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PubMed2006

Orthodontic treatment need in French schoolchildren: an epidemiological study using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need.

This survey was undertaken to assess the orthodontic treatment need in a sample of 9- to 12-year-old French children (mean age: 9.77 years; standard deviation: 0.84) attending 12 different schools in the same geographic area of Ile de France. Two examiners used the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in order to estimate treatment need. Five hundred and eleven children (268 males, 243 females) who had not previously received orthodontic treatment were examined. Two examiners, who had been previously trained in the use of occlusal indices, screened all the schoolchildren. No radiographs, study casts, or previously written records of the children were used; the IOTN was calculated from direct examination. Qualitative data were analysed using the chi-square test to determine differences in treatment need between subgroups of subjects, and kappa("kappa") statistics to analyse the findings. A correlation coefficient was used to compare professional assessments. Twenty-one per cent of the children presented an objective need for orthodontic treatment, 28 per cent had crowding, 28 per cent an increased overjet, and 15 per cent an increased overbite. The dental health component (DHC) of the IOTN was found to be reliable and simple to use. The malocclusion status of French schoolchildren was lower than that recorded in epidemiological studies of European children.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1994

An orthodontic study of temporomandibular joint disorders. Part 2: Clinical research in orthodontic patients.

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) in orthodontic patients and to define the relationships between symptoms and malocclusion and/or orthodontic treatment. The subjects were 532 patients, 6 to 38 year old Japanese, in the orthodontic department of Tokyo Dental College Hospital. They were examined for past or recent TMJ sounds, pain in the TMJ area, and abnormal jaw movements. The prevalence of TMJ symptoms was 33.8%. Sex differences were not statistically significant. The prevalence of TMD symptoms increased with age. TMD symptoms in young orthodontic patients (6-18 years old) were more common than in untreated subjects. Posterior crossbite and open bite patients had a high prevalence of symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[The wear-timing measuring device in orthodontics--cui bono? Reflections on the state-of-the-art in wear-timing measurement and compliance research in orthodontics].

The recent development of fully functioning timing devices has yielded a new impulse to scientific research on orthodontic compliance. In contrast, promises and risks of the practical application of timing devices have thus far largely gone unheeded. In this survey, possible benefits of this new device are considered along with a critical discussion of technical and sociopsychological issues of its practical application. Following a review of the current state of orthodontic timing technology, basic implications of the collection and utilization of this new type of data are outlined. Short- and long-term perspectives of objective measurement of compliance are presented in terms of optimized treatment devices, enhanced patient compliance and improved orthodontist-patient relations. An evaluation project on benefits and risks of orthodontic timing devices is being called for.

Electronics, Medical↗

PubMed2004

Orthodontics. Part 7: Fact and fantasy in orthodontics.

Clinical research has previously lacked good methodology and much opinion was based on anecdote which is widely regarded as the weakest form of clinical evidence. There are few randomised control trials in orthodontics which support or refute areas of dogma. The number of randomised control trials is increasing significantly. There is currently however no good evidence that orthodontics causes or cures temporomandibular joint dysfunction, that appropriate extractions in orthodontics ruin patients' profiles, or that the orthodontist is able to significantly influence facial growth with appliances.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗

PubMed1991

Application of the orthodontic measurement and simulation system (OMSS) in orthodontics.

An orthodontic measurement and simulation system (OMSS) is introduced. The major component of the system consists of two force-moment sensors capable of measuring forces and moments in all three planes of space simultaneously. The two sensors are mounted on motor-driven positioning tables with full three-dimensional mobility. All mechanical components are built in a temperature-controlled chamber. A control programme executed by a personal computer performs various types of measurement which can be classified as absolute measurements (e.g. force-deflection diagrams) and simulations of orthodontic tooth movement. By using the OMSS any orthodontic problem at the level of a two-tooth model can be analysed statically and dynamically. Besides other applications, the study evaluates three mechanical systems available for uprighting molars, namely a straight wire, a conventional uprighting spring, and a modified Burstone uprighting spring. It was found that the force systems produced by the straight wire and by the conventional uprighting spring showed a severe extrusive force component which may lead to occlusal trauma. The uprighting performance of the straight wire was inadequate. The conventional uprighting spring produced a large uprighting moment (17.8 Nmm), but also a strong lingual tipping moment (1.5 Nmm). The modified Burstone loop showed the best static and dynamic performance. It produced a force system with substantial uprighting moments in both the sagittal (11.6 Nmm) and frontal plane (4.2 Nmm). A slight intrusive force (0.09 N) might prevent the development of occlusal trauma during treatment. However, concern should be addressed to the fact that intra-oral adjustment of this uprighting spring is difficult because of its high susceptibility to minor modifications of its geometry.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2003

[Evaluation of oral and orthodontic appliance hygiene in orthodontically treated patients].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral hygiene of orthodontically treated patients. The hygiene of orthodontic appliances was also examined. Two kinds of research were conducted. Approximal Plaque Index and the presence of tartar on orthodontic appliances were clinically assessed. At the same time patients were questioned on their oral hygiene habits (mainly concerning the ways and frequency of cleaning their teeth and appliances). Ninety seven patients were examined, age 8-49 years, 72 were treated with removable, 25 with fixed appliances. It was found that oral hygiene of examined patients was unsatisfactory without correlation to the kind of appliance used. The tartar was more frequently present on removable appliances, fixed ones had more plaque.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

An American Board of Orthodontics case report: the nonsurgical orthodontic correction of a Class III malocclusion.

A case report about the orthodontic treatment of a Class III malocclusion in a black man 22 years 8 months old. The patient's chief complaint concerned the space left by the traumatic loss of the maxillary left central incisor. Not desiring changes in facial appearance, the patient sought an orthodontic solution to his problem. An acceptable result was achieved through maxillary expansion and the reduction of mandibular space. [This case was presented to the American Board of Orthodontics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the certification process conducted by the Board.]

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Treatment outcome in a graduate orthodontic clinic using the American Board of Orthodontics grading system.

Since 1999, the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) has used the objective grading system (OGS) to grade clinical case reports; the ABO also encourages prospective candidates to use the system. Ninety-two cases that satisfied the specifications of 6 of the ABO's malocclusion categories were selected from the files of 500 consecutively completed patients in the graduate orthodontic clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago; this was called the university group. A comparison group of 32 cases previously presented to the ABO was collected from 5 clinicians in the Chicago area who had passed the ABO examination and become board-certified between 1984 and 2000; this was called the ABO group. Fourteen of the 32 cases in the ABO group were presented to the ABO after implementation of the OGS; these were also analyzed separately. Overall, the ABO group lost fewer points (had lower OGS scores) than did the university group (P <.05); the ABO group comprised a highly selected sample. The university group had significantly (P <.05) better scores for root parallelism, whereas the ABO group had significantly better scores for occlusal contacts and overjet scores, possibly reflecting settling after appliance removal. Finishing in the anterior segment and the second molar region was better in the ABO group. Orthodontists are good at correcting spaces in the arch and are deficient in placing adequate torque in the buccal segments. No differences were found in OGS scores among the 6 malocclusion categories. This study suggests how university cases could be completed to a higher level of quality and how other samples could be evaluated to raise the level of orthodontic treatment outcome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Orthodontics around the world: orthodontics in Brazil: excellence for a minority.

Brazil is the largest country of South America, with an area of 8.511.965 km(2) and 150 million people. It has 113 dental schools and several orthodontic postgraduate courses variously at Certificate, Master, and Doctoral levels. The current article gives an overview of the speciality in Brazil. The discussion puts the delivery of orthodontic care within the context of social conditions in Brazil. Included is a description of two full-time orthodontic courses located in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Credentialing↗

PubMed1998

Orthodontic process and outcome: efficacy studies--strategies for developing process and outcome measures: a new era in orthodontics.

The development of process and outcome measures in orthodontics lends itself to retrospective clinical studies. Once valid and reliable measures have been tested, prospective studies may utilize these measures to assess the quality of orthodontic treatment outcome and the duration and process of treatment. The findings from two retrospective studies comparing the quality of outcome using the peer assessment rating (PAR) occlusal index and duration of treatment are reported. Class I and Class II treatment comparisons indicate the duration of treatment time is increased on average 5 months in Class II, division 1 patients. In the second study, the effect of extraction/non-extraction treatment in a sample that included all types of malocclusion indicates that, on average, treatment time is increased by approximately 5 months when extractions are included as part of the orthodontic treatment plan.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Orthodontic treatment need in an accredited graduate orthodontic center in north america: a pilot study.

AIM: To assess the objective orthodontic treatment needs of patients treated in an accredited Orthodontic Clinic in North America using a retrospective cross sectional study and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred pre- and post-treatment study models were randomly selected from the model storage facility of the clinic. Only the pre-treatment study models were assessed using the DAI. The pre-treatment and post-treatment ages for each case were noted as recorded on the corresponding study models. The range for the pre-treatment age was 10 to 52 years, and from 12 years, 4 months to 54 years for the post-treatment age range. The duration of treatment for each case was calculated by subtracting the pre-treatment age from the post-treatment age (range of treatment duration, 9 to 125 months). Descriptive statistics as well as chi-square statistics were employed to analyze the data. RESULTS: Fifteen cases had normal or minor malocclusions with no treatment or slight need for treatment. Definite malocclusions with treatment highly desirable accounted for 22 cases and severe malocclusion with treatment highly desirable was found in 16 cases. Forty-seven cases had handicapping malocclusion with treatment considered mandatory. While a statistically significant association (p<0.05) was found between duration of treatment and severity levels of malocclusion (DAI scores), the association between pre-treatment age and DAI scores was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Eighty-five percent of the study sample needed orthodontic treatment with different malocclusion severity levels, while 47% of the cases qualified for publicly subsidized treatment due to handicapping malocclusions. The association between duration of treatment and DAI score groups (malocclusion severity levels) was found statistically significant. It could be helpful for more clinic-based (demand populations) studies on treatment needs be undertaken across the globe using the DAI, at least for the purposes of comparison.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Orthodontic considerations in adult surgical orthodontic cases.

The orthodontic considerations in orthognathic cases are based on a detailed understanding of the malocclusion, particularly a differential diagnosis of its facial, skeletal, and dental components, along with a recognition of the limitations of current orthodontic therapy. The goal is to develop a treatment plan that produces the optimal in esthetics, function, and stability while addressing the patient's chief complaint. Attention must be paid to the need to integrate the orthodontic component of treatment with the general dental and surgical phases of the patient's care.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

A study of young people's perceptions of their orthodontic need and their experience of orthodontic services.

A study investigating young people's perceptions of their orthodontic needs, demands and their experience of orthodontic services was conducted in Walsall and Dudley health districts, using a self-completed questionnaire. The subjects were 4812 individuals in year 10 of education (average age 15.0 years). Overall, the level of malocclusion perceived by the young people was similar to that identified by dentists in the 1993 national survey of children's dental health. The level of reported malocclusion by boys and girls, white and non-white students and students from the two districts was the same; however fewer students from the less prosperous neighborhoods reported having straight teeth, and more non-white students with irregularities wanted to have straight teeth. Although many young people reported having a malocclusion, the majority were not concerned about it. The study revealed significant differences in experience of treatment. Boys, non-white students and students from less prosperous areas were less likely to report having active orthodontic treatment. Access to specialist services was lower for the non-white students and students from less prosperous areas. A higher proportion of students treated with fixed appliances reported straight teeth after treatment than those treated by extractions alone or by removable appliance therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Use of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in assessing the need for orthodontic treatment pre- and post-appliance therapy.

The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to assess the need for orthodontic treatment before and after treatment, on a systematic sample of 1225 cases. On the whole, full upper and lower fixed appliances brought about a greater improvement in Aesthetics and Dental Health Components compared to other appliance techniques, and were less likely to make the occlusion worse. It was found that certain occlusal traits were more likely to be successfully treated than others. A common problem resulting from treatment was the development of a cross-bite.

Dental Health Surveys↗

PubMed2001

Development of an orthodontic simulator for measurement of orthodontic forces.

In this research we developed an orthodontic simulator for analysis of orthodontic forces distribution in the case of the continuous arch technique. In order to take into account vertical force, besides horizontal force and occlusogingival moment on instrumented artificial tooth, tooth root was designed as a ring load cell. Fixing each artificial tooth onto combined mechanical stages enabled variation of tooth anteroposterior position and inclination related to occlusal plane. Calibration of forces and moment of each instrumented artificial tooth showed linearity of outputs and provided the generalized inverse matrix for evaluation of forces and moments from measured strain data. A simulation to retract the anterior teeth was accomplished, and distribution of forces and moment acting at the bracket of each tooth were determined. The average accuracy was 82% and 97% in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively, by comparing the applied forces and the evaluated ones.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1997

Accidental orthodontic elastic band-induced periodontitis: orthodontic and laser treatment.

The periodontal effects of elastic bands in the subgingiva have been reported since 1870. Case reports illustrate the treatment of elasticband-induced periodontitis in two children with a combination of laser treatment, antibiotics, splinting and orthodontics. Follow-up evaluations show reattachment, maturation of the apical portion of the roots, improved radiographic bone levels and minimal sulcus depth, mobility and recession. Continued orthodontic and periodontic care is planned.

Accidents↗

PubMed1997

Orthodontic-prosthetic treatment to replace maxillary incisors exfoliated because of improper use of orthodontic elastics: a case report.

This article describes the iatrogenic exfoliation of maxillary central incisors following the improper use of orthodontic elastic bands. The unsecured rubber band had migrated apically and caused an almost "bloodless extraction" of both maxillary central incisors. A combined orthodontic-prosthetic solution was used to replace the lost incisors.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Invisible orthodontics: lingual orthodontics].

After an historical, a description of the appliance and the problems met in lingual orthodontics, the authors show that it has come to maturity. Indirect bonding is one of the main elements contributing to success. A large iconography illustrates the different stages of the laboratory and presents an overview of the clinical possibilities of lingual orthodontics.

Dental Bonding↗