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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Bisphosphonates suppress periosteal osteoblast activity independently of resorption in rat femur and tibia.

Recent studies demonstrate that bisphosphonates suppress bone resorption by leading to apoptosis of the osteoclast and inhibiting the differentiation to mature osteoclasts. The influence of bisphosphonates on bone formation is unknown, although it has been hypothesized that bisphosphonates inhibit osteoblast apoptosis and stimulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro, leading to increased bone formation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bisphosphonates on bone formation. We administered risedronate at 0.05, 0.5 or 5.0 microg/kg/day or alendronate at 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg/kg/day subcutaneously for 17 days to 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Control rats were given a daily subcutaneous injection of saline. Following sacrifice, the femoral and tibial mid-diaphyses were harvested and mineralizing surface (MS/BS), mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR/BS) were measured on periosteal and endocortical surfaces. In the femur, periosteal MAR was significantly lower in all treatment groups (22-29% for risedronate, 26-36% for alendronate) than in control. In the tibia, periosteal MAR and BFR of all treatment groups were significantly lower (41-50% for risedronate, 43-52% for alendronate) than in the control group. Because the periosteal surfaces of these bones are only undergoing bone formation in modeling mode, our results show that bisphosphonates suppress bone formation independently of bone resorption. Because this effect is seen on periosteal MAR rather than on periosteal MS/BS, we hypothesize that bisphosphonates affect the activity of individual osteoblasts at the cell level. This may help to explain the reason that the anabolic effects of teriparatide are blunted when administered concurrently with or following a course of bisphosphonates in humans.

Alendronate↗
PubMed1998

Effect of mechanical unloading and reloading on periosteal bone formation and gene expression in tail-suspended rapidly growing rats.

In order to delineate the influence of mechanical unloading on the formation and resorption of trabecular and cortical bone, the effects of mechanical unloading on the volume, structure, and turnover of hindlimbs were examined using tail-suspended rapidly growing rats. In addition, to clarify the mechanism of how mechanical stimulation affects bone formation, the influence of reloading on the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of genes related to differentiation or proliferation of bone cells was examined. Tail suspension of 5-week-old rats for 14 days caused a suppression of the increase in the diameter, subperiosteal area, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur. The suppression of the increase in femoral BMD was composed of an early impairment in the gain of BMD at the femoral metaphysis, which is rich in trabecular bone, and a sustained reduction in the gain of BMD at the femoral diaphysis, which is rich in cortical bone. The early reduction in the increase of BMD at the metaphysis was due to an enhancement of bone resorption, whereas a sustained reduction of periosteal bone formation appeared to play an important role in the suppression of gain in cortical bone mass and size by mechanical unloading. Mechanical reloading of the hind limbs after 14 days of tail suspension caused a transient increase within 2 h of the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in intraosseous cells, composed mainly of osteocytes, and in the expression of c-fos in periosteal cells. However, because the COX-2 expression in osteocytes was not enhanced after 20 min of reloading when the c-fos expression was already increased in periosteal cells, the enhancement of c-fos expression does not appear to be mediated by an increased production of prostaglandins in the osteocytes. It is suggested that mechanical unloading causes an impairment of periosteal bone formation by impairing the expression of c-fos in periosteal cells. The intercellular signaling cascade that mediates the enhancement of c-fos expression in periosteal cells in response to mechanical stimulation remains to be elucidated.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in microvessels of periosteal callus.

OBJECTIVE: To document early histological and ultrastructural changes in periosteal fracture callus blood vessels. DESIGN: Rabbit control and fractured ribs, after healing for three, six, and twelve hours and daily for seven days, were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Control periosteal microvessels were formed mainly by endothelial cells and occasionally by pericytes. Only these cells displayed basal lamina within the periosteum. Three to twelve hours postfracture, periosteal microvessels were little changed. By two days postfracture, dramatic increases in size and population of microvessel cells resulted in a smaller lumen and thicker wall. Microvessel cells, while retaining their basal lamina, had transformed to mesenchymal cells. Transformed pericytes, as evidenced by their basal lamina, had extravasated. Three to four days postfracture, additional transformed pericytes had extravasated. Within the distal periosteal callus, a close spatial relationship among transformed microvessels, extravascular mesenchymal cells (some with basal lamina), and osteoblasts was present. Four to five days postfracture, within the proximal periosteal callus, a close spatial relationship among transformed microvessels (rapidly disappearing because of continued extravasation), extravascular mesenchymal cells (some with basal lamina), and chondroblasts (some with basal lamina) was present. CONCLUSIONS: New evidence showed that after fracture, periosteal microvessel endothelial cells and pericytes increased in population and transformed to mesenchymal cells. These changes, their subsequent extravasation as mesenchymal cells, and their development into chondroblasts were verified by basal lamina evidence. New evidence also suggested that continued extravasation of transformed microvessel cells rendered the fracture callus cartilage avascular.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Endoscopic foreheadplasty: a histologic comparison of periosteal refixation after endoscopic versus bicoronal lift.

Endoscopic brow lift techniques using temporary fixation rely on rapid readherence of the periosteum to calvarial bone. Little is known about the histologic events that occur during the early postoperative period after these procedures. An animal study was designed to compare and contrast periosteal fixation to bone and unelevated periosteum, with endoscopic and bicoronal brow lift techniques. One method of temporary fixation is the use of absorbable (polylactic/polyglycolic acid copolymer) LactoSorb screws; a histologic analysis of implanted LactoSorb screws was also performed. Sixteen rabbits underwent brow lifts; eight underwent endoscopic brow lift and fixation with LactoSorb screws without skin excision, and another eight underwent traditional bicoronal brow lift with skin excision and closure under tension. Animals were killed 1, 2, 6, and 12 weeks after the procedures were performed to evaluate the interaction of periosteum and bone and the normal, unelevated periosteum/calvarium interface at a site distant from the operative area. Histologic specimens were examined for the degree of apposition of periosteum to bone and for any fibrous or bony reaction at this interface. Histologic analysis showed various degrees of periosteal fibrosis and fixation to calvarial bone. After an initial phase of minimal periosteal adherence and moderate inflammation, the periosteum became progressively more adherent to bone in both groups, with no significant differences between treatment groups in rates of fixation. Fixation required at least 6 weeks. LactoSorb screws were surrounded by an area of mild inflammation and were progressively hydrolyzed and digested. Periosteal fixation increases over time for bicoronal and endoscopic brow lifts with minimal differences between the two techniques. With this animal model, periosteal adherence to calvarium requires at least 6 weeks with complete adherence by 12 weeks. In addition, the use of absorbable fixation screws seems to be both effective and well tolerated. The histologic changes associated with periosteal healing observed in this study suggest that permanent or semipermanent fixation may improve the accuracy and early postoperative maintenance of forehead advancement.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Viability of periosteal tissue obtained postmortem.

Periosteal autografts have the potential to regenerate articular cartilage defects, but this potential is limited by the patient's age. Allograft transplantation from a young donor to an older recipient might bypass this limitation. The effect of the time delay, between death and harvesting of a periosteal graft, on the chondrogenic potential of periosteum is important not only for transplantation but also for studies dealing with tissues retrieved postmortem (i.e., including the periosteal explant model). The purpose of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of periosteum obtained postmortem and a possible beneficial effect of hypothermia. Thirty NZ white rabbits (2 months old) were sacrificed and stored at room temperature or 4 degrees C for 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, or 24 h. Periosteal explants were then obtained and a standard cartilage yield assay performed by culturing them for 6 weeks using the periosteal organ culture model as previous published. TGF-beta1 (10 ng/ml) was added for the first 14 days of culture. Histochemical analysis and quantitative collagen typing were performed. In the explants from the animals kept for 4 h at room temperature growth and chondrogenesis were dramatically reduced. Little or no chondrogenesis was seen in explants from rabbits maintained at room temperature after 4-8 h (or more) postmortem. Cooling the rabbits to 4 degrees C partially prevented this loss of viability and continued to do so for 24 h. Even storage at 4 degrees C did not eliminate the decrease in chondrogenic potential, though it did permit partial preservation of chondrogenic potential. If periosteum is to be used for allograft transplantation, or if it is used for experimental study, its viability must be assured. This is best accomplished by harvesting it immediately postmortem. Preservation techniques, cryopreservation, or hypothermia might be useful in preserving periosteal chondrogenic potential.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of periosteal membranes and coronally positioned flaps in the treatment of Class II furcation defects: a comparative clinical study in humans.

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of connective tissue grafts including periosteum used as a mechanical barrier for guided periodontal tissue regeneration and coronally positioned flaps in the treatment of Class II furcation defects. A total of 28 furcation defects were treated; 14 received a periosteal barrier and 14 received a coronally positioned flap. Reentry surgeries were performed at 6 months. No statistically significant differences were found preoperatively between the two treatment groups with respect to clinical parameters and osseous measurements. Postsurgically, both treatment modalities resulted in a significant decrease in probing depth and a significant gain in clinical attachment, but the differences observed were not statistically significant. The periosteal barrier group presented with a significantly better gain in vertical components of the alveolar bone (1.93 +/- 0.15 mm and 0.20 +/- 0.26 mm for periosteal barrier and coronally positioned flap groups, respectively; P < or = 0.001) and horizontal components of the alveolar bone (1.60 +/- 0.21 mm and 0.13 +/- 0.90 mm for periosteal barrier and coronally positioned flap groups, respectively; P < or = 0.001). The results of this trial indicate that similar clinical resolution of Class II furcation defects can be obtained with periosteal barriers and coronally positioned flaps. Periosteal barriers, however, are a better treatment alternative in achieving bone fill of the furcation area.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1994

Periosteal osteosarcoma and parosteal chondrosarcoma evaluated by double immunohistochemical staining. Report of 2 cases.

Differentiation of periosteal osteosarcoma and parosteal (periosteal) chondrosarcoma by conventional histology may be difficult. One case each of clinically and histologically proven periosteal osteosarcoma and parosteal chondrosarcoma were evaluated by a double-immunohistochemical staining method using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and S-100 protein (S-100). Conventional histology showed proliferation of both osteoblastic and chondroblastic cells in the periosteal osteosarcoma, while there was a growth of only chondroblastic tumor cells in the parosteal chondrosarcoma. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that the nuclei of chondroblastic cells recognized by S-100 were PCNA-negative, while osteoblastic stromal cells were PCNA-positive in the periosteal osteosarcoma. In contrast, chondroblastic cells in the parosteal chondrosarcoma were both S-100- and PCNA-positive. Our findings suggest that periosteal osteosarcoma is characterized by the proliferation of osteoblastic stromal cells, whereas parosteal chondrosarcoma is characterized by the proliferation of chondroblastic cells. This method of double immunohistochemical staining, using PCNA and S-100, may be useful in differentiating these chondroblastic tumors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Periosteal tethering of growth plates in long bones (focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia)].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Another three cases of periosteal tethers (focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia) are reported. Until now only 54 children affected by this entity were described. Analysis of these three cases concerning clinical appearance, x-ray deformity, preoperative and histologic findings and the end-results of the own method of surgical treatment was undertaken to categorise the proper diagnosis. MATERIAL: The studied group involved distal posteromedial femoral lesion (Boy aged 11 months, Epiphysis-diaphysis angle 68 degrees, femoro-tibial angle 27 degrees). Another case with proximal tibial lesion on the lateral side (Boy aged 18 months, Epiphysis-diaphysis angle 75 degrees, femoro-tibial angle 18 degrees). Third case with proximal tibial lesion, localised typically medially (Boy aged 17 months, Epiphysis-diaphysis angle 70 degrees, femoro-tibial angle 19 degrees). METHODS: All three cases were routinely followed for short time, before surgical correction was performed. AP and lateral x-rays were undertaken. Surgical correction involved curretage of the lesion and a half-circumferential excision of the periost between the lesion and the physis. Short-term immobilisation followed. In no case an osteotomy was needful. RESULTS: Limited surgical approach consisting of curretage and periost excision resulted in slow but full correction of the long bone angulation. In the distal femoral lesion the normal value of limb axis was achieved in 9 years, in proximal and lateral tibial lesion in 7 years and in proximal and medial tibial lesion in 3 years. Persisting shortening of the limb length was found only in femoral lesion involving 10 millimetres. Histologic findings comprised areas of dense fibrous tissue, of fibrocartilage and of sclerotic bone. Bacterial cultivation was negative. DISCUSSION: It seems, that there is almost no difference between clinical, x-ray and preoperative findings of periosteal tethers and focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia. A real fibrous band between the cortical lesion and the physis was not found in this study, however the periost was roughened and adhered firmly to the bone. Limited surgical exposure consisting of curretage and half-circumferential excision of periost quaranteed in all three cases full correction of the former deformity. CONCLUSION: Osteotomy is not an absolutely necessary surgical solution in these cases.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Experimental study of free periosteal autograft. II. Increasing osteogenesis of periosteum.

The difference in osteogenesis of the periosteal graft and the effects of changing the recipient environment were studied in 26 young and 16 adult rabbits. The periosteal grafts from bilateral tibiae were implanted to the right and left sides of the abdominal wall, on the right side a coagulum was added. For quantitative examination, radionuclide, CT, ion-selective electrode, atomic absorption spectrometry and biochemical autoassay methods were used. The results showed that osteogenesis of periosteal grafts may increase by changing the local environments. The amount of periosteal bone formed in the adult rabbits was obviously less than in the young. The bone formation of the periosteal grafts with a coagulum, especially in the adults was increased. The possible mechanism of increasing periosteal osteogenesis by the coagulum is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Periosteal and perichondral grafting in reconstructive surgery.

Periosteum consists of multipotent mesodermal cells, and the influence of the environment on differentiation of cells of free periosteal grafts has been demonstrated in experimental studies. Periosteum has the capacity to form all varieties of connective tissue. The periosteum has osteogenic capacity, but it can also be used to promote cartilage formation in a chondrotrophic environment. Free periosteal grafts transplanted to the completely chondrectomized articular surfaces of patellae in experimental animals differentiated into cartilage. Joint motion appeared to be one of the chondrogenesis-promoting factors. The authors are optimistic about the potential clinical results with these types of grafts. Also, periosteal resurfacing of the metatarsal head was found to be suitable in the treatment of hallux rigidus and Freiberg's disease. Findings in growing rabbits showed that spinal fusion can be achieved with free periosteal grafts. This technique has been used to treat lumbar lytic spondylolisthesis in young patients, and the method produced clinical and radiologic results that were comparable with those obtained using bone transplants. This work indicates that some of the adverse effects of lumbar spinal fusion (e.g., postoperative spinal stenosis) can be avoided by using osteoperiosteal fusion. Also, periosteal grafting has proved useful in the treatment of thoracolumbar scoliosis. Free periosteal grafting has been used to treat congenital clefts of the maxilla and tracheal cartilage defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Periostitis associated with myelofibrosis.

Two patients with myelofibrosis developed fever, leg pain and periostitis. The first patient had myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and was symptomatic for months before x-rays showed periosteal new bone formation in the lower extremities. He subsequently developed periostitis of both upper extremities. Radiation of the lower extremities resulted in significant pain relief. The second patient had a past history of polycythemia vera and experienced painful periostitis of the tibiae and fibulae. 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate bone scans showed increased uptake in the involved bones in both patients. Asymptomatic or painful periostitis may be related to the increased bone blood flow associated with myelofibrosis. Radiation can afford successful palliation in the severely symptomatic patient.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

Periostitis secondary to interleukin-11 (Oprelvekin, Neumega). Treatment for thrombocytopenia in pediatric patients.

Interleukin-11 (Oprelvekin, Neumega) is a newly introduced thrombopoietic growth factor that stimulates production, differentiation, and maturation of megakaryocytes and platelets. Reversible periostitis has been reported as the side effect of the drug in primates and in the phase I/II trials. We report our experience with 5 cases of periostitis, occurring in thrombocytopenic children with three non-malignant and two malignant conditions, out of 24 pediatric patients treated with IL-11 at 75 micro g/kg per day for a median of 17 days. The findings were noted in the clavicle or the proximal humerus. Two patients also had forearm and lower-extremity long-bone involvement. All patients had normal bones before IL-11 was given, changes occurred in both non-malignant and malignant diseases, and periostitis disappeared after use of the drug was discontinued. The distribution and appearance of the changes are similar to prostaglandin E1 and hypervitaminosis A. The changes are reversible after termination of treatment and are most noted in younger patients. The exact mechanism is not clear. The detection of periostitis makes it essential for the radiologists to inquire as to what medications patients are receiving. The pediatric doses (75 g/kg/d) are above those recommended for adult patients (50 g/kg/d) and this may account for the pediatric bone changes of periostitis.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis: an unusual case.

Chronic osteomyelitis with subperiosteal new bone formation results from periosteal reaction to chronic inflammatory/infectious stimulation. In the maxillofacial region, it has traditionally been termed Garrè's osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis and more recently periostitis ossificans. The term Garrè's osteomyelitis has been regarded as a misnomer by many authors in the recent literature. The term chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis, although cumbersome, is considered to be the most accurate description of the pathology. It usually affects the mandible of young patients secondary to dental infection. Management involves removal of the source of infection and antibiotic treatment. We present an unusual case of chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis affecting the mandible of a 12-year-old patient. The source of infection was related to the developing lower left third molar, which had apparently no communication with the oral cavity.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Radiographic investigation of mandibular periostitis ossificans in 55 cases.

The radiographic and clinical features of periostitis ossificans in 55 patients with mandibular osteomyelitis were studied. On the basis of whether the original mandibular contour was preserved or not, the lesions could be classified radiographically into two major types, each with two subtypes. Type I lesions were of shorter duration than Type II. Type 1-2 and Type II-1 periostitis ossificans were characteristically observed in patients under 25 years of age. Extraction of the lower third molar with pericoronitis was the most frequent cause of periostitis ossificans. An unerupted third molar tooth bud was found in close proximity to the area of periostitis ossificans in six patients. With adequate treatment there can be complete resolution of periostitis ossificans in Type I cases; however, when there has been loss of mandibular contour (Type II cases), mandibular deformity remains even when normal bony architecture has been restored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mesenchymal multipotency of adult human periosteal cells demonstrated by single-cell lineage analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether periosteal cells from adult humans have features of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at the single-cell level. METHODS: Cell populations were enzymatically released from the periosteum of the proximal tibia obtained from adult human donors and then expanded in monolayer. Single-cell-derived clonal populations were obtained by limiting dilution. Culture-expanded periosteal cell populations were tested for their growth potential and for expression of conventional markers of MSCs and were subjected to in vitro assays to investigate their multilineage potential. To assess their multipotency in vivo, periosteal cells were injected into a regenerating mouse tibialis anterior muscle for skeletal myogenesis or were either seeded into an osteoinductive matrix and implanted subcutaneously into nude mice for osteogenesis or implanted in a joint surface defect under a periosteal flap into goats for chondrogenesis. Cell phenotypes were analyzed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the expression of lineage-related marker genes. RESULTS: Regardless of donor age, periosteal cells were clonogenic and could be expanded extensively in monolayer, maintaining linear growth curves over at least 30 population doublings. They displayed long telomeres and expressed markers of MSCs. Under specific conditions, both parental and single-cell-derived clonal cell populations differentiated to the chondrocyte, osteoblast, adipocyte, and skeletal myocyte lineages in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that, regardless of donor age, the adult human periosteum contains cells that, upon enzymatic release and culture expansion, are multipotent MSCs at the single-cell level.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Early loading-related changes in the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in osteocytes and periosteal osteoblasts in rat fibulae in vivo.

The tibiae and fibulae of 14-week-old rats were subjected to a single 5 minutes period of cyclic longitudinal loading at 1 Hz. The activity of the enzymes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in osteocytes and periosteal osteoblasts was measured immediately and 24 h after loading. In osteocytes G6PD activity was increased immediately after loading but returned to control values 24 h later. There was no detectable ALP activity in these cells regardless of loading history. In periosteal osteoblasts G6PD activity was raised immediately after loading and remained higher than controls 24 h later. ALP activity in periosteal cells was unaffected immediately after loading but 24 h later was substantially increased. These findings are consistent with osteocytes and periosteal cells both being immediately responsive to periods of intermittent loading in their adjacent matrices. In both cell types an early feature of this response is an increase in G6PD activity. In osteocytes this response is short-lived, suggesting that it is an early biochemical change associated with strain perception that does not progress to matrix synthesis. The increase in G6PD activity with unaffected ALP levels in periosteal cells immediately after loading is consistent with a similar response. In these cells the increase in G6PD accompanied by increased ALP levels 24 h after loading suggests that the loading-related response progresses to new bone formation.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1990

Internal remodeling of periosteal new bone during fracture healing.

A closed fracture model of the rat tibia was employed to study internal remodeling of periosteal new bone during fracture repair. Static histomorphometric parameters of osteoid surface (or perimeter) and eroded surface (resorption surface) were used as indicators of appositional bone formation and resorption of bone trabeculae, respectively. Intracortical remodeling at the fracture site was evaluated using quantitative tetracycline histology and microradiography. The extents of osteoid and eroded bone surfaces did not differ significantly in the periosteal woven new bone in the early phases of fracture healing. Later on, the periosteal new bone had significantly more osteoid surface than eroded surface (p less than 0.001). The number of osteoclasts also decreased significantly over time during fracture healing (p = 0.028). Cortical bone showed a continuous increase of porosity (p less than 0.01) between 1 and 6 weeks after fracture. These results suggest that there is a time-related change in the balance of periosteal bone formation and resorption during the progress of fracture repair. We hypothesize that this change was related to the restoration of bony continuity. Further studies are, however, needed to indicate the histomorphometric features of periosteal new bone in fracture nonunions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Bone formation by vascularized periosteal and osteoperiosteal grafts. An experimental study in rats.

The osteogenic capacity of vascularized periosteal and osteoperiosteal grafts was investigated in 82 Wistar rats about 8 weeks old. The periosteal flaps, pedicled on the descending genicular artery, were taken by stripping the lower third of the femur. In the right hindleg, the grafts were made with periosteum only, while in the left hindleg, the periosteal flaps were associated with cancellous bone. The animals were divided into two groups of 41. In group I, both the periosteal and osteoperiosteal grafts were placed in contact with cortical bone, and in group II, the grafts were buried in muscle. Subgroups of 8 animals were killed after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively. The grafted region was evaluated radiographically, macroscopically, and histologically. Membranous ossification was the main source of bone formation. Osteoperiosteal grafts produced a greater amount of new bone than periosteal ones. There was evidence that the contact of the graft with living cortical bone favored bone formation.

Animals↗