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PubMedDate not supplied

SARS outbreak in Germany 2003: workload of local health departments and their compliance in quarantine measures--implications for outbreak modeling and surge capacity?

OBJECTIVE: Public health management of severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic must be evaluated to improve contingency planning for epidemics. METHODS: Standardized questionnaires on case management were sent to local health departments of 15 of 16 states in Germany. RESULTS: Of the 384 local health departments who received the questionnaire, 280 (72%) completed them. They reported 271 suspect or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome cases under investigation (average 4.7). The average duration of quarantine was 5.4 days. Contacts without professional activity were 2.78 times more likely to stay under 10-day quarantine than those with professional activity (CI: 0.80-9.86). Local health departments with at least one case under investigation had invested an average of 104.5 working hours. CONCLUSIONS: Our contact-case ratios may serve for planning for modeling in epidemics. We found discrepancies between local and national surveillance figures; home quarantine was frequently not applied as recommended and the burden on urban health departments was disproportionally higher. Flexibility of the national surveillance system and surge capacity for the prevention of future epidemics need improvement, particularly in urban health departments.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2001

An investigation of the potential risk of an HAV outbreak in a prison population following the introduction of cases from a community outbreak.

Increasing Hepatitis A (HAV) infection has been reported in communities in which there is a high level of intravenous drug use. Several cases were identified in a local prison and since the risk of transmission within the prison was felt to be high, it was decided to determine the prevalence of HAV antibodies in the prison population and therefore the number of susceptible inmates. Oral fluid was collected from 269 prisoners for testing for antibodies to HAV. Both IgM and IgG anti-HAV were assessed so that the percentage susceptible and the number recently infected could be ascertained. Eight inmates had evidence of a recent infection. Of the remaining 261, only 56 (21%) were immune to HAV. Therefore vaccination against HAV in addition to HBV should be considered for intravenous drug users and for prisoners remanded from a community where infection is known to be occurring.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Learning from outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis near Riding Mountain National Park: applications to a foreign animal disease outbreak.

Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, is home to a population of free-roaming elk (Cervus elaphus manitobensis) that have been found to be infected with Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). The disease has also been found in a number of cattle herds near the Park and, as a result, Manitoba has been assigned a split status for bovine TB. A number of government agencies, with input from representatives from the wildlife and agricultural sectors, have responded by devising a program to detect, investigate, control, eradicate, and prevent TB in both wild and domestic animals. Experience from these efforts can be applied to the control of other diseases, such a foreign animal disease, elsewhere in Canada.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[A study of victims of methylmercury poisoning outbreaks by age and sex in Minamata, Niigata and Iraqi outbreaks].

To investigate features of the incidence of methylmercury poisoning cases presumably caused by intake of polluted foods in Japan and Iraq, several populations exposed to polluted foods were analyzed by geography and/or occupation. Ratios of confirmed cases to the corresponding number by age and sex in the defined exposed population were calculated. The distribution of the ratios showed a unimodal age distribution for both males and females in the Japanese Minamata and Niigata population. On the contrary, in the Iraqi population, ratios distributed equally by age and sex groups, having no peaks. This difference between the two countries is probably due to the difference of ingestion by age and sex in fish and wheat, which was the primary source of methylmercury exposure.

Adolescent↗