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PubMed1989

Reduction of dietary phosphorus absorption by phosphorus binders. A theoretical, in vitro, and in vivo study.

Antacids used to decrease phosphorus absorption in patients with renal failure may be toxic. To find more efficient or less toxic binders, a three-part study was conducted. First, theoretical calculations showed that phosphorus binding occurs in the following order of avidity: Al3+ greater than H+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Mg2+. In the presence of acid (as in the stomach), aluminum can therefore bind phosphorus better than calcium or magnesium. Second, in vitro studies showed that the time required to reach equilibrium varied from 10 min to 3 wk among different compounds, depending upon solubility in acid and neutral solutions. Third, the relative order of effectiveness of binders in vivo was accurately predicted from theoretical and in vitro results; specifically, calcium acetate and aluminum carbonate gel were superior to calcium carbonate or calcium citrate in inhibiting dietary phosphorus absorption in normal subjects. We concluded that: (a) inhibition of phosphorus absorption by binders involves a complex interplay between chemical reactions and ion transport processes in the stomach and small intestine; (b) theoretical and in vitro studies can identify potentially better in vivo phosphorus binders; and (c) calcium acetate, not previously used for medical purposes, is approximately as efficient as aluminum carbonate gel and more efficient as a phosphorus binder than other currently used calcium salts.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phytase, high-available-phosphorus corn, and storage effects on phosphorus levels in pig excreta.

Phosphorus-based land application limits for manure have increased the importance of optimizing diet P management and accurately characterizing the bioavailability of manure P. We examined the effects of pig (Sus scrofa) diets formulated with high-available-P corn and phytase on P levels in excreta and slurry stored for 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 d. Twenty-four pigs (approximately 14 kg each) were fed one of four low-P diets: (i) normal corn, no phytase (control); (ii) normal corn with 600 phytase units kg(-1) (PHY); (iii) high-available-P corn, no phytase (HAP); and (iv) high-available-P corn with 600 phytase units kg(-1) (HAP + PHY). Fresh fecal and stored slurry dry matter (DM) was analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), dissolved molybdate-reactive phosphorus (DRP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), acid-soluble reactive phosphorus (ASRP), acid-soluble organic phosphorus (ASOP), and phytate phosphorus (PAP). The PHY, HAP, and HAP + PHY diets significantly (alpha = 0.05) decreased fecal TP 19, 17, and 40%, respectively, compared with the control. Dissolved reactive P was 36% lower in the HAP + PHY diet compared with the other diets. Relative fractions (percent of TP) of DRP, DOP, ASOP, and PAP in slurry generally decreased with storage time up to 150 d, with the largest decreases occurring within 60 to 90 d. Diet-induced differences in relative fractions of DRP, DOP, ASRP, and PAP were significant when averaged across storage times, simulating a mixed-age slurry. Relative fractions of DRP in simulated mixed-age slurries were higher in HAP and HAP + PHY diets, indicating that diet may affect P losses under certain P-based application scenarios.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2006

Agricultural use of municipal wastewater sludges: phosphorus availability of biological excess phosphorus removal sludges.

Reuse of sewage sludges as phosphorus fertiliser requires the estimation of the plant availabilities of phosphorus (P) from different sludges. This study investigates the effect of lime stabilisation on the phosphorus availability from biological phosphorus removal sludges. In the first part of the study, pot experiments were carried out to assess the fertilising effect of a dewatered biological phosphorus removal sludge. Availability of P was determined in terms of plant-uptake. In the second part of the study, incubation tests were carried out to observe the change in the available P with time when the waste activated sludge (WAS) from an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process is mixed with the same soil. In this part, the plant available P was measured in terms of Olsen extractable P. A P-deficient, alkaline soil was used in the experiments and Lollium Perenne was selected as the testing plant. The results of the pot experiments revealed that lime-stabilisation of the sludge considerably decreased or retarded the availability of P in the sludge. In the incubation tests, the availability of phosphorus in the lime stabilised and nonstabilised sludge amended soil samples was close to each other. In general, P-availability was increased due to the sludge application except for the lime-stabilised dewatered sludge.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1984

Egg shell quality, medullary bone ash, intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium-binding protein in phosphorus-deficient hens.

The effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the performance and on various parameters of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism was studied in laying hens. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in a decline in rate of production and egg weight, probably through appetite depression. The latter, or any secondary calcium deficiency, does not appear to cause the observed reduction in shell quality due to the deficiency. Similar to the response in the chick, phosphorus deficiency resulted in an increase in calcium-binding protein in intestine and kidney, there was no change in the activity of kidney 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3-1-hydroxylase. Percentages of calcium and phosphorus absorption were also higher during phosphorus deficiency. Medullary bone ash, decreased during phosphorus deficiency, was probably due to a reduction in the rate of bone formation.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase↗
PubMed2003

Biological phosphorus removal from a phosphorus-rich dairy processing wastewater.

Dairy industry processing wastewaters consist mainly of dilutions of milk, milk products and cleaning solutions and, depending on the processes used, may be rich in phosphorus. In New Zealand and internationally, chemical removal of phosphorus is typically the phosphorus removal method of choice from dairy processing wastewaters. The enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process was investigated in this study as an alternative phosphorus removal option using a continuous activated sludge system. A synthetic dairy processing wastewater was firstly subjected to fermentation in an anaerobic reactor (HRT = 12 hrs, pH = 6.5, temperature = 35 degrees C) resulting in a fermented wastewater with an average volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration of 1055 mg COD/L. The activated sludge reactor was operated in an AO configuration with an HRT of 2.5 days and an SRT of 15 days. Stable EBPR was exhibited with 42 mg P/L removed, resulting in a final sludge phosphorus content of 4.9% mg P/mg TSS. In the anaerobic zone (HRT = 2.85 hrs) the sludge had a phosphorus content of 3.16% mg P/mg TSS and a poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) concentration of 86 mg COD/g TS.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of earthworm activity on phosphorus fraction and available phosphorus content in red soil].

By the methods of incubation test and Hedley's phosphorus fractionation, this paper studied the effects of inoculating earthworm (Pheretinma pingi) on the phosphorus fractions and available phosphorus contents in red soil. The results showed that during a 100-day incubation, earthworm inoculation combined with organic materials (rice straw RS, peanut residue PR, and rape residue RR) amendment increased significantly the content of soil available phosphorus. Statistics analysis showed that there was a significant difference in soil available phosphorus content between treatments PR or RR with and without earthworm inoculation. Compared with the contents of anion-exchange resin P(trace), NaCO3-soluble P(14.5 mg x kg(-1)) and microbial P(1.0 mg x kg(-1)) in CK, those in treatments of earthworm inoculation plus organic materials amendment increased to 10.5 - 17.8 mg kg(-1), 23.5-35.6 mg x kg(-1), and 6.8 - 9.7 mg x kg(-1), respectively, organic phosphorus content enhanced from 37.9 mg x kg(-1) to 50.7-59.3 mg x kg(-1), whereas residual P was reduced. Earthworm performed an activated effect on the availability of phosphorus in red soil.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

On modelling the impacts of phosphorus stripping at sewage works on in-stream phosphorus and macrophyte/epiphyte dynamics: a case study for the River Kennet.

A new model of in-stream phosphorus and macrophyte dynamics, 'The Kennet model', was applied to a reach of the River Kennet, southern England. The reach, which is 1.5 km long, is immediately downstream of Marlborough sewage treatment works, where phosphorus reduction by tertiary effluent treatment began in September 1997. The model is used to simulate the flow, water chemistry and macrophyte biomass within the reach, both before and after phosphorus removal from the effluent. Monte Carlo experiments coupled with a general sensitivity analysis indicate that the model offers a feasible explanation for the salient aspects of the system behaviour. Model simulations indicate that epiphyte smothering is an important limitation to macrophyte growth, and that higher stream and pore water soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations allow the earlier onset of growth for the epiphytes and macrophytes, respectively. Higher flow conditions are shown to reduce the simulated peak epiphyte biomass; though at present, the effect of flow on the macrophyte biomass is unclear. Another simulation result suggests that phosphorus will not be released from the bed sediments in this reach following phosphorus removal from the effluent.

Biomass↗
PubMed2005

An experimental and theoretical evaluation of the reactions of silver hyponitrite with phosphorus halides. In search of the elusive phosphorus-containing hyponitrites.

In the reaction of F2PBr, F2P(O)Br, (C6F5)2PBr, (CH3)2P(S)Br, and (CH3)2P(O)Cl with silver hyponitrite (AgON=NOAg), nitrous oxide (N2O) and mu-oxo phosphorus species were obtained in all cases rather than the plausible hyponitrite alternative. Theoretical calculations of the geometries and expected decomposition pathways of the phosphorus-containing hypothetical hyponitrites were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2df)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level. The cis-hyponitrite, XON=NOX (X=PF2, OPF2), is predicted to concertedly decompose to N2 plus phosphorus-containing radicals (OPF2, O2PF2) or to N2O plus the mu-oxo phosphorus species, X-O-X, (X=PF2, OPF2) with the former pathway having a smaller activation barrier (4.6 kcal/mol, X=PF2; 10.5 kcal/mol, X=OPF2). On the other hand, trans-hyponitrite can only decompose to N2 plus the phosphorus-containing radicals, because there is a very high barrier for rearrangement to cis-hyponitrite. These results are in disagreement with experiment, because only the mu-oxo phosphorus species are observed. Reconciliation between experiment and theory is made for X=OPF2 when a silver cation is included in the calculations. In THF (as a model for neat F2P(O)Br), the silver cation is predicted to reverse the order of the two transition states through stronger interactions with the oxygen atoms in the transition state of the N2O-producing pathway. Thus, Ag(I) is predicted to be not only catalytic for X=OPF2 but also product-specific toward the mu-oxo products.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1994

Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorus utilisation in broiler chickens fed a low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphates.

1. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary addition of fungal phytase (derived from Aspergillus niger) on the performance and phosphorus utilisation in broiler chickens receiving low phosphorus diets without additional inorganic phosphates. 2. Graded amounts of supplemental phytase (125, 250, or 500 PU/kg diet) resulted in significant increases in both growth rate and food intake. However, only moderate improvements in food conversion were noted. 3. The enhancement of chick performance was related to an improved utilisation of dietary phosphorus, as confirmed by significantly elevated plasma concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and increased tibia ash percentages in birds receiving phytase-treated diets. The apparent availability of phosphorus was markedly improved and its concentration in excreta was reduced (experiment 1, P < 0.05). 4. It was concluded that an inclusion of phytase into practical broiler diet will allow the reduction or omission of additional dietary inorganic phosphorus.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2005

Phosphorus in Hawaiian kikuyugrass pastures and potential phosphorus release to water.

Pasture systems in Hawaii are based primarily on kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov.). Relationships among kikuyugrass P concentration, animal P requirements, and various soil P determinations are needed to help identify source areas for implementing pasture management strategies to limit P loss via overland flow. A total of 51 rotationally stocked kikuyugrass pastures (>20 yr old) with contrasting soil chemical properties were sampled. A satisfactory predictive relationship between modified-Truog (MT)-extractable phosphorus (P(MT)) and dissolved (<0.45-mum pore diameter), molybdate-reactive phosphorus (DRP) desorbed from soil in a water extract (DRP(WE)) was found when 0- to 4-cm-depth data for the soil orders with medium to high DRP(WE) (two Mollisols and an Inceptisol) were pooled separately from those with low DRP(WE) (five Andisols, three Ultisols, and an Oxisol). The oxalate phosphorus saturation index (PSI(ox)) procedure was the best predictor of DRP(WE) across soil orders when oxalate-extractable molybdate-reactive phosphorus (RP(ox)) was used to calculate PSI(ox) (PSI(ox)RP) rather than when total oxalate-extractable phosphorus (TP(ox)) was used (PSI(ox)TP). There was little DRP(WE) until PSI(ox)RP exceeded 6% or PSI(ox)TP exceeded 8%. A more empirical dilute-acid phosphorus saturation index (PSI(MT)) was also calculated using P(MT) and MT-extractable iron (Fe(MT)) and aluminum (Al(MT)). The PSI(MT) procedure showed some utility in predicting DRP(WE), was positively related to the PSI(ox) procedures, and can be more readily performed in agronomic soil testing laboratories than PSI(ox). The present research suggests that while Hawaiian kikuyugrass pastures tend to be sufficient to high in forage P, potential soil P release to water only appeared to be a possible environmental concern for the Mollisol and Inceptisol sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Phosphorus. 1. Effect of breed and strain on utilization of suboptimal levels of phosphorus in the ration.

Single Comb White Leghorn cockerel chickens were able to utilize suboptimal levels of phosphorus in the ration more efficiently than broiler cockerel chickens as measured by growth, livability, and bone calcification. The superiority of the Leghorn-type over the broiler-type in utilizing suboptimal levels of phosphorus was accentuated by high levels of calcium in the ration. Among broiler strains the Athens Canadian Randombred cockerel chicken utilized suboptimal levels of phosphorus more efficiently than the two commercial strains tested. The Single Comb White Leghorn chickens showed higher retention values for calcium, phosphorus, and phytin phosphorus than the broiler strain. High calcium levels in the ration caused a much lower retention of phytin phosphorus by both Single Comb White Leghorn and broiler chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of the COD and total phosphorus concentration on biological phosphorus removal supplied with acetate as a sole carbon source].

The effect of the concentration of acetate and total phosphorus on biological phosphorus removal process in sequencing batch reactor fed with sodium acetate (as sole carbon source) was studied in this paper. The reason of the inefficiency of phosphorus removal by sludge fed with high concentration acetate solution was analyzed. The results indicated that when COD < 600 mg.L-1 the phosphorus removal increased with the increase of COD/TP; and this removal increased obviously when COD/TP < 50 but not when COD/TP > 50. The phosphorus removal descended at high acetate concentration (COD > 600 mg.L-1) and broke down when COD > 1000 mg.L-1. It is the transmission of high acetate concentration from the anaerobic stage to the aerobic stage that led to the proliferation of the filamentous microorganism and the expansion of sludge, then polyP bacteria was wash out, which resulted in the drop of phosphorus removal.

Acetates↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of phosphorus sources of different forms on phosphorus metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa and adhesive Pseudomonas sp].

The effects of different forms of phosphorus sources on the phosphorus metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa and attached Pseudomonas sp. were investigated after four substance of different phosphrus forms: NaH2PO4, Natrium-beta-glycerophosphate (NaGly), Ca3(PO4)2 and lecithin were added in the non-phosphorus MA culture. The growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, total phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity in water and total phosphorus in Microcystis aeruginosa were measured every day or every two days. Results show that attached Pseudomonas sp. could accelerate the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa, and transform some phosphrus forms which could not be assimilated very easily by Microcystis aeruginosa to some forms as phosphate to utilize for Microcystis aeruginosa. Alkaline phosphatase plays an important role in the utilization of large molecular organic phosphorus by Microcystis aeruginosa and attached Pseudomonas sp.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Failure of bone phosphorus levels to indicate dietary intake of phosphorus by sheep.

Fifteen actively growing lambs were divided into 3 groups and fed diets similar in all respects except for their calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels. The diets (Group 1; 1,47% Ca, 0,36% P: Group 2; 0,85% Ca, 0,47% P: Group 3; 0,37% Ca, 0,64% P) were fed to the animals for 98 days, when rib biopsy specimens were removed and analysed for Ca and P (Group 1; 21,20% Ca, 10,49% P: Group 2; 19,54% Ca, 9,42% P: Group 3; 19,10% Ca, 9,24% P). Although there were no differences (P greater than 0,01) in the bone analyses between the groups, there was a tendency for bone calcium levels to follow dietary calcium levels. Bone phosphorus levels, again, followed bone calcium levels and were opposite to dietary phosphorus levels. This work re-emphasizes the dominance of calcium over phosphorus in bone formation. Implications of these findings are discussed in the light of the use of bone phosphorus analyses to estimate the phosphorus intake and status of grazing sheep.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and various dietary phosphorus levels on phosphorus and calcium metabolic indices in rats during hypokinesia].

The exposure of rats to hypokinesia and a phosphorus-enriched diet (Ca : P = 1:3) was accompanied by hypocalciemia, hyperphosphatemia, calcium losses from bones and formation of calcificates in the kidneys. The decrease of the phosphorus content in the diet (Ca : P = 1:0.5--1:1) prevented these disorders. The administration of 1 alpha OHD3 at a dose of 0.025 microgram/day arrested hypokinesia-associated hypocalciemia and bone changes. The administration of 1 alpha OHD3 together with a high phosphorus consumption enhanced nephrolithiasis and induced aortal mediacalcinosis in hypokinetic rats. These data indicate that phosphorus consumption should be reduced in order to prevent disorders in phosphorus-calcium metabolism during hypokinesia. They also suggest that administration of 1 alpha OHD3 may be hazardous in case of excessive phosphorus consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance of double- and triple-helical nucleic acids. Phosphorus-31 chemical shifts as a probe of phosphorus-oxygen ester bond torsional angles.

The temperature dependence to the 31P NMR spectra of poly[d(GC)] . poly [d(GC)],d(GC)4, phenylalanine tRNA (yeast) and mixtures of poly(A) + oligo(U) is presented. The 31P NMR spectra of mixtures of complementary RNA and of the poly d(GC) self-complementary DNA provide torsional information on the phosphate ester conformation in the double, triple, and "Z" helix. The increasing downfield shift with temperature of the single-strand nucleic acids provides a measure of the change in the phosphate ester conformation in the single helix to coil conversion. A separate upfield peak (20-60% of the total phosphates) is observed at lower temperatures in the oligo(U) . poly(A) mixtures which is assigned to the double helix/triple helix. Proton NMR and UV spectra confirm the presence of the multistrand forms. The 31P chemical shift for the double helix/triple helix is 0.2-0.5 ppm upfield from the chemical shift for the single helix which in turn is 1.0 ppm upfield from the chemical shift for the random coil conformation.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed2003

Phosphorus-nitrogen-phosphorus ligands: cooperative effects between nitrogen and phosphorus substituents on catalytic activity.

A new generation of PNP compounds bearing different diarylphosphine groups were prepared and used as ligands in palladium-catalysed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Rates of oxidative addition of iodobenzene to (PNP)Pd[0] complexes were measured using UV spectroscopy. Synergistic effects between the N- and P- substituents were identified and correlated in redox and catalytic chemistry.

Journal Article↗