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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Manipulations of the features of standard video lottery terminal (VLT) games: effects in pathological and non-pathological gamblers.

The present study was conducted to identify game parameters that would reduce the risk of abuse of video lottery terminals (VLTs) by pathological gamblers, while exerting minimal effects on the behavior of non-pathological gamblers. Three manipulations of standard VLT game features were explored. Participants were exposed to: a counter which displayed a running total of money spent; a VLT spinning reels game where participants could no longer "stop" the reels by touching the screen; and sensory feature manipulations. In control conditions, participants were exposed to standard settings for either a spinning reels or a video poker game. Dependent variables were self-ratings of reactions to each set of parameters. A set of 2(3) x 2 x 2 (game manipulation [experimental condition(s) vs. control condition] x game [spinning reels vs. video poker] x gambler status [pathological vs. non-pathological]) repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted on all dependent variables. The findings suggest that the sensory manipulations (i.e., fast speed/sound or slow speed/no sound manipulations) produced the most robust reaction differences. Before advocating harm reduction policies such as lowering sensory features of VLT games to reduce potential harm to pathological gamblers, it is important to replicate findings in a more naturalistic setting, such as a real bar.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Pathologic studies in colorectal cancer. A guide to the surgical pathology examination of colorectal specimens and review of features of prognostic significance.

The results of a careful and systematic examination of surgical specimens from patients with tumors of the colorectum play an important role in patient care and the assessment of prognosis. An accurate and detailed gross examination of the specimen is important. Photographs and line drawings are very useful. Proper handling of the specimen and fixation for 24 to 48 hours are essential before satisfactory blocks can be taken for sectioning. Lymph nodes adjacent to the lesion and at the point of ligation of the vascular pedicle should be removed for sectioning. Multiple blocks of the tumor and adjacent tissues should be taken for histologic study. All blocks should be appropriately labeled and properly identified. I have found the use of large sections of the entire lesion a very satisfactory method of studying cancers and polyps; in such preparations the anatomic relationships remain undisturbed. The pathology report should include information on the site or sites of tumor, the size, configuration, and circumference of the bowel wall involved, obstruction, distance of the resected margin from the tumor, depth of infiltration, tumor grade, tumor margin, local inflammatory reaction, lymph node involvement and location, and venous and perineural invasions. There is evidence in the literature to suggest that all of the above pathologic features are either essential or desirable for pathology reports and have varying degrees of prognostic value. The literature on the prognostic value of immunomorphologic features in nontumorous regional lymph nodes is contradictory. Cortical, paracortical, and sinus hyperplasia have been reported to be both associated with or to have no relation to prognosis. However, careful documentation of the changes in lymph nodes may in time shed light on their value, if any, with regard to survival. We have found a standardized pathology reporting system very useful in compiling data and evaluating patient prognosis. Moreover, this system of reporting can be used as a method of quality control in establishing minimum standards for data collection, as originally suggested by Buckwalter and Kent. In a regional multiinstitutional study such as ours, differences attributable to subjective variations among different observers are likely to occur, and may have some bearing when different pathologic features are eventually correlated with survival.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Asiatic Center of Pathology as a basis of progress of Asiatic pathology in the future.

Nowadays in the Asian continent the necessary conditions seem ripe for the creation of an Asiatic Center for Pathology which could function as a 'brain' center and, at the same time, be an office of the Asian continent's pathologists. The process of organizing the Asiatic Center for Pathology is proposed in the form of brief outlines and considerations for scrutiny and analysis to be followed by a thorough discussion. The creation of such an Asiatic Center for Pathology, which would have no counterpart in the world's pathoanatomical practice, will undoubtedly be a powerful breakthrough in Asiatic pathology.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-pathology: the bedrock of pathology.

Pathology, also called morbid anatomy, is macroscopically, microscopically, and molecularly so manifest an array of phenomena that it has compelled medical men to closely link it up with disease, dis-ease, and death. But there is more than meets the eye of the morbid anatomists, microscopists, and the molecular biologists. The obvious science of pathology is governed by numerous abstract, subtle, non-pathological factors. A pathological phenomenon is subservient to cosmic noumenon. Such a sea-change allows a newer perspective that cures modern medicine of many of its dogmas and provides epistemologically valid directions to research methodologies on the one hand and clinical practices on the other.

Disease↗
PubMed1990

[The tasks of pathological anatomy (pathology) in the medical college and the possible means for their resolution].

The course of pathologic anatomy in medical students' training is unsatisfactory as it doesn't cover many aspects of present-day human pathology. The graduates lack necessary knowledge in general and special pathology. The existing system of pathologist training is deficient, it should last for at least 4 years (subinternship, internship, clinical internship). Coordinated plans of advanced training of both the teachers and the pathologists are necessary. The relationships between chairs and bureaus of pathology should be systematized and creation of educational-scientific-practical complexes validated.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pathological process. V. Experimental modelling in pathology: general theoretical problems.

The theoretical analysis of the characteristic features of pathological processes is being continued with the experimental modelling of the pathological process, with emphasis on gnoseological and heuristic aims. The paper discusses: the compulsory working hypothesis which includes the known and the probable data resulting from the observation of phenomena, the qualities and value of the experimentation for the verification of the working hypothesis, the general features of the experimental modelling in pathology and its purposes, the types of experimental models (simple, two times perturbing and complex) with exemplification and discussion of qualities and limits, the general evaluation and limits of experimental models, the practical elaboration of experimental models with emphasis on the main rational operations, like the choice of animals, of the ways of administration of perturbing agents, of experimental and control lots, of sacrification modalities, as well as the relevance of the experimental results for enlarging the knowledge of the pathological process investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Quality assurance of pathology laboratory, standardization of surgical pathology report and consultation: recent trend].

Three recommendation articles proposed by the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology in the United States were presented as to serve as the baseline of the quality assurance in the pathomorphological diagnosis. The first article was related to the internal quality assurance in the pathology laboratories. The prospective and retrospective methods were presented for daily and monthly bases. The importance of the turnaround time was stressed in addition to the reliable diagnosis. The second article was concerned about the standardization of the surgical pathology report. This was accepted nationwide in the United States like the Bethesda System in cytology. The third article covered the consultation in surgical pathology. The Association divided the consultation into personal and institutional consultations. The role of the institutional consultation has increased markedly in recent years. This is related to the new trend of the patients and their families seeking the second opinion in the clinical diagnosis. In these situations, the clinician frequently requested the new diagnostic impressions of their own pathologists. The second opinion is very important in recent practice in medicine along with informed consent. The pathologists should also be aware of these subjects.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1996

Scope of practice in speech-language pathology. Ad Hoc Committee on Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology.

This scope of practice in speech-language pathology statement is an official policy of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). It was developed by the Ad Hoc Committee on Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology: Sarah W. Blackstone, chair; Diane Paul-Brown, ex officio; David A. Brandt; Rhonda Friedlander; Luis F. Riquelme; and Mark Ylvisaker. Crystal S. Cooper, vice president for professional practices in speech-language pathology, served as monitoring vice-president. The contributions of the editor, Jude Langsam, and select the widespread peer reviewers are grateful acknowledged. This statement supersedes the Scope of Practice, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology statement (LC 6-89), Asha, April 1990, 1-2.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association↗
PubMed1996

Harmonization of animal clinical pathology testing in toxicity and safety studies. The Joint Scientific Committee for International Harmonization of Clinical Pathology Testing.

Ten scientific organizations formed a joint international committee to provide expert recommendations for clinical pathology testing of laboratory animal species used in regulated toxicity and safety studies. For repeated-dose studies in rodent species, clinical pathology testing is necessary at study termination. Interim study testing may not be necessary in long-duration studies provided that it has been done in short-duration studies using dose levels not substantially lower than those used in the long-duration studies. For repeated-dose studies in nonrodent species, clinical pathology testing is recommended at study termination and at least once at an earlier interval. For studies of 2 to 6 weeks in duration in nonrodent species, testing is also recommended within 7 days of initiation of dosing, unless it compromises the health of the animals. If a study contains recovery groups, clinical pathology testing at study termination is recommended. The core hematology tests recommended are total leukocyte (white blood cell) count, absolute differential leukocyte count, erythrocyte (red blood cell) count, evaluation of red blood cell morphology, platelet (thrombocyte) count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit (or packed cell volume), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. In the absence of automated reticulocyte counting capabilities, blood smears from each animal should be prepared for reticulocyte counts. Bone marrow cytology slides should be prepared from each animal at termination. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (or appropriate alternatives) and platelet count are the minimum recommended laboratory tests of hemostasis. The core clinical chemistry tests recommended are glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calculated globulin, calcium, sodium, potassium, total cholesterol, and appropriate hepatocellular and hepatobiliary tests. For hepatocellular evaluation, measurement of a minimum of two scientifically appropriate blood tests is recommended, e.g., alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, or total bile acids. For hepatobiliary evaluation, measurement of a minimum of two scientifically appropriate blood tests is recommended, e.g., alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, 5' -nucleotidase, total bilirubin, or total bile acids. Urinalysis should be conducted at least once during a study. For routine urinalysis, an overnight collection (approximately 16 hr) is recommended. It is recommended that the core tests should include an assessment of urine appearance (color and turbidity), volume, specific gravity or osmolality, pH, and either the quantitative or semiquantitative determination of total protein and glucose. For carcinogenicity studies, only blood smears should be made from unscheduled sacrifices (decedents) and at study termination to aid in the identification and differentiation of hematopoietic neoplasia.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2000

The weighing of pathological and non-pathological information in clinical judgment.

On the basis of the classic data of Meehl (1959), I examine how clinical psychologists use the MMPI scales to judge the degree of pathology of psychiatric patients by comparing linear models of the judgment to a linear model of the criterion (the actual diagnosis of the patients). This comparison reveals that excessively heavy weight is assigned to pathological information in comparison to non-pathological information. Additional analyses reveal that this biased weighing also influences the actual diagnosis and that it is a major determinant of the accuracy of clinical judgment. It is suggested that these effects arise from a confirmation bias associated with the hypothesis that a patient has severe, rather than mild, pathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Prognostic factors obtained by a pathologic examination in completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. An analysis in each pathologic stage.

We attempted to clarify what factors predominantly influence the survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer in each pathologic stage on the basis of information generally obtained by a pathologic examination of completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. The subjects included 243 patients with stage I, 63 with stage II, and 108 with stage IIIA disease. Pathologic features used in the analysis were as follows: the greatest tumor size (< or = 3.0 cm versus > 3.0 cm), the histologic cell type (squamous versus nonsquamous cell carcinoma), the grade of differentiation, and tumor invasion of pleura and vessels. In stage IIIA, the extent of the metastasis to the lymph nodes was also included in the analysis. The significant prognostic factors (p < 0.05) in stage I demonstrated by a univariate analysis of the survival curves included the tumor size, the grade of differentiation (well differentiated versus moderately and poorly differentiated tumor), pleural involvement, and invasion of the artery and vein. In addition, the histologic cell type and the pleural involvement in stage II and invasion of the vein and the extent of metastasis to the lymph nodes (N0 and N1 versus N2) in stage IIIA were also found to be significant prognostic factors. A multivariate prognostic factor analysis showed that the grade of differentiation, pleural involvement, and venous invasion in stage I; the histologic cell type and pleural involvement in stage II; and venous invasion and mediastinal lymph node metastasis in stage IIIA were all predominant prognostic factors. These observations therefore suggest that a pathologic examination can identify the patients with a poor prognosis, which is different among the stages.

Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung↗
PubMed1985

What's new in bronchial obstruction? Experimental pathology and clinico-pathologic correlation.

The aim of general pathology, which following Virchow also should be pathophysiology (and pathobiochemistry), is to elucidate general principles and main mechanisms of diseases. Conceptions like reticulo-endothelial system or coronary insufficiency, inflammations and its mediators, modes of metastasis and many comparable topics are examples of this type of scientific approach, and its tools are careful morphological analysis as well as experimental work of different kinds. In pulmonary pathology the obstruction of airways is one of the most important pathogenetical pathways. Among a broad spectrum of pulmonary diseases it is the main symptom of a developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the outstanding cause of cardio-respiratory failure. In German literature the last comprehensive survey on general respiratory pathology was written some twenty years ago and a review of the main techniques of investigation was given at about the same time. Since then - parallel to the invention of new measuring techniques and to the progress in clinical pathophysiology - a rapid further development in the understanding of the pathology of respiratory disorders has taken place, particularly in connection with research in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Some examples of this development and of the present state of discussion will be reviewed briefly.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2000

Perceived risk of future pathology associated with pathology-free third molars: a comparison of oral and maxillofacial surgeons and family dentists.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare practitioners' judgements of risk of future pathology associated with pathology-free disease asymptomatic third molars. SUBJECTS: 10 oral and maxillofacial surgeons and 18 family dentists (90% male) with experience ranging from 5-28 years. METHOD: Participants were presented with periapical radiographs of 36 asymptomatic, disease-free mandibular third molars and were informed of the age and sex of the patients and the degree of eruption of the third molars. Participants were asked to assess likelihood of future pathology in general, and more specifically, likelihood of root resorption, pericoronitis, periodontitis, cystic change and neoplasia if the third molar was left in situ. RESULTS: There was significant variation between the 28 raters but not between the two groups. Excepting assessment of future cystic change, there was no evidence that oral and maxillofacial surgeons and family dentists rated the 36 cases in consistently different ways. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners varied very considerably in their judgment of the risks of pathology associated with asymptomatic disease-free third molars. Specialisation, did not account for this variation.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Relationship between spontaneous non-propagating pressure activity in the oesophagus and acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in pathological and non-pathological refluxers.

To evaluate the oesophageal motor activity preceding episodes of reflux, 10 pathological and 10 non-pathological refluxers and 26 normal subjects were investigated. The pressure events in spontaneous short periods of pressure activity (less than or equal to 60 sec) and in long activity periods were registered. The last contraction before reflux was more frequently found non-propagating than the last contraction of pressure periods not followed by reflux (p less than 0.01). The interval from the last contraction to reflux was shortest, if the contraction terminated in, or confined to the upper part of the oesophagus (p less than 0.001). Increased proportion of reflux episodes were preceded by an upper segmentary contraction (p less than 0.05) and a short activity period (p less than 0.02) in patients with pathological reflux in comparison with non-pathological refluxers. Spontaneously occurring sphincter relaxations might be triggered by preceding non-propagated contractile activity. The relative number of reflux episodes preceded by non-propagated pressure activity seems to be increased in patients with frequent episodes of acid reflux, compared with patients with infrequent episodes, or with normal subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Dry chemistry pathology in general practice. An assessment of utilisation, perceptions and impact on patient care. Non-Laboratory Pathology Working Party of the National Health Technology Advisory Panel.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the introduction of dry chemistry pathology in general practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: A two-period crossover trial in two groups of general practices. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-eight general practices with an interest in participating in a trial of the new technology were selected from practices related to the coordinating hospitals. INTERVENTION: Each practice was observed in its usual operation for one of the two study periods and observed using a dry chemistry analyser during the other. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Laboratory pathology tests and analyser tests were recorded during the study period. General practice records were searched to assess the impact of dry chemistry pathology on the detection of new disease (anaemia) and the control of existing disease (diabetes; and hyperkalaemia or hypokalaemia). Questionnaires were given to patients and general practitioners to assess their perceptions of the new technology. Imprecision of the analysers was assessed by use of their internal control material and inaccuracy was assessed by split sample analysis in comparison with standard laboratory tests. RESULTS: Use of analysers was associated with a 2% non-significant reduction in the use of laboratory tests. For those tests with a direct analyser equivalent, there was a 9% and 13% reduction in biochemical and haematological tests respectively. However, there was a 46% increase in the total number of biochemical tests--by laboratory or analyser--during the period when analysers were available. No effect on the detection of new disease or the control of existing disease was observed. Patients rated analysers highly and rated laboratory tests less highly when analysers were available. General practitioners typically reported that the analysers made a minor contribution to their practice and did not fit in easily. The level of analytical reliability of the analysers was not always acceptable. CONCLUSION: General practices varied greatly in their use of the analysers. This experience of dry chemistry pathology in general practice suggests that its application is limited.

Anemia↗
PubMed2002

Pathological parameters of radical prostatectomy for clinical stages T1c versus T2 prostate adenocarcinoma: decreased pathological stage and increased detection of transition zone tumors.

PURPOSE: Studies of radical prostatectomy specimens have suggested that the majority of prostate specific antigen detected (clinical stage T1c) tumors are clinically significant. We compared tumor location and pathological parameters in the radical prostatectomy specimens of stages T1c versus T2 cases in a 3-year period. The percent of stage T1c disease represented a stable majority of patients undergoing treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2000, 417 radical prostatectomies were performed at Vanderbilt University, including 246 for stage T1c and 108 for stage T2 disease. A total of 37 patients were excluded from study because of neoadjuvant antiandrogen treatment. Pathological parameters, including tumor location in the transition and/or peripheral zone, tumor Gleason grade, tumor stage, total tumor volume and surgical margins were compared in stages T1c and T2 cases, and in transition versus peripheral zone stage T1c tumors in completely embedded whole mount specimens. RESULTS: In contrast to stage T2 lesions, stage T1c tumors were of significantly lower Gleason score with a higher percent of Gleason score 5 and lower percent of Gleason score 6, 7 and 8 or greater. They also had a significantly smaller volume and lower pathological stage. Of stage T1c tumors 77% were organ confined versus 62% of stage T2 tumors. There was no statistically significant increase in clinically insignificant neoplasms in stages T1c versus T2 cases (13% versus 7%) when using a volume criterion of less than 0.2 cc but a statistically significant increase in clinically insignificant disease was observed using a volume criterion of less than 0.5 cc (22% versus 9%). Whereas none of the T2 tumors were located in the transition zone and 17% were located in the transition and peripheral zones, 14% of stage T1c lesions were exclusively in the transition zone, with another 17% in the transition and peripheral zones. Compared with peripheral zone tumors transition zone stage T1c tumors had a lower Gleason score with an increase in Gleason score 5 and lower percent of Gleason score 6, 7 and 8 or greater. Although transition zone stage T1c lesions were significantly larger than peripheral zone stage T1c lesions, they had a lower pathological stage with 94% versus 72% organ confined. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate specific antigen detected stage T1c tumors had a lower grade, stage and volume than stage T2 tumors during the same period. Lower tumor grade in stage T1c cases is due at least in part to the increased detection of Gleason pattern 2 containing transition zone tumors. Despite the larger size, T1c transition zone tumors appear to be more favorable with higher rates of organ confined and lower grade tumors. If such transition zone tumors prove to be biologically distinct, improved strategies to identify these lesions preoperatively may result in more conservative treatment recommendations.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

[The psychologist and adults: pathology and pseudo-pathology in adolescence].

The difficulty an adult has in identifyng a pathology and distinguishing it from a pseudo-pathology in adolescence, is examined. Adults have the task of determining the uneasiness of the adolescent but very often they are conditioned by their own point of view. Moreover, it can often happen that parents consider a strange behaviour as pathologic symptoms and adolescents who have a good progress at school are not considered as problematic subjects, even if the present a withdrawal attitude both at home and outside. Pseudo-pathology today is presented as a confusion in educational styles, a lack of boundaries and roles, individual struggles for power which can even threaten the role of the therapeutist if the latter is not able to mediate between the past and the present both on a deep emotional level and in the review of theories and diagnostic pictures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The treatment of pathologic and impending pathologic fractures of the proximal femur in the elderly.

Forty-eight pathologic and impending pathologic fractures of the proximal femur were surgically treated in 38 patients averaging 70 years of age. The most common tumors were breast (45%), multiple myeloma (24%), and lung (11%). Tumor size, aggressiveness, and location influenced the type of fixation. Sixty-four percent of the lesions were treated by flexible intramedullary nails. This "stress sharing" device afforded sufficient stability to provide pain relief, restore function, and permit healing. Pain was relieved in 92% of the patients, and 84% became ambulatory. The rate of fracture union for patients surviving more than two months was 89%. The average postsurgical survival was nine months. Internal fixation of pathologic and impending pathologic fractures has been recommended in the literature and should not be precluded by advanced age.

Aged↗