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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Neurological bypass for sensory innervation of the penis in patients with spina bifida.

PURPOSE: Most male patients with spina bifida have normal sexual desires. During puberty they begin to realize that they can achieve erection and sexual intercourse but without any sensation in the penis. We hypothesized that restored sensation in the penis would greatly contribute to their quality of life and sexual health. In this prospective study we investigated the outcome of a new operative neurological bypass procedure in patients with spina bifida. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 3 patients who were 17, 18 and 21 years old with a spinal lesion at L5, L4 and L3-L4, respectively, the sensory ilioinguinal nerve (L1) was cut distal in the groin and joined by microneurorrhaphy to the divided ipsilateral dorsal nerve of the penis (S2-4) at the base of the penis. All patients underwent preoperative and postoperative neurological and psychological evaluations. RESULTS: By 15 months postoperatively all patients had achieved excellent sensation on the operated side of the glans penis. They were unequivocally positive about the results and the penis had become more integrated into the body image. In 2 patients masturbation became more meaningful and 1 became more sexually active with and without his partner. CONCLUSIONS: The newly designed neurological bypass procedure in patients with spina bifida resulted in excellent sensibility in the glans penis. The new sensation appeared to contribute to the quality of the patient sexuality and sexual functioning as well as to the feeling of being a more normal and complete individual who is more conscious of the penis. This new operation might become standard treatment in patients with spina bifida in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Treatment of men complaining of short penis.

OBJECTIVES: To report the outcome of a sex education-integrated treatment program of men complaining of a short-sized penis. METHODS: This study included 92 patients presenting to our department in the past 2 years complaining of a small-sized penis. History, with particular stress on the duration of the complaint and sexual habits of the patients, was collected from all patients. All patients were asked to complete the International Index of Erectile Function short-form questionnaire. Also all patients were tutored by an andrologist on sex education. Penile length and girth were measured twice using a tape measure in both flaccid and fully stretched states. Every patient was informed that if his flaccid and stretched penis size was 4 cm and 7 cm or more, respectively, it was considered normal. RESULTS: All patients complained of a short penis in either the flaccid or erect state. Of the 92 patients, 66 (71.7%) complained of a short penis only in the flaccid state, and 26 (28.3%) complained of a short penis in both the flaccid and the erect state. None of the patients had erectile dysfunction. None of the patients had short penis according to our measurements. Almost all patients overestimated the normal penile size. Most men found the combination of sex education with standard penile measurements helpful and relieving. CONCLUSIONS: Men complaining of short penis could be treated using basic principles of sex education with objective methods of penile size evaluation. This combination can correct any previous sexual misconceptions, relieve unnecessary anxiety concerning penile size, and decrease the desire to undertake still-to-be verified lengthening procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Concealed penis in childhood: a spectrum of etiology and treatment.

PURPOSE: Concealed penis is an uncommon condition due to poor skin fixation at the base of the penis, cicatricial scarring after penile surgery and excessive obesity. The condition varies in severity and several surgical options are available, such as excision of previous scarring, degloving the penile shaft, reconstructing the penile shaft skin with flaps, fixing the penile skin at the penopubic and penoscrotal angles, and removing excess suprapubic fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 43 patients treated for concealed penis from 1993 to 1998. We categorized the cases as type 1-congenital concealed penis, type 2-concealed penis due to scarring from previous surgery and type 3-complex cases involving excessive obesity. Cases were reviewed in regard to surgical techniques and outcomes. We identified 18 type 1, 18 type 2 and 7 type 3 cases. Mean age of type 1 patients at surgery was 12.4 months with 1 patient presented at age 7 years. None had previously undergone penile surgery. All patients underwent complete penile degloving. To reconstruct the penile shaft flaps or Z-plasties with penile skin were used in 12 patients and scrotal skin flaps were used in 2. In 12 patients the penile skin was fixed at the penoscrotal and penopubic angles to maintain penile length and in 2 excess fat was excised. Mean age of type 2 patients at surgery was 19.8 months. All had previously undergone surgery, including hypospadias in 1 and circumcision in 17. All patients underwent complete penile degloving and the cicatricial scar that trapped the penis was excised. Penile skin flaps and Z-plasties were used in 12 cases, scrotal skin flaps were used for reconstruction in 2 and skin grafting was done in 1. In 10 patients the penile skin was fixed with sutures to maintain penile length. Mean age of type 3 patients at surgery was 15.8 years. Of the 7 boys 6 had previously undergone penile surgery. All required extensive scar excision and complex reconstruction involving penile skin flaps in 3, scrotal flaps in 5 and penile skin fixation in 6. Excessive suprapubic fat was removed in 5 patients, of whom 3 underwent liposuction. RESULTS: Surgical results were uniformly good in type 1 patients except in 1 who was believed to have excessive suprapubic fat. Results were good in 14 of the 18 type 2 patients, although 2 retained excessive suprapubic fat and 2 had some unsightly scarring. No type 1 or 2 patient required additional surgery. Of the 7 type 3 patients 6 had a good result and required no additional surgery. One patient has recurrent concealed penis after 2 procedures and awaits additional surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Concealed penis has a varied etiology and requires a flexible surgical approach. The common surgical options in all cases include complete penile degloving, excising the scarring due to previous surgery, removing excess suprapubic fat, reconstructing the penile skin with local flaps, and fixing the penile skin at the penopubic and penoscrotal angles.

Child↗
PubMed1989

The effect of subatmospheric pressure on the simian penis.

The effects of subatmospheric pressure on the simian penis were studied in nine monkeys under anesthesia. A plastic cylinder was placed over the penis and suction applied until the gauge pressure was -100 to -200 cm. H2O. The intracavernous pressure decreased within one to three seconds to between -60 and -120 cm. H2O followed by a gradual increase as a result of blood flow into the corpora cavernosa. The intracavernous pressure recovery was 50% after 17 seconds and 100% by 30 to 60 seconds. These effects could also be observed when the penile base was partially constricted with a rubber band before applying the partial vacuum. Tumescence resulting from suction disappeared immediately when suction was terminated unless the base of the penis was constricted before and after the application of vacuum. In the latter case tumescence was prolonged (cavernous pressure between 60 and 120 cm. H2O) after suction. The cross-sectional area of the penis expanded to more than 150% of the flaccid state. The increase of intracavernous pressure from intracavernous papaverine injection was similar to that after suction with a constricting rubber band in place at the base of the penis. Subatmospheric pressure induces an expansion of the penis followed by increased blood inflow. The additional volume can be kept in the penis only if a constriction device is placed at the base of the penis. The tumescence induced by suction is passive, occurring without evidence of smooth muscle relaxation or release of neurotransmitters.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Various isoforms of myomodulin identified from the male copulatory organ of Lymnaea show overlapping yet distinct modulatory effects on the penis muscle.

Male copulatory behavior in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis is controlled by several types of peptidergic neurons, including a cluster of neurons in the ventral lobe of the right cerebral ganglion that show immunoreactivity to myomodulin-A of Aplysia and innervate the penis complex. We identified structurally myomodulin-A and three related peptides from Lymnaea and showed that they are present in a characteristic ratio in both the penis nerve and penis complex, suggesting that they are processed from a single precursor and transported from the ventral lobe to the penis complex. All four peptides decreased the relaxation time of electrically evoked contractions of the penis retractor muscle. However, their effects on the amplitude of contraction were different, ranging from no effect to an increase or a decrease in the amplitude. A mixture of the peptides in a ratio as determined by direct mass spectrometry of the penis nerve decreased the contraction time, the relaxation time, and the amplitude. These effects resemble those of one particular peptide in the mixture. The direct mass spectrometry determinations of the peptide profile in the penis nerve suggest that many more, as yet unidentified, neuropeptides are involved in modulation of muscle activities of the penis complex.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid splice variants for vascular endothelial growth factor in the penis of adult rats and humans.

Erectile dysfunction is often associated with problems in vascular perfusion to the erectile components of the penis. In order to better understand the factors that control vascular formation and perfusion in the erectile tissues of the penis, we have begun to characterize the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in penis tissues. VEGF is one of several polypeptides that have significant angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Extensive characterization of the VEGF gene and its products has shown that several different mature mRNA transcripts exist, originating from alternative splicing of the basic VEGF transcript. These variant transcripts can encode peptides with different biological activities. Penile tissue was obtained from adult rats and from human patients undergoing penile prosthesis implantation. Analysis of the forms of VEGF transcripts was performed using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique with primer pairs derived from the first and eighth exon of the VEGF gene. The expression levels of the various isoforms in the rat penis were then quantified using RNase protection assays. Four previously described splice variants of VEGF mRNA (VEGF 120, 144, 164, 188) were detected in rat and human penile tissues. In contrast to what is seen in the rat lung, where the most abundant form of VEGF mRNA is the 188 splice isoform, VEGF 164 is the most abundant transcript detected in the penis. Finally, sequence analysis of numerous VEGF cDNA clones obtained from the rat penis demonstrated the presence of a previously undescribed VEGF splice variant that could give rise to a protein of 110 amino acid residues (VEGF 110, GenBank accession no. AF080594). In summary, a number of VEGF mRNA isoforms are expressed in the rat and human penis, with the splice variant encoding a 164-amino acid protein present in greatest abundance. This study is a prelude to attempts to genetically manipulate VEGF expression in the penis as a therapy for erectile dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Innervation of the human glans penis.

PURPOSE: We demonstrate the innervation of the glans penis through nerve blockade and electrophysiological tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 14 healthy, sexually potent volunteers. The dorsal nerves of the penis were anesthetized bilaterally with lidocaine. Electrophysiological testing was performed by stimulating the dorsal nerve of the penis at the penile base distal to the block and recording action potentials at the glans. RESULTS: Dorsal nerve of the penis block resulted in anesthesia of the dorsal, lateral and glanular aspects of the penis. The ventral surface, including the frenulum, was intact to pinprick sensation. Dorsal nerve of the penis stimulation resulted in responses from the corona, dorsal and ventral mid glans, and penile shaft. Frenular responses were less consistently obtained. The most common recorded pattern was a monophasic waveform representing the arrival of a standing potential at a nerve terminal. Latencies were progressively longer with increasing distance from the point of stimulation with the longest latencies measured at the frenulum. Amplitudes of the responses decreased with increasing distance from the point of stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal nerve of the penis innervates the glans, including the frenulum which is also innervated by a branch of the perineal nerve. Branches of the dorsal nerve of the penis extend through the glans ventrolaterally. Electrical representation of glanular innervation reveals the glans to be filled with nerve endings supporting its function as a sensory structure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Concealed penis and its surgical correction: a report of 63 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the basic principles of surgical correction of concealed penis. METHODS: From Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2002, 63 cases of concealed penis, aged from 1 year and 6 months to 19 years with a mean age of 7 years and 2 months, were corrected with two different approaches: 37 cases of group A with obesity were corrected by anchoring micrus tissue onto the pubis at the base of the penis, and 26 cases of group B by fixing the subcutateous tissues at both sides of the penile shaft to the deep tunica albuginea at the penile root. Then prepuce plasty was carried out. RESULTS: Six-month postoperative follow-up found adequate exposure of the penis in all of group A, prepuce oedema in 7 cases, abdomen fat liquidization in 3 cases, unsatisfactory recovery of incision hollow in 3 cases and patchy numbness of the glans in 1 case. The 25 cases of group B had satisfactory exposure of the penis, with no obvious prepuce oedema, 1 case with retraction of the penis 7 days after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Various surgical procedures could be adopted for concealed penis, and the key to the satisfactory appearance is the restoration of penile tunicae and the fixation at the base of the penis. Further study is needed to determine the natural history of these disorders as well as which conditions and what age will benefit most from surgical intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. II. Treatment of the primary tumor.

The treatment of the primary tumor in 110 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis seen between 1956 and 1989 was reviewed. Small tumors had generally been treated by penis conserving methods, such as circumcision, local excision and external radiotherapy alone or after circumcision or local excision. Since 1982 we have used the neodymium:YAG laser as a penis conserving method. In 51 patients (46%) penis conserving treatment had been performed and 59 (54%) had undergone some form of amputation. Overall, 16 of 110 patients (15%) had local recurrence. The risk of local recurrence after penis conserving therapy was significantly related to T category, with 10% local recurrences in stage T1 tumors in contrast to 32% and 100% in stages T2 and T3 tumors, respectively. All of the recurrences in patients with stage T1 tumors were strictly local and all were salvaged. In our view penis conserving therapy is a safe procedure in patients with stage T1 tumors and should always be attempted first. Amputation is considered to be overtreatment in these cases. Of 6 recurrences in the conservatively treated stage T2 disease group 4 were strictly local. These were all well or moderately differentiated tumors, not exceeding 3.5 cm. in diameter. We suggest penile conservation for this subgroup of T2 tumors. However, partial amputation is recommended for poorly differentiated stage T2 tumors. Local failure was observed in all stage T3 tumors treated with external radiation. In general, penis conservation in stage T3 tumors should not be attempted with the treatment modalities available to date. Comparing the different methods of penis conservation, used in 49 stages T1 and T2 tumors, no difference in local recurrence rate (18%) was observed among surgery, laser and external beam radiation. In view of the low morbidity, cutting and coagulation properties and minimal tissue changes, use of the neodymium:YAG laser would be our first choice of treatment modality. Penile conservation should be attempted only when frequent and long lasting followup is guaranteed, since local recurrences can appear as late as 8 years after primary treatment.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Syphilis and the risk of penis cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Until recently, syphilis was considered a major cause of penis cancer. The possible role of syphilis was discarded without much debate with the detection of certain of human papillomaviruses centrally involved in the etiology of penis cancer. GOALS: To reevaluate the association between syphilis and penis cancer by using truly population-based cancer and syphilis data and to generate a more sound basis for judging the possible role of syphilis in the etiology of penis cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with epidermoid cancer of the penis, totalling 1,523, were diagnosed and reported to the Danish Cancer Registry from 1943 to 1990. Through linkage with the Danish Syphilis Registry, the impact of prior syphilis infection was evaluated in a case-control design using patients with colon cancer or stomach cancer as controls. RESULTS: Depending on the criteria used to assess prior syphilis status, 3% to 5% of patients with penis cancer had had syphilis before the cancer diagnosis. The corresponding proportions were 2% to 4% among patients with colon cancer and 2% to 5% among patients with stomach cancer. Logistic regression showed that patients with penis cancer did not have a syphilis history significantly more often than control cancer patients. CONCLUSION: Syphilis should be removed from the list of possible causes of penis cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Cancer of the penis and its treatment].

It had been believed that carcinoma of the penis was rather rare in the developed countries comparing with that in the under-developing countries, however, the recent epidemiological studies failed to reveal any clear difference of the incidence of carcinoma of the penis all over the world. In these days so called successful treatment is coming to be evaluated by the quality of life (QOL) after surgical or nonsurgical treatment (especially sexual function tended to be considered very important factors altering QOL). I want to emphasize the following issues in this report. 1. Erythroplasia of Queyrat and Bowen's disease are carcinoma in situ and should be dealt as carcinoma of the penis. 2. relation of human papilloma virus and carcinoma of penis. 3. usefulness of TNM classification over Jackson's classification. 4. SCC antigen is a reliable tumor marker of carcinoma of the penis? 5. effectiveness of chemotherapy based on BLM combined with radiation therapy for carcinoma of the penis. 6. usefulness of Mohs microscopically controlled surgery and modified groin dissection. It is generally accepted that since carcinoma of the penis is a rare disease and for one institution up to 50 cases can be experienced during 20 years in Japan, there exist no integrated study involving a large number of institutions. I really wish a certain form of group study to be completed and the results from this study utilized to overcome the present problems for the treatment of carcinoma of the penis.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed1984

[A clinical case of secondary tumor of the penis from the rectum, with malignant priapism].

We report a clinical case of carcinoma of the rectum. A 45-year-old patient had undergone resection of the rectum and proctostomy 22 months ago. Carcinoma caused metastasis to the corpora cavernosa of the penis in this patient, and caused local recurrence of the carcinoma of the rectum, pulmonary metastasis and malignant priapism. A statistical analysis of 62 cases of secondary tumor of the penis in Japan was also made. The present clinical case was the 62nd case of secondary tumor of the penis in Japan, and the 4th case of secondary penile tumor from the rectum. The primary foci of the secondary tumor of the penis are mostly in the urinary bladder and the prostate, followed by the rectum, kidney, pelvis of the kidney and the ureter. Primary sites in the urogenital organs were found in 82.3% and in the neighboring organs in 85.2%. As the route of metastasis of the secondary tumor of the penis, arterial blood, retrovenous, retro-lymph and direct infiltrating metastasis may be possible. Secondary tumor of the penis is mostly found in aged persons, and the major symptoms may be penile nodule and mass, malignant priapism, penile pain and tenderness, and difficulty in urination and retention of urine. Regardless of the length to metastasis and difference in the treatment of the metastatic focus, the secondary tumor of the penis is poor in prognosis, and survival period may be up to 7 months. From the findings of post-mortem examination, secondary tumor of the penis should be regarded as a secondary sign due to recurrence of the primary tumor or presence of metastasis in other organs, and careless surgical operation should be avoided.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

Nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons originating at several different levels innervate rat penis.

While the crucial role of neurally produced nitric oxide in mediating penile erection is well established, the understanding of the peripheral neuroanatomy of the nitric oxide-ergic pathways is still incomplete. This study was designed to elucidate further the distribution of nitric oxide synthase, and its relation to the distribution of neuropeptides and tyrosine hydroxylase in all penis-projecting neural pathways. A triple-labelling technique was employed, with the retrograde tracer Fluoro Gold combined with neuropeptide immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry, a marker of nitric oxide synthase. The presence within the penis of scattered nerve cell bodies exhibiting NADPH-diaphorase activity was revealed. Most (76%) of the penis-projecting neurons in the major pelvic ganglion exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity and immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, while none of them contained tyrosine hydroxylase. Sympathetic paravertebral postganglionic neurons, in turn, contained tyrosine hydroxylase, but did not exhibit NADPH-diaphorase activity. In the afferent, sensory neurons projecting to the penis from the dorsal root ganglia, NADPH-diaphorase activity coexisted with immunoreactivity to both substance P (8%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (26%). Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord intermediolateral column at the thoracolumbar level T11-L3 terminated, not only in the major pelvic ganglion, but also within the penis. The majority (81%) of the penis-projecting neurons exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity. The results indicate that the rat penis receives several different nitric oxide-ergic neural projections. It is therefore possible that nitric oxide affects penile erection at several neuronal levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Glansectomy: an alternative surgical treatment for Buschke-Löwenstein tumors of the penis.

OBJECTIVES: To present the surgical excision of the glans penis (glansectomy) as an alternative surgical treatment to penectomy. Buschke-Löwenstein tumors of the penis include the entities described in published reports as verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum of the penis. Both types are well-differentiated tumors, typically confined to the glans penis, with distinctly rare metastatic activity. METHODS: The study included 7 patients, 40 to 63 years of age, with exophytic, papillary lesions involving the glans penis. Biopsy led to the diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma in 4 patients and giant condyloma acuminatum in 3 patients. All patients reported normal erectile function. Because of the low malignant potential of the tumor and its confinement to the glans penis, a simple glansectomy was performed in all patients to preserve the maximal penile length and functional integrity of the corpora cavernosa. RESULTS: The postoperative course was uncomplicated. With 18 to 65 months of follow-up, all patients were disease free. One patient required more aggressive treatment because of local recurrence of the tumor. All patients returned to normal sexual activity 1 month postoperatively. The only change during sexual activity, noted by two of the patients' partners, was vaginal pain, possibly due to the absence of the glans. CONCLUSIONS: Glansectomy may be considered the treatment of choice in patients with Buschke-Löwenstein tumors of the penis, with more radical techniques reserved for second-line treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of radiation dose to the bulb of the penis in men with and without prostate brachytherapy-induced erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the relationship between the radiation dose to the bulb of the penis and the development of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy without external beam radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-three men who developed ED after transperineal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy for clinical T1/T2 adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland were paired with 23 similar men who maintained potency after implantation. Potency was defined as an erection sufficient for vaginal penetration. The mean and median follow-up for the entire group was 34.6 +/- 13.7 months and 32.8 months, respectively. Patients were implanted with either (125)I (145 Gy TG-43) or (103)Pd (115 Gy, pre-NIST-99). No patient received external beam radiation therapy either before or after brachytherapy. The bulb of the penis was outlined at 0.5-cm intervals on the Day 0 postimplant CT scan. The radiation dose distribution to the bulb of the penis was defined in terms of the minimal dose delivered to 25%, 50%, 70%, 75%, 90%, and 95% of the bulb (D(25), D(50), D(70), D(75), D(90), and D(95)). RESULTS: The radiation dose delivered to the bulb of the penis in men with postbrachytherapy-induced ED was statistically greater for all evaluated dosimetric parameters (D(25), D(50), D(70), D(75), D(90), and D(95)). Multivariate analysis indicated that dose to the bulb of the penis and patient age at the time of implant were predictive of postimplant ED, whereas choice of isotope had no effect. Among potent patients, 19/23 had D(50) < or = 40% of prescribed minimal peripheral dose, whereas for the impotent patients, 19/23 had D(50) >40% of the minimal peripheral dose. Of the impotent patients, 17 utilized sildenafil, with 15 experiencing a favorable response (88%). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that prostate brachytherapy-induced impotence is highly correlated with the radiation dose delivered to the bulb of the penis. With Day 0 dosimetric evaluation, the radiation dose delivered to 50% of the bulb of the penis should be maintained at 50 Gy or less to maximize post-treatment potency. Fortunately, the majority of the brachytherapy-induced ED population responds favorably to sildenafil.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of the rat isolated retractor penis muscle as a model for the study of nitrergic transmission.

INTRODUCTION: The anococcygeus and retractor penis muscles are part of the erectile machinery in male rodents. The rat anococcygeus muscle is a widely used smooth muscle preparation for the study of the effects of test substances on adrenergic, nitrergic, and cholinergic transmission. There is, however, little information available on the process of autonomic transmission in the rat retractor penis muscle, although its autonomic innervation has generally been assumed to be similar to that of the anococcygeus muscle because of the contiguous nature of the two muscles. The present study investigated the involvement of nitrergic transmission in mediating relaxant responses of the rat retractor penis muscle to electrical field stimulation. METHODS: The retractor penis muscle was isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and mounted in Krebs solution. Phentolamine (5 microM) was added to the bath to block the adrenergic responses of the muscle, which was then precontracted with carbachol (10 microM). RESULTS: Electrical field stimulation (20-30 V, 1 ms pulse width, at 0.5-20 Hz for 10 s) of the carbachol precontracted muscle elicited frequency-dependent relaxant responses (0.9-68%). Tetrodotoxin (1 microM), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) (50 microM), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) (100 microM), and haemoglobin (100 microM) inhibited these relaxant responses by 99.3%, 93.9%, 86.9%, and 77.5%, respectively. L-Arginine (250 microM) (but not its D-isomer) reversed the blockade produced by L-NOARG (72.7%) and L-NAME (81.5%). DISCUSSION: Our results provide clear evidence that the inhibitory (relaxant) responses of the rat retractor penis muscle to electrical field stimulation are mediated by nitric oxide involving the L-arginine-nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide pathway. The rat retractor penis muscle is a versatile preparation that can replace the cumbersome preparations from the pig, ox, and horse, hitherto used as pharmacological models for the study of the retractor penis muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Augmentation of glans penis using injectable hyaluronic acid gel.

Recently, injectable hyaluronic acid gel has been widely used in soft-tissue augmentation. We performed this study to identify the feasibility of hyaluronic acid gel for the augmentation of the glans penis. In experiment I, 0.2 cm(3) of hyaluronic acid gel (HA) was injected into the dermis of the glans penis of 25 New Zealand white rabbits via a 30 G needle. At 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90 days after injection, histological changes of glans were studied, respectively. In experiment II, 0.5 cm(3) of HA was injected into the dermis of the glans penis of 14 Beagle dogs via a 27 G needle. At 6 months after injection, histological changes of the glans penis were also evaluated. At the time of autopsy, the lung, liver, and spleen were studied for systemic adverse reaction in each separate experiment. In experiment I, various sized cavities filled with amorphous basophilic materials were noted in the lamina propria and corpus spongiosum of the glans penis. All implants were positively stained on alcian blue. The intensity decreased in a time-dependent manner. Until 14 days, minimal inflammatory reactions were noted, but no signs of inflammation were identified at 90 days. With the gradual decrease of inflammation, fibrosis and deposition of collagen were noted. In experiment II, implants were well maintained at 6 months after injection in the lamina propria. Grade 1 of the inflammatory reaction was noted in one case. In both the experiments, all the specimens were free from any foreign body reaction and systemic adverse reactions. In conclusion, these results suggest that hyaluronic acid gel can be easily injected into the lamina propria of the glans penis and reside until 6 months. Injectable hyaluronic acid gel has a potential as a new bioimplant for the augmentation of the glans penis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Surgical treatment of buried penis.

The buried penis is a rare congenital entity, whose treatment is surgical. There are few publications concerning this matter. The authors report on their experience in 10 cases (1990-1995). In this abnormality, the tip of the glans does not project from the pubic or scrotal skin. It is due to: 1) an excessive development of the penile fascia which retracts the penis; 2) insufficient attachment of the penile skin at the base of the penis; 3) often excessive prepubic fat worsens the appearance of the abnormality but does not by itself totally explain it; 4) a tight phimosis is often present. Surgical treatment is necessary because this aspect tends to persist even after puberty. One cannot indeed count on the development at the age of puberty, neither on the diminution of the fat, nor on the simple cure of the phimosis. One must above all ban circumcision which causes the risk of eliminating the skin necessary for reconstruction. The surgical procedure will comprise: 1) a longitudinal dorsal incision extended circumferentially; 2) resection of the thickened fascia penis; 3) anchoring of the deep face of the dermis to the proximal part of the fascia penis at the base of the penis. This surgical procedure has always brought a significant improvement to the appearance of the penis.

Child↗