Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Only Child”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Maternal rating of child health at school age: does the vulnerable child syndrome persist?

OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent to which parental ratings of child health, including perceived vulnerability to illness, are associated with current and past health events and sociodemographic characteristics of the family and the child. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of children aged 8 to 10 years previously assessed in infancy in two multi-site studies. SETTING: Thirteen sites largely in eastern United States. PARTICIPANTS: 1877 children representing 65% of those originally selected for follow-up from the two previous studies. Participants were specifically selected on the basis of birth weight so that more than two-thirds were low birth weight. MEASUREMENT: Parental interviews at school age including measures of several dimensions of child health and sociodemographic characteristics of the family. The former included a six-item scale assessing parental perceptions of child health overall, and on subscales assessing child current health, previous health, and resistance or susceptibility to illness. Data on health problems at birth were derived from previously collected birth certificates, medical records, and interviews. MAIN RESULTS: Although overall parental perceptions of child health reflected both current and past health events, a clear distinction emerged. Parental rating of current child health and resistance or susceptibility were associated with current child health problems, not events in infancy including very low birth weight. Nonwhite race and maternal rating of her own health also influenced maternal rating of child health. CONCLUSION: The results do not support the persistence of a vulnerable child syndrome, as health in infancy does not affect maternal rating of current child health at school-age in the absence of current health problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Child and parent psychological problems influence child weight control.

This study used path analytic methods to assess the influence of child psychopathology measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and parent psychiatric symptoms measured using the Cornell Medical Index on changes in child percent overweight in obese 8- to 11-year-old children over 2 years (6 months of treatment, 18 months of follow-up) provided family-based behavioral intervention. Path analysis for the 0-6 month change showed the influence of mother and father psychiatric symptoms and child age on child anxiety/depression scores that in turn influenced child percent overweight change during treatment, accounting for 41% of the shared variance. The path analysis for follow-up change showed mother and father psychiatric symptoms influenced child social problems at the first stage, and child social problems influenced child percent overweight change, accounting for 68.5% of the shared variance. These results provide the first demonstration that both parent and child problems may influence the short- and long-term success of obese children who participate in family-based behavioral treatment programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of menus planned in Mississippi child-care centers participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program.

OBJECTIVES: To collect information from licensed child-care centers in Mississippi on their foodservice operations relative to participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA); to collect information on who planned the menus; and to evaluate the energy and nutrient content of the planned menus relative to the suggested goal of one third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and the recommendations made in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. DESIGN: Survey questionnaire. SETTING: Licensed child-care centers in Mississippi. SAMPLES: Ninety-two licensed child-care centers provided cycle menus for analysis. One hundred eighteen centers returned the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Content of the menus relative to the meal-pattern guidelines established for the Child and Adult Care Food Program; the energy and nutrient content of the menus relative to the RDAs and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: One-way analysis of variance and frequencies. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of the centers reported participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program. All but one of the centers planned menus that met the meal-pattern requirements established by the program, licensure, and Head Start Performance Standards. Results showed that following the established meal-pattern guidelines for the child nutrition programs may not guarantee consistent nutritional quality of planned menus in child-care centers. The mean amounts of energy and many nutrients were significantly lower (P < .05) for centers that reported participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program. Mean fat levels for all centers exceeded the recommendation of no more than 30% of total energy from fat: 40.8% of total energy from fat was reported by centers that participated in the program and 38% by those that said they did not. APPLICATIONS: Additional guidance is needed for menu planning in child-care centers to ensure compliance with the nutritional goal of meeting one third of the RDAs and Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child-care effect sizes for the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.

This report summarizes findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development as effect sizes for exclusive maternal care and--for children in child care--type, quality, and quantity of care. Children (n = 1,261) were recruited at birth and assessed at 15, 24, 36, and 54 months. Exclusive maternal care did not predict child outcomes, but multiple features of child-care experience were modestly to moderately predictive. Higher quality child care was related to advanced cognitive, language, and preacademic outcomes at every age and better socioemotional and peer outcomes at some ages. More child-care hours predicted more behavior problems and conflict, according to care providers. More center-care time was related to higher cognitive and language scores and more problem and fewer prosocial behaviors, according to care providers. Child-care effect sizes are discussed from 3 perspectives: (a) absolute effect sizes, reflecting established guidelines; (b) relative effect sizes, comparing child-care and parenting effects; and (c) possible individual and collective implications for the large numbers of children experiencing child care.

Child Care↗
PubMed2000

Tykes and bikes: injuries associated with bicycle-towed child trailers and bicycle-mounted child seats.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence, type, and severity of injuries related to the use of bicycle-towed trailers for transporting children and to compare them with injuries associated with the use of child seats mounted on adult bicycles. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission for 1990 to 1998. RESULTS: There were 49 injuries to children during the 9-year study period (estimated 2338 injuries; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1121-3555): 6 were associated with the use of bicycle-towed trailers (an estimated 322 injuries; 95% CI, 158-486) and 43 were related to the use of bicycle-mounted child seats (an estimated 2015 injuries; 95% CI, 988-3042). The mean age of injured children was 2.4 years and 51% were male. A collision with a motor vehicle accounted for 2 (33%) of the injuries associated with bicycle-towed trailers; 3 (50%) of the injuries were the result of falls. A motor vehicle was involved in 4 injuries (9%) related to the use of bicycle-mounted child seats (Fisher exact test, P<.13 vs bicycle-towed trailers); 31 (72%) were the result of falls (Fisher exact test, P<.26 vs bicycle-towed trailers). Contact with a bicycle wheel or spokes was the mechanism of 1 injury associated with the use of a bicycle-towed trailer (17%) and the mechanism for 8 (19%) of the injuries associated with the use of a bicycle-mounted child seat (Fisher exact test, P<.69). The head or face was the most common site of injury, accounting for 5 (83%) injuries among those riding in bicycle-towed trailers and 21 (49%) injuries among children in bicycle-mounted child seats (Fisher exact test, P<.12). All 6 children injured in bicycle-towed trailers had contusions/ abrasions or lacerations; 22 (51%) children injured using bicycle-mounted child seats had contusions/abrasions or lacerations and 9 (21%) had fractures. Two children (33%) injured in bicycle-towed trailers and 2 (5%) injured in bicycle-mounted child seats were admitted to the hospital (Fisher exact test, P<.06). CONCLUSIONS: When compared with bicycle-mounted child seats, there were fewer reported injuries to children associated with the use of bicycle-towed trailers. Motor vehicle involvement and need for hospital admission were similar among injured children in both groups, and the head or face was the most common site of injury. These data imply that ongoing surveillance efforts to identify injuries associated with use of bicycle-towed child trailers are warranted and that bicycle helmets should be worn by children riding in bicycle-towed child trailers and in bicycle-mounted child seats.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2004

The future of child neurology: a profile of child neurology residents.

Current workforce projections estimate that there is a shortage of child neurologists. We surveyed child neurology residents to learn more about the entry point for a career in child neurology: what attracts current residents to the field of child neurology and what the future career plans of child neurology residents are. Most respondents (52%) were exposed to child neurology for the first time in their third or fourth year of medical school, with 41% reporting that they chose the specialty at that time. US medical graduates identified having a mentor as one of the most influential exposures in their career choice. Respondents predict that they will spend less time on patient care and more time on research than current practicing child neurologists report. When asked about what could improve the attractiveness of the field, residents responded that medical students should get increased and earlier exposure to child neurology. Given the declining number of individuals pursuing a career in child neurology and that current residents predict that they will spend less time seeing patients than their predecessors do, understanding how to attract more candidates to child neurology will be essential to alleviate future shortages in child neurology.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Child care and the family: complex contributors to child development.

In a state with minimal child care standards, we found pervasive differences in third graders associated with earlier child care histories. More extensive child are predicted children receiving more negative ratings from parents and teachers, poorer academic and conduct grades, lower standardized test scores, and more negative sociometric nominations. In addition, for some variables (IQ, work habits negative peer nominations, and compliance ratings) there was evidence of interactive effects in which both extensive infant care and exclusive maternal care were associated with more problematical functioning, depending on parental marital status, social class, and child gender. We found no evidence of negative effects associated with part-time care. This study has several important limitations that should be acknowledged. The first is the danger of generalizing these results to states and communities with higher-quality child care standards than those imposed in Texas. They may, unfortunately, be generalizable to the twenty states with child care regulations similar to those in Texas. This study has another important limitation. It did not examine the underlying processes that might contribute to the effects of child care history. For example, we do not know if the differences in children who were in part-time versus extensive child care are owing to (1) differences in the children's experiences while they are in the child care settings, or (2) differences in the quality of interactions that occur when the two groups of children are at home, or (3) some combination of children's experiences in child care and the family.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Marital adjustment, marital discord over childrearing, and child behavior problems: moderating effects of child age.

Examined whether marital discord over childrearing contributes to child behavior problems after taking into account general marital adjustment, and if child age moderates associations between child behavior problems and either general marital adjustment or marital discord over childrearing. Participants were 146 two-parent families seeking services for their child's (4 to 9 years of age) conduct problems. Data on marital functioning and child behavior problems were collected from both parents. Mothers' and fathers' reports of marital discord over childrearing related positively to child externalizing problems after accounting for general marital adjustment. Child age moderated associations between fathers' reports of general marital adjustment and both internalizing and externalizing child problems, with associations being stronger in families with younger children. The discussion highlights the role that developmental factors may play in understanding the link between marital and child behavior problems in clinic-referred families.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Child to child: an approach to the health education of primary school-age children.

Child to Child is an approach to health education of the primary school-age child. In developing countries, infants and young children spend much of their lives in the care of an older brother or sister. Morley, a paediatrician, saw the potential of teaching these older children to provide better care for their siblings. Working with colleagues in education, Child to Child was launched in 1978, the International Year of the Child. Teaching material was prepared covering developmental needs, nutrition, common illnesses and aspects of the environment; a book was published describing an activity-oriented teaching method. This material was distributed to developing countries world-wide, with encouragement to use the material and ideas freely, adapting, translating, or innovating as found useful. Child to Child is now in use in 60 or more countries, and in at least 15 languages. It is being used by agencies like the World Bank, UNICEF, UNESCO, and OXFAM as a way of reinforcing community education in the search for 'Health for All by 2000'. A world-wide review of Child to Child is in hand. Information from this will help to provide firm guidelines on implementation in the different contexts where its value has already been established.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Remissions in maternal depression and child psychopathology: a STAR*D-child report.

CONTEXT: Children of depressed parents have high rates of anxiety, disruptive, and depressive disorders that begin early, often continue into adulthood, and are impairing. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether effective treatment with medication of women with major depression is associated with reduction of symptoms and diagnoses in their children. DESIGN: Assessments of children whose depressed mothers were being treated with medication as part of the multicenter Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial conducted (between December 16, 2001 and April 24, 2004) in broadly representative primary and psychiatric outpatient practices. Children were assessed by a team of evaluators not involved in maternal treatment and unaware of maternal outcomes. Study is ongoing with cases followed at 3-month intervals. SETTING AND PATIENTS: One hundred fifty-one mother-child pairs in 8 primary care and 11 psychiatric outpatient clinics across 7 regional centers in the United States. Children were aged 7 to 17 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Child diagnoses based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; child symptoms based on the Child Behavior Checklist; child functioning based on the Child Global Assessment Scale in mothers whose depression with treatment remitted with a score of 7 or lower or whose depression did not remit with a score higher than 7 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. RESULTS: Remission of maternal depression after 3 months of medication treatment was significantly associated with reductions in the children's diagnoses and symptoms. There was an overall 11% decrease in rates of diagnoses in children of mothers whose depression remitted compared with an approximate 8% increase in rates of diagnoses in children of mothers whose depression did not. This rate difference remained statistically significant after controlling for the child's age and sex, and possible confounding factors (P = .01). Of the children with a diagnosis at baseline, remission was reported in 33% of those whose mothers' depression remitted compared with only a 12% remission rate among children of mothers whose depression did not remit. All children of mothers whose depression remitted after treatment and who themselves had no baseline diagnosis for depression remained free of psychiatric diagnoses at 3 months, whereas 17% of the children whose mothers remained depressed acquired a diagnosis. Findings were similar using child symptoms as an outcome. Greater level of maternal response was associated with fewer current diagnoses and symptoms in the children, and a maternal response of at least 50% was required to detect an improvement in the child. CONCLUSIONS: Remission of maternal depression has a positive effect on both mothers and their children, whereas mothers who remain depressed may increase the rates of their children's disorders. These findings support the importance of vigorous treatment for depressed mothers in primary care or psychiatric clinics and suggest the utility of evaluating the children, especially children whose mothers continue to be depressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Maternal characteristics, ratings of child behavior, and mother-child interactions in families of children with externalizing disorders.

Relationships among maternal characteristics, ratings of child behavior, and observed mother-child interactions were examined in a sample of 40 4- to 12-year-old children with externalizing disorders. Mothers and children were observed in a task interaction and mothers provided self-reports of depressed mood, parenting self-esteem, marital satisfaction, social support, and life stress. Child behavior was rated by both mothers and teachers. Several significant correlations were found among observed mother and child behaviors and among maternal self-report measures. However, few significant relationships were found between maternal characteristics and observed mother or child behavior. Although life stress predicted increased child negativity, maternal depressed mood was related to more appropriate child behavior. Mother and teacher ratings of child behavior demonstrated few significant relationships with other measures. These results suggest that, in samples comprised primarily of children with attention deficit disorder from socially advantaged families, few relationships exist between maternal characteristics, parenting behavior, and child behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Maternal prompts to eat, child compliance, and mother and child weight status.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a relationship between maternal prompting to eat, child compliance, and mother and child weight. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-one 3- to 6-year-old children and their mothers were videotaped tasting four foods (two familiar, two novel). Maternal prompts to eat and the child's compliance with the prompts were coded. Multiple logistic regression evaluated demographic, anthropometric, and food characteristics that predicted prompting and compliance; and demographic, behavioral, and food characteristics that predicted child body mass index Z score (BMIz) in the children of obese and non-obese mothers. RESULTS: Obese mothers did not prompt more than non-obese mothers, but children of obese mothers were more compliant (70.2% +/- 19.4 v 59.6% +/- 21.2, P = .04). Low maternal education, a novel food, and younger child age predicted prompting. Maternal obesity, a familiar food, and older child age predicted compliance. In children of obese mothers, low maternal education, more prompts to eat novel foods, fewer prompts to eat familiar foods, and fewer child bites of familiar foods predicted child BMIz (R(2) = 64%). In children of non-obese mothers, none of the covariates predicted child BMIz. CONCLUSIONS: Children of obese mothers may be more responsive to environmental cues to eat.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Parental use of "positive contact" in child-rearing: its relationship to child behavior patterns and other variables.

In an investigation of child-rearing styles maternal use of "positive contact" was measured by asking the mother how often she played with the child, praised the child, and the like, and combining the responses into a score. Home observations on a sample of families revealed that mothers scoring above the mean used fewer communications in the form of directives and "unmodified power" and more communication in the form of praise and social conversation than mothers scoring below the mean. The mother's use of positive contact was related to her educational level, the birth order of the child and number of children in the family, the father's use of positive contact, and to a friendly outgoing pattern of child behavior. There was no relation to the mother's use of physical punishment, her protectiveness, her tendency to comply with the child's demands, or her child-rearing ideology and other attitudes. Child care workers are in a strategic position to educate parents about the importance of this kind of contact, especially with later-born children in large families.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Physiological responses to non-child-related stressors in mothers at risk for child abuse.

Physical child abusers and adults at risk for child abuse, relative to comparison subjects, are reported to be more physiologically reactive to child-related stressors. It is not known if the reported physiological reactivity is child specific or if physical child abusers and at-risk parents are also more reactive to other types of stressful stimuli. The present study investigated changes in heart rate and skin conductance in response to four types of non-child-related stressors in at-risk and matched low-risk mothers. The four types of stressful stimuli were: a cold pressor; a stressful film depicting industrial accidents; unsolvable anagrams; and an aversive car horn. At-risk mothers, relative to low-risk mothers, had greater and more prolonged sympathetic activation during presentations of the cold pressor and the stressful film, the stimuli rated as the most stressful. The present data, combined with previous findings, support the view that generalized sympathetic activation to both child and non-child-related stressors may serve as a mediator of physical child abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Predicting behavior problems in children with epilepsy: child factors, disease factors, family stress, and child-mother interaction.

This study examines the relative role of parent-child relationships, family stress, and disease factors in predicting behavior problems in children with epilepsy. It extends existing literature on parent-child relationships and behavior problems by examining children with biological risk. Child-mother interaction was observed for 51 children with epilepsy ages 7-13 years and related to teacher- and parent-reported behavior problems. Child's self-reliance correlated with parent-reported problems; expression of affect related to teacher-reported externalizing problems. A child self-reliance factor accounted for behavior problems after partialing age, gender, IQ, epilepsy variables, and family stress. The term child gender x quality of mother-child interaction predicted teacher-reported externalizing problems, with mother-child interaction correlated with behavior problems for boys. Child-parent relationships predict the development of behavior problems over and above the influence of disease-related factors, even for children at considerable biological risk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A randomized controlled trial of group versus individual well child care for high-risk children: maternal-child interaction and developmental outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if group well child care (GWCC) for high-risk children affects maternal-child interaction and development as compared to these outcomes in children receiving traditional individual well child care (IWCC). STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Infants less than 4 months old at the initiation of the study who came from high-risk families. Families were classified as high risk, and eligible for study participation, if the mother had one or more of the following characteristics: poverty, single marital status, less than a high school education, age less than 20 years at delivery, previous substance abuse, or a history of abuse as a child. SETTING: Two urban, university pediatric clinics in Seattle, Washington. INTERVENTIONS: Study children were randomized to receive GWCC or IWCC prior to the first study visit at the age of 4 months. Study health supervision visits were scheduled at 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 months of age. For children randomized to receive GWCC, study visits consisted of an age-matched group discussion of child rearing issues, either preceding or following a brief physical examination. After the 15-month visit, development of study patients was assessed by the use of Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley). Maternal-child interaction and the home environment were evaluated by the use of the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS) and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), respectively. RESULTS: At least one outcome measure was obtained on 114 children; 86 patients completed all three outcome measures. Bayley psychomotor mean scores were 103.6 +/- 11.5 for GWCC patients versus 100.0 +/- 12.4 for those receiving IWCC (P = .14); mean scores for the mental section were 99.3 +/- 14.8 and 100.4 +/- 14.3, respectively (P = .71). The prevalence of high-risk maternal-child interactions was 10% in both the GWCC and IWCC groups. A high-risk home environment was found in 16% of IWCC patients versus 4% of those randomized to GWCC (odds ratio comparing IWCC to GWCC 4.6, 95% confidence interval 0.78, 26.0, after controlling for confounding variables). Provider time was similar among groups (mean number of minutes/patient/study visit: 19.8 +/- 5.6 and 20.4 +/- 6.7 for GWCC and IWCC, respectively, P = .66). CONCLUSION: GWCC is a viable alternative to IWCC for high-risk children. Developmental outcomes and maternal-child interaction are at least as good for children who received GWCC as compared to traditional IWCC, without any increase in provider time required.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Child labor: a forgotten focus for child welfare.

Child labor is driven by child and family impoverishment, market forces, and political apathy concerning the rights of the child. Although a fundamental concern of the early 20th century child welfare system, today child labor is often seen as outside the scope of child welfare and child protective services. Making child labor a focus of child advocacy activity once again could do much to better the lives of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Child extrafamilial sexual abuse: predicting parent and child functioning.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the emotional and behavioral adjustment of parents and children within 3 months and 1 year after the discovery of child extrafamilial sexual abuse. METHOD: Ninety-two case parents (63 mothers, 29 fathers) and 56 children were compared to a nonclinical comparison group of 136 parents (74 mothers, 62 fathers) and 75 children. Parent adjustment was assessed using self-report measures while child functioning was assessed using a combination of child-, parent- and teacher-report measures. RESULTS: Mothers, fathers and sexually abused children experienced clinically significant effects both initially and at 12 months post-disclosure. Children's perceptions of self-blame and guilt for the abuse and the extent of traumatization predicted their self-reported symtomatology at 3 months and 1 year post-disclosure. Child age and gender also significantly contributed to the prediction of many of the child outcome measures. No abuse-related variable was related to any child self-report measure. Mothers' satisfaction in the parenting role, perceived support and intrusive symptoms predicted their initial emotional functioning. Avoidant symptoms, child's internalizing behavior and mothers' initial emotional functioning were significant predictors of longer-term emotional functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Results emphasize the need to address children's abuse-related attributions and underscore the need to expand our focus beyond the child victims to the traumatized families.

Adolescent↗