mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) and adenohypophysis was noted in alcohol-treated rats. Unlike androgen receptors the number of the nuclear E2-binding sites in PaO was significantly increased in these males. Thus the results of the present paper demonstrate that multiple administration of ethanol stipulates deficit of serum T, androgen receptors in MBH and pituitary body that possibly results in separation of negative feedback mechanism between the gonads and pituitary body. Increase of specific binding of E2 to nuclear receptors in PoA might appear to explain feminization of alcohol-treated rats.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1987

[Effect of neonatal castration on sex steroid receptor levels in the hypophysis of male rats].

The content of estradiol and testosterone cytosolic and nuclear receptors has been studied in the pituitary body of adult male rats gonadectomized on day 1-3 after birth (long-term castrates) or in adulthood (short-term castrates). Intact male rats and long- and short-term castrates had the same level of cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptors. The number of cytoplasmic and nuclear testosterone-binding sites was identical in the pituitary body of adult intact mice and long-term castrates. Contrastingly, the concentrations of androgen cytosolic and nuclear receptors were significantly lower in neonatally castrated males compared to intact adult animals. The results obtained indicate that nuclear testosterone receptors in the pituitary body mediate negative feedback effect of androgen on the release of luteinizing hormone and that the formation of thin mechanism occurs within the first days of life.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Activity of enzymes of adenyline compounds metabolism during crush and decompression of muscle tissue. Part II. Adenosine deaminase activity at experimental crush syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Publications on investigation of crush syndrome pathogenesis, particularly of enzymatic systems upon traumatic toxicosis are rather limited. Such investigations are necessary for opportune diagnosis and definition of a treatment tactic. To replenish this deficiency, the adenosine deaminase level was studied in 12 rat tissues at experimental crush syndrome in vivo. RESULTS: The experimental model of crush syndrome on white rats was induced by crush and decompression of femoral muscle tissue. The crush syndrome influence on activity of adenosine deaminase isoenzymes was investigated in hemisphere, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary body, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, as well as in crushed and native muscles. In 2 and 5 hours after compression, the enzyme activity decreased in muscles, lung and heart; increased in hypothalamus; remains near the control value in kidney and spleen. In cerebellum the parameter practically does not vary during 2 hours compression, while increased in 5 hours. In adrenal, liver, pituitary body and hemisphere the data after 5 hours compression approximated the level of control value in account of compensating mechanism. In 48 hours decompression after 2 hours crush, the adenosine deaminase activity becomes higher than control value in hemisphere, hypothalamus, cerebellum, liver, heart, adrenal, intact muscle, lung and kidney; in the crushed muscle and spleen the activity is reduced down to 60% of control value. In 48 hours decompression after 5 hours compression, the enzyme activity is higher than control value in hypothalamus, pituitary body, hemisphere, cerebellum, kidney, adrenal, heart and lung. The activity is reduced in muscles, spleen and liver. CONCLUSION: The level of adenosine deaminase in most of studied tissues differs from the control value depending on compression and decompression time. It is worthy of note that namely during decompression, the enzyme level deviates from the control in the majority of tissues.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system and thyroid function in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma].

It has been determined that prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha being exogenously inoculated during the premetastatic period to mice with metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma in equal degree activate neurocytes of supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamus nuclei, playing the important role in secretion of peptidergic hypophysial adrenal gland complex, but they exert unequal influence on pituitary body, adrenal cortex and thyroid apparatus. F2 alpha stimulates the pituitary body corticotrophic function, secretory function of spongiocytes and thyrocytes, identifies the thyroxin and triiodothyronine utilization, E2, on the contrary, does not influence these indices or reduces them. Obviously, the mentioned above differences between E2 and F2 alpha may be explained by their different influences on antimetastatic resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Postmortem changes in the central nervous system and adrenal medulla of the heroin addicts.

This study describes the pathological changes in 20 heroin addicts (12 male and 8 female) autopsied 24 h after sudden death. The central nervous system (including the pituitary body) and the adrenal medulla were studied, along with those from age-matched controls who died from traffic accidents. Immunohistochemistry and histological (Hematoxylin and eosin) observation were performed. Some neuronal cells in every region of the CNS were positive for opioid receptors but these cells were most numerous in the hippocampus. Positive opioid fibers were most abundant in the basal ganglia region. Histopathology indicated coagulative changes of cytoplasm and dissolution of Nissl bodies of neuron. Edema of nerve fibers was frequently demonstrated. Pituitary body showed an evident decrease or even absence of basophils in the pars anterior. The adrenal medulla featured a down regulation of chromaffin granules. Degeneration of CNS neurons and fibers, alterations in hormonal and blood pressure regulation therefore would be the prime targets of heroin addiction in human subjects.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The activity of the enkephalinergic systems of the brain and hypophysis in experimental hypocorticism].

Changes in activity of basic components of enkephalinergic system, leu-enkephalin contents, activity of enkephalin-hydrolysing enzymes (enkephalinases A and B, enkephalin aminopeptidases) and 3H-leu-enkephalin specific binding to opioid receptor in rat anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus, striatum, medulla oblongata and adenohypophysis have been analysed on experimental models of hypocorticoidism. No changes in brain and pituitary body leu-enkephalin contents following unilateral hypocorticoidism. No changes in brain and pituitary body leu-enkephalin contents following unilateral adrenalectomy were shown. Bilateral adrenalectomy resulted in two-phase character of neuropeptide level: a decrease of leu-enkephalin contents in hypothalamus, striatum and adenohypophysis on the 7th day and its increase to the normal level on the 10th day after the operation were revealed. A decrease of leu-enkephalin contents in rat brain on the 7th day following adrenalectomy occurred simultaneously with a decrease in enkephalin aminopeptidase activity and specific binding of labeled leu-enkephalin testifying to strengthening of enkephalin release form neurosecretory granules of brain structures following adrenalectomy. Important changes in leu-enkephalin contents, reception and inactive processes on the level of adenohypophysis and on the level of hypothalamus, striatum and medulla oblongata were detected by cortisol and ACTH administration in adrenalectomised animals.

Adrenal Insufficiency↗
PubMed1986

A comparative in vitro study on LHRH responsiveness of LH cells of the pars tuberalis and pars distalis.

The aim of the present study was to test whether the luteinizing-hormone (LH) cells in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the rat and mouse respond to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) as do those of the pars distalis. A part of the basal hypothalamus containing the pituitary stalk, median eminence and the pars tuberalis (H-PT), was dissected out and incubated in vitro. The LH-secreting capacity of the PT was investigated after removal of the "pituitary body" (i.e., partes distalis, intermedia and nervosa). First, some rat and mouse H-PT tissues were treated with synthetic LHRH (100 ng/ml), while others were incubated without LHRH. After 24 h of incubation, variable amounts of LH release were detected in the medium. This LH discharge, however, was not LHRH-dependent but proportional to the number of PT LH cells that were immunohistochemically detected in each incubated tissue. Since there was marked individual variation in the number of LH cells in the PT, the LH levels in the incubation medium were next compared before and after LHRH treatment using the same H-PT of the rat. An effect of LHRH could not clearly be shown in this experiment. Finally, the cytological response of the PT to LHRH was investigated by incubating both the H-PT and pituitary body connected to the intact pituitary stalk. Immunohistochemical examination of LHRH-treated tissues after 24 h revealed that, in females of both rats and mice, hormone depletion occurred in LH cells of the pars distalis but not in those of the PT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of the pituitary gland in the sex differentiation of the level of corticosteroid-binding globulin in rats].

A study was made of the role of hypophyseal hormones in the regulation of the sex-associated level of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in the serum of female and male rats. Pituitary body removal did not change the level of CBG in males but caused its decrease in females to the level in intact males. Ectopic transplantation of the homologous pituitary body under the renal capsule increased the level of CBG in animals of both sexes. Intermittent infusion of STH did not change CBG content in hypophysectomized female rats and lowered it in intact females. A negative effect of androgens on the studied sign did not manifest itself either against a background of hypophysectomy or hypophyseal ectopy. Corticosteroids and thyroid hormones preserved their effects with regard to the level of CBG in hypophysectomized rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

An immunohistochemical study of the secretory immune system in human fetal endocrine glands and their precursors.

We examined the presence and distribution of components of the secretory immune system (SIS) in fetal endocrine organs and their embryonic precursors. Specimens from 16 embryos (4 to 8 weeks of development) and 32 fetuses (9 to 38 weeks) were divided into those that had not been exposed to massive foreign antigenic effects (Group I, n=28) and those that had suffered from chorioamnionitis (Group II, n=20). An immunohistochemical study was performed using antibodies against the secretory component (SC), joining (J) chain, IgA, IgM, IgG, subsets of T and B lymphocytes, and macrophages. Positive immunostaining for SIS components in the precursors of endocrine organs was seen from 4 to 6 weeks of development, and was present thereafter in the pituitary body, thyroid, pancreatic islets and adrenals. J chain and immunoglobulins were found in all endocrine cells throughout intrauterine development, but the massive antigenic influence caused by chorioamnionitis decreased the latters immunoreactivity. The presence of SC in the precursors of adenohypophysis and pancreatic islet cells decreased significantly after their transformation into definitive endocrine organs. In the thyroidal follicular epithelium and the pars intermedia of the pituitary body cells, SC was present during the entire period of pregnancy. In adrenals, SC was not found. Maternal immunoglobulins, together with SC and J chain, are accumulated in endocrine gland cells from the early stages of intrauterine life. They are the major mechanism of endocrine cell defense during the early prenatal period when the common immune system is still structurally and functionally incompetent.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of testosterone on carboxypeptidase H activity in the murine hypothalamus and hypophysis].

Effects of single intraperitoneal administration of testosterone propionate (3 or 30 mg/kg body weight) on activity of carboxypeptidase H in pituitary body and hypothalamus of female white mouse were studied. It was found that testosterone propionate treatment (3 and 30 mg/kg body weight) increased the carboxypeptidase H activity in pituitary through 0.5 hour and it decreased one in 24 hours after treatment. The carboxypeptidase H activity in hypothalamus was lower as compared with control animals in 24 hours after testosterone propionate treatment in the dose 3 mg/kg body weight. However, the carboxypeptidase H activity in hypothalamus was lower in 0.5 and 24 hours and it was higher in 4 h after testosterone propionate treatment in the dose 30 mg/kg body weight as compared with the control. These data suggest that testosterone affects the carboxypeptidase H activity by changing the level of enzyme gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Calbindin 28 kDa in endocrine cells of known or putative calcium-regulating function. Thyro-parathyroid C cells, gastric ECL cells, intestinal secretin and enteroglucagon cells, pancreatic glucagon, insulin and PP cells, adrenal medullary NA cells and some pituitary (TSH?) cells.

The distribution of calbindin in some endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, ultimobranchial body, pituitary and adrenals) and in the diffuse endocrine cells of the gut and pancreas has been investigated immunohistochemically using an antiserum raised against the 28 kDa calbindin from chicken duodenum. The identity of calbindin-immunoreactive cells in a number of avian and mammalian species was ascertained by comparison with hormone-reactive cells in consecutive sections or by double immunostaining of the same section with both calbindin and hormone antibodies. Calcitonin-producing C cells of the mammalian and avian thyroid, parathyroid or ultimobranchial body, PP, glucagon and insulin cells of the mammalian and avian pancreas, enteroglucagon cells of the avian intestine, secretin cells of the mammalian duodenum, histamine-producing ECL cells of the mammalian stomach, as well as noradrenaline-producing cells of the adrenal medulla and some (TSH?) cells of the adenohypophysis were among the calbindin-immunoreactive cells. Although some species variability has been observed in the intensity and distribution of the immunoreactivity, especially in the pancreas and the gut, a role for calbindin in the mechanisms of calcium-mediated endocrine cell stimulation or of intracellular and extracellular calcium homeostasis is suggested.

Animals↗