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PubMed2002

What do expressions with north and northern people tell us?

The aim of this article is to study linguistic expressions which include the words North and Northern people. This is done by philological and linguistic analysis of the material, which consists of different types of written documents dating from different historical periods. The oldest historical documents were produced by the Ancient Roman writers, who wrote about wild tribes living in the North. The expression "the evil from the North" in the Bible is also used by the Fathers of the Church, when describing the Great Migrations. The most recent material consists of academic texts-dealing with the Northern dimension--and everyday texts--in this case, mostly of bread packages--referring among other things to people's nutrition and health. Expressions referring to the North are also present in modern material, but the negative association of the older documents is not so present. All the texts, both historical and modern, are discussed as a whole from Finnish and Scandinavian points of view. Semiotic aspects are highlighted by the use of some visual illustrations from the different texts in point.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Philosophers, physicists and physicians in defense of the unity of the scientific method].

The falsifiability of scientific knowledge is an acquired result of contemporary philosophy of science and yet there is not a universal consensus upon the idea of the unity of scientific method. Albeit there are differences in techniques of testing (methodics) hypotheses in the vast field of research, the author, following the critical rationalism of Karl Popper, favors the perspective of the unity of method in natural as well in social and philological sciences.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1997

[Guan-bu-za-bu, A Mongolian physician].

Guan-bu-za-bu was a famous figure in academic circle living in Inner Mongolian and Beijing regions from Kangxi to Qianlong age of Qing dynasty. He mastered four languages, viz. Mongolian, Tibetan, Chinese and Manchurian, and had great achievements in Mongolian philology, historiology and made great contribution to Mongolian Medicine. His blockprinted Name of Tibet, Mongolian, Chinese Medicament and Prescription played an important role in the history of Mongol medicine. Especially the former book was even called the handbook of medical name because its name of Mongolian materia medica were written in Tibetan and Chinese. It was printed again and again and played a historical role for morn than 250 years since its publication.

China↗
PubMed1996

[History of Wirow in Japan (1-3)].

1. History in Japan of Wirow, the oldest drug available to the general public, is described. The focus is placed on the manufacture's family, the Kyoto headquarters, and their descendants. 2. There are two different views of the history of the first immigrants to Japan, namely Chen Shun Zu or Chen Yan You. In this article, however, these two persons are assumed to be brothers. 3. The brilliant social activities of Chin Soden, the forefather of the resurrection of wirow, as a medical doctor and a man of culture have been verified philologically. 4. It has also been verified that Wirow Ukon, the 9th generation of wirow, was exiled to a remote place. This was because he played kyokumari, violating the rules of kemari imposed by the Asukai family, kemari's supreme ruler. 5. It has been suggested that the wirow family changed their occupation to operating drug stores in their final days, although they started their carreers as medical doctors.

History of Pharmacy↗
PubMed1996

[The endemic goitre in figurative arts].

For the past fifteen years the author has been collecting photografic documentation of works of figurative arts (graffiti, mosiac, engravings, paintings and sculptures) made at different times and places, in which he found mostly unintentional display of diseases or deformities that would be clearly identified in nosography in the light of today's knowledge. In this study the author intends to illustrate briefly different cases on endemic goitre - whose representation is particularly frequent in figurative arts - in chronological order, beginning with the most ancient ones and focussing on Italian portraying of the Nativity and the Passion of Christ, where the most striking infirmities and disabilities were mirrored and commonly accepted. This study whose interest lies between a scientific and a humanistic one has also importance in the field of art, and especially in relevant philological research which is of particular importance to us pathologists. At last it contribute to establish the epidemiology of some diseases and the knowledge of historical and geographical pathology.

Goiter, Endemic↗
PubMed1999

[The Galenic treatise on the Anatomical Procedures and its first Latin translation by Demetrius Chalcondylas].

The Anatomical Procedures is Galen's most complete treatise on anatomy, which the Western culture came to know only in the Renaissance. Its first Latin translation was made by Demetrius Chalcondylas (1423-1511). He was a teacher of some translators of the ancient Greek physicians, and an owner of many Greek medical manuscripts. The translation by Chalcondylas was revised and published by Berengario da Carpi in 1529, and was reprinted only once, in 1531. Its philological analysis proves that it depends on a Greek manuscript, a copy of Par. gr. 1849, which is now lost. The humanist physician Nicolo Leoniceno knew the translation by Calchondylas before it was published, for he quoted it in his Apologia printed in 1522. Therefore, this translation circulated as a manuscript, which was so far ignored.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

In search of an "Authentic" women's medicine: the strange fates of Trota of Salerno and Hildegard of Bingen.

Despite centuries of debate about the medieval writers Trota and Hildegard, there still remain widely disparate views of them in both popular and scholarly discourses. Their alternate dismissal or romanticization is not due to a simple contest between antifeminist and feminist tendencies. Rather, issues of gender have intersected in varying ways with other agendas (intellectual, nationalist, etc.). Recent philological researches have helped not only to clarify why these earlier interpretations were created in the first place, but also to raise our understanding of these women and their work to a new, higher level.

Germany↗
PubMed1995

[Kaspar Schwenckfeldt--a Silesian physician, Renaissance student of nature, and bibliophile].

Kaspar Schwenckfeldt (1563-1609) is numbered among the intellectual celebrities of the Age of Renaissance in Silesia. He was the first to describe the flora of this region. His work Stirpium et fossilium Silesiae catalogus, based on his own research, was the fundamental source of knowledge about those plants for almost two centuries. His work on Silesian mineralogy, Fossilium Silesiae catalogus, omnia generis mineralia, metalla, succos, terrae, lapillos, fontes medicatos et thermae continens, even at present day is a valuable source of information on the occurrence of minerals in Silesia in the distant past. On the basis of Theriothropeum Silesiae one can reconstruct the rich realm of Silesian fauna of 16th/17th centuries. The monography of cieplice Slaskie, Hirschbergischen warmen Bades, published in 1607, is one of the oldest descriptions of this spa. The analysis of the physical-chemical characteristics of the waters and the information about their possible medical application was the fullest expert's opinion of that time. Up to the present days, a hand-written register of his collection of books has been preserved in the Stadtarchiv in Görlitz. It contains 705 items, which include medical publications, works on magic and occultism, as well as books connected with the Reformation movement, studies in Old Greek and Latin philologies, books on the history of some European countries. His versatility and rich scientific output place him among the most outstanding minds of his age.

Austria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Saliunca].

The author by analyzing antique, medieval and later sources attempts to identify the often used Latin botanical term, 'saliunca'. Based mainly on philological data he concludes, that this popular and widely spread herb is identical with the Valeriana celtica L., the close relative of the well known tranquillant Valeriana officinalis L.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1990

Transmission of classical medical texts through languages of the Middle-East.

Classical texts, i.e. Greek treatises on medicine, reached Western Europe during the Middle-Ages by few ways, mainly either directly from the Hellenistic world, or indirectly through versions in the languages of the Middle-East, especially [Syriac]-Arabic. The comparison between Greek manuscripts and translations may be useful for both correction and interpretation of texts. An extraordinary case may arise when the original Greek treatise is lost and only the Arabic version is available. This is the case of a Commentarium of Galen on the Hippocratic De aere aquis et locis: the treatise has recently been found in a manuscript (Tal'at, tibb 550) at the National Library, Cairo, and is the work of translators of the school of Hunayn ibn Ishâq (9th century), the Nestorian physician who had a skilled philological method of reconstruction of original Greek texts. Other relevant ways of transmission (Byzantine area-Spain mainly at the time of the Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenete, Arabian Africa-Salernum with Constantine the African) played an important role in the recovery of Classical Medicine in the Western World, through both Arabic-Muslim and Arabic-Hebrew physicians.

Arab World↗
PubMed1994

[Not Available].

During the last decades, medical historiography has undergone considerable changes. This review attempts an outline of the developments since 1945. The first section sketches the institutional background of the discipline focusing on the characteristic features which emerged in different national traditions. The following sections - essentially restricted to the German speaking context - describe the development of the fields in research and teaching, ranging from the history of ideas to the social history of medicine, from philological and editorial work to the philosophy and sociology of medical knowledge.

Germany↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Grmek, the "thunderbolt", "thunder-clapp" (as testimony)].

The paper details how the author (who was a young physician) met, ... by a mere chance. Prof. Grmek a "Sorbonne", in November 1978, how he felt the "Leçons du Jeudi" at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Fourth Section : "Historical and Philological Sciences"). Grmek was both Croatian and French. Other testimonies are given coming from the disciple (who had Prof. Grmek as director of thesis at Paris I - Panthéon - Sorbonne, in 1986) and coming also from Prof. Vera Gavrilovic (Serbia) who met Grmek when he as in "Yugoslavia". Grmek's quotings and photographies, devoted to this exceptional searcher in the field of History of Medicine and History of Sciences, are reported and showed.

Croatia↗
PubMed2001

[About names and functions (testes, semen): from andrology to gynaecology].

Philological study about how the making of a Gynecology in Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance world took as starting and reference point an Andrological understanding of Medicine (as 'Medicine of the human being'). The same terms (testes, semen, vasa, seminaria) were always used to name the sexual organs and functions of male and female bodies.

Gynecology↗
PubMed2002

[Studies on the pharmacological effects of saffron(Crocus sativus L.)--a review].

OBJECTIVE: Reviewing the studies on the chemical components and medicinal value. METHOD: Philological method. RESULT: Saffron is a conventional effective medicine in improving blood circulation and curing the bruise. The late of evidesnces indicate that saffron possesses anticancer activity against a wide spectrum of tumors, such as leukemia, ovarian carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcoma. It has low biochemical toxic effects on animals. In addition, saffron can be used to cure coronary heart disease and hepatitis, and to promote immunity. CONCLUSION: Saffron is a highly valuable medicine. And producing it in a large quantity has a wide application prosperity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The diuretic use of Scilla from Dioscorides to the end of the 18th century.

Ancient texts contain an extremely large and readily accessible body of information on traditional medicine describing a range of plants and other substances that have been recently investigated systematically. However, prospecting for drugs from herbals raises problems with philology and plant identification. We combined our expertise to re-examine Squill an ancient medicinal plant which deserves modern scientific investigation. For this, invaluable help has come from new computer technologies which allow access to the most important libraries of the History of Medicine.

Diuretics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The physiognomist's kidney in the fifteenth century.

Physiognomy, the art of deciphering a person's character and potential behavior by his or her external appearance, is an ancient body of knowledge which was gradually revived in the Latin West in the twelfth and particularly in the thirteenth century. This is a philological study of the scientific discourse about the physiognomy of the kidney in physiognomic sources from Pseudo-Aristotle's Physiognomonics (third century B.C.) through Pietro d'Abano's Liber compilationis phisonomie (ca 1295) to Rolandus Scriptoris's Reductorium phisonomie (ca 1430). Fifteenth-century learned physiognomists devoted specific chapters to the kidney. The physiognomists analyzed the fleshiness of the body-surface outside the kidneys (i.e. the loins and their vicinity). Firm loins denoted boldness, agility, and good fighting capacity and vice versa. The pre-modern kidney was of interest not only to physicians and surgeons wishing to treat kidney conditions and other pathologies arising from the urinary system. There were learned physicians who examined the body not to diagnose diseases, but to decipher their patient's personality. When engaged in this activity the kidneys, that is, the loins or the external area of the kidneys, were one of the body parts that could provide vital physiognomic information.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1992

[Sudhoff's viewpoint of ancient medicine].

Sudhoff's views of the tasks of medical historians in the field of the history of ancient medicine were influenced by the contemporary controversy between classical philologists and medical historians about their competence. On the one hand Sudhoff thought the philologic historical method to be the appropriate one for the investigation of the history of ancient medicine, on the other hand he did not think it to be indispensable for the medical historians. Their main task was in his eyes to publish new items from archaeological and literary sources, as he himself did.

Germany↗
PubMed2005

[Several observations on delivery of Hippocatric treatises in Arabic and Greek tradition].

It has been known for a long time that most of the published Arabic translations of the Hippocratic treatises are based on the Lemmata of Galen's commentaries (2nd c. AC). In this paper I will discuss some philological characteristics which support this view but have not yet been taken into account: 1. Phrases at the beginning of the text (e.g. "qala"); 2. The translations are divided in chapters; 3. Some titles which correspond to the titles of Galen's commentaries; 4. Some unusual phrases and omissions which can be explained by the Lemmata of the commentary. However, we also know of some commentaries of late antique times which were likewise used as a medium for the transmission of the Hippocratic texts. The most famous example is probably Palladios' commentary of the Hippocratic Aphorisms (6th c. AC). The historian al-Ya'qubi has preserved some fragments of this text in his Ta'rih. An investigation of the chapter "Hippocrates" in this Ta'rih can show that al-Ya'qabis "Vorlage" also used for the Prognosticon and De Diaeta two commentaries of late antique times, both of which are lost in the Greek tradition.

Greece, Ancient↗