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PubMed1998

Press releases of science journal articles and subsequent newspaper stories on the same topic.

CONTEXT: Scientific journals issue press releases to disseminate scientific news about articles they publish. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether press releases about journal articles were associated with publication of subsequent newspaper stories. DESIGN: Retrospective content analysis of newspaper stories, journal press releases, and journal tables of contents. From December 1, 1996, to February 28, 1997, press releases and tables of contents were collected from BMJ, Nature, Science, and The Lancet, along with newspaper stories on scientific research published in The New York Times (United States), Le Figaro and Le Monde (France), El País and La Vanguardia (Spain), La Repubblica (Italy), and the International Herald Tribune. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Number of newspaper stories that contained reference to articles appearing in the 4 scientific journals, number of newspaper stories that referred to journal articles described in press releases, and the order in which journal articles were mentioned in press releases. RESULTS: Of the 1060 newspaper stories analyzed, 142 referred to journal articles; of these, 119 (84%) referred to articles mentioned in press releases and 23 (16%) referred to journal articles not mentioned in press releases (comparison of proportions, P=.03). Articles described first or second were referenced in more newspapers than articles described later in the press release (P=.01 by chi2 analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Journal articles described in press releases, in particular those described first or second in the press release, are associated with the subsequent publication of newspaper stories on the same topic.

Mass Media↗
PubMed2000

The use of patients' stories by self-help groups: a survey of voluntary organizations in the UK on the register of the College of Health.

OBJECTIVE: First-hand accounts of illness experience are believed to provide important insights for other patients and their carers. We report the results of a survey that explored how patients' stories are being collected and used by self-help and voluntary groups. METHODS: The annual College of Health survey contacts 2 458 addresses, which includes many self-help groups and voluntary associations. A brief questionnaire for the self-help groups on the register was attached to the summer 1999 survey on behalf of the DIPEx (database of individual patient experience) project. RESULTS: DIPEx received replies from 309 organizations representing a wide range of interests and conditions. These indicated that 202 (65%) of the groups currently use patients' stories in various ways. A further 59 (19%) of the groups reported that although they are not currently using them, they would like to in the future. Organizations that use patients' stories were invited to describe how they use them and provide examples, if applicable. Content analysis of the free text descriptions revealed 22 distinct uses among the 202 organizations using patient stories. The most frequent uses are the inclusion of patient stories in interviews or articles for the group newsletter (74 or 37%) and the use of stories for inclusion in newspaper articles or media broadcasts (31 or 15%). Some form of database of patients' stories was maintained by 23 groups (12%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that patients' stories are widely collected and used to support a wide range of the recognized functions of self-help and voluntary groups. This is encouraging to the DIPEx project's efforts to collect and analyse accounts of illness experience, which will be presented with evidence-based information about the effects of treatments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Representing infant feeding: content analysis of British media portrayals of bottle feeding and breast feeding.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how breast feeding and bottle feeding are represented by the British media. DESIGN: Content analysis. SUBJECTS: Television programmes and newspaper articles that made reference to infant feeding during March 1999. SETTING: UK mass media. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual and verbal references to breast or bottle feeding in newspapers and television programmes. RESULTS: Overall, 235 references to infant feeding were identified in the television sample and 38 in the newspaper sample. Bottle feeding was shown more often than breast feeding and was presented as less problematic. Bottle feeding was associated with "ordinary" families whereas breast feeding was associated with middle class or celebrity women. The health risks of formula milk and the health benefits of breast feeding were rarely mentioned. CONCLUSIONS: The media rarely present positive information on breast feeding, even though this feeding practice is associated with the most health benefits. Health professionals and policy makers should be aware of patterns in media coverage and the cultural background within which women make decisions about infant feeding.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of stigmatizing language and medical errors in neurology coverage by US newspapers.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze US newspaper coverage of neurologic diseases to determine whether stigmatizing language is used in describing patients and examine its sources where found and to examine stories for medical errors. METHODS: A content analysis of newspaper articles was performed for 2003 using the Lexis-Nexis database. Keyword searches for 11 common neurologic conditions were performed for The New York Times and 8 regional newspapers with circulation greater than 200,000. RESULTS: A total of 1203 stories focusing on 11 neurologic conditions were recovered. Newspaper coverage did not reflect disease prevalence (rank correlation, p=-0.009; P=.98). The topics most covered were Alzheimer disease and other dementias (400 stories, 33% of total), which were eventually combined Into 1 category for purposes of data analysis. Conditions with the highest prevalence were among the least covered topics, including migraine (34 stories, 3% of total) and head trauma (19 stories, 2% of total). Stigmatizing language was found in 15% of all stories. Excluding wire stories, the average among locally produced newspaper stories was higher (21%). Stories on epilepsy (30%) and migraine (29%) contained the highest frequency of stigmatizing language. Sources of stigma within a story included reporters (55%), patients (26%), family (17%), and physicians (16%). In an accuracy analysis, 20% of sampled stories contained medical errors or exaggerations, with half of these concerning neurodegenerative conditions. CONCLUSION: A total of 21% of all stories (excluding wire stories) contained language judged stigmatizing, with reporters as the most common source of the stigmatizing language. A total of 20% of analyzed stories had medical errors or exaggerations, the latter most often overstating treatment effectiveness.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1997

Recovery from anorexia nervosa: a sociological perspective.

OBJECTIVE: The focus of this article is on the process of recovery from anorexia nervosa, rather than on its etiology. It seeks for sociological, instead of clinical, reasons for recovery. METHOD: The article begins with a discussion of clinical outcome studies. It then reports on a phenomenological study of 32 former sufferers contacted through a newspaper article which included the author's own recovery story. Participants' narratives were analyzed to elucidate the social sources of recovery. RESULTS: The analysis refers to the coherence and mythological structure of the narratives and to their rituals of recovery and its "spiritual" nature, as understood by participants. DISCUSSION: Anorexia and recovery are conceptualized as two phases in an ascetic rite of passage which involves a confrontation with death and an eventual return to fuller community life. Suggestions are offered concerning the ways this insight can be translated into clinical practice.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2006

Newspaper coverage of youth and tobacco: implications for public health.

The presentation of smoking as a "youth" issue is a powerful component of current tobacco-control efforts. Agenda setting theory demonstrates that the media serve as a potent forum in which the consideration and presentation of perspectives of social problems take place. This analysis of 643 U.S. youth-focused newspaper articles examines the messages being conveyed to the public and policymakers through coverage of tobacco issues focused on youth. Data illustrate that the issue of youth tobacco use is newsworthy but also suggest that youth-focused issues garner little commentary coverage. Rather, straightforward reports of "feel good" stories dominate the coverage, and youth-focused articles tend to conceptualize the problem of tobacco as being one of a need for greater individual-level education rather than structural or policy changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

'Real men don't diet': an analysis of contemporary newspaper representations of men, food and health.

Little research to date has focused on the meanings men attach to food and the relationship between diet and health. This is an important topic in light of the current 'crisis' in men's health and the role of lifestyle factors such as diet in illness prevention. Since the mass media is a powerful source of information about health matters generally, media representations bear critical examination. The present paper reports on an in-depth qualitative analysis of contemporary UK newspaper articles on the topic of men and diet (N=44). The findings indicate a persistent adherence to hegemonic masculinities predicated on health-defeating diets, special occasion cooking of hearty meals, and a general distancing from the feminised realm of dieting. At the same time, men are constructed as naïve and vulnerable when it comes to diet and health, while women are viewed as experts. The implications for health promotion with men are discussed.

Diet↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of the median on health cognitions of students].

Theories about health-related behavior deal with subjective norms and beliefs in the susceptibility to specific diseases as determinants of the link between attitudes and behavior. Health cognitions are seen as influenced by the salience of the targets (see the availability heuristic: Tversky & Kahneman, 1973). This study analyzed the effects of mass media reports on health cognitions of young people. Nine newspaper articles were created, one for each of three substances and the different trends in consumption ("More and more/A lot of/Some ... young people take heroin/drink alcohol/smoke cigarettes"). The articles were read by 191 pupils. Results show that the reading preference and the perceived importance of the substances were dominated by the themes of the articles and not by the trends in consumption. The acceptance of the consumption of illegal drugs increased after the pupils had read articles about heroin. Further, an overestimation of the base rates of consumption was observed, especially in pupils who smoked. Results are discussed with regard to the importance of integrating the impact of mass media into current models of health-related intentions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

John's $12 tonic: press coverage of the government's selling of a private health insurance rebate.

OBJECTIVE: To document representations of the 1998 introduction of a 30% rebate on private health insurance in the three most-read daily Sydney newspapers. METHODS: Thematic frame analysis of 131 newspaper articles. RESULTS: The rebate was opposed through two frames: that it was ineffective and unfair, and that it was politically motivated. Four supportive frames were more complex: the rebate was justified by claims that public health care was collapsing, that responsible citizens should pay for their own health care, and that individuals would benefit financially. There was also a focus on the political battle in the Senate. The newspaper with the readership least likely to benefit from the rebate supported it most strongly. CONCLUSIONS: Framing was strongly episodic (two dimensional, decontextualised and case-study based), limiting political accountability, and the anti-rebate case was presented less memorably. Community action around the issue was not encouraged, individual responsibility was emphasised and universal health care was not promoted as fair or necessary. Different readerships received different messages about the rebate. IMPLICATIONS: There is an urgent need to promote the value of the public health care system and make the future of Medicare compelling for news editors and the public.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Pediatric medication safety and the media: what does the public see?

BACKGROUND: In the safety community, it is widely thought that a culture of safety is required to achieve high levels of safety. However, the press tends to report accidents, which are negative by their nature. Pediatric cases are often especially tragic. Relatively few data have been available on the role that the media play in forming opinions about patient safety and the subsequent impact on the culture of safety. METHODS: To address these issues, we analyzed newspaper coverage of pediatric medication errors and adverse drug events. We searched Lexis Nexis for newspaper articles on pediatric medication safety from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and Ireland, during a 10-year period (1994-2004), by using specific keywords. Main outcome measures were the number of articles (adjusted for population), the type of events covered, and article slant. We also examined qualitatively the overall themes and the extent to which these articles portrayed a culture of safety to the public. RESULTS: Throughout the world, there was a steady increase in articles on pediatric medication safety, peaking in 2003, with the highest per-capita rate in Canada. Approximately 65% of articles were about patient incidents, 20% mentioned policy, and 25% discussed research. Of the reported events judged to be negative for patient safety, 75% were covered in a neutral manner and 19% were covered in an unduly negative manner. CONCLUSIONS: Media coverage of pediatric medication safety has increased in the past 10 years. Reporting of patient safety failures was generally fair, and reports were generally framed in light of a culture of safety.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug abuse treatment on demand in San Francisco: preliminary findings.

This article reports on a process and capacity evaluation of San Francisco's Treatment on Demand Initiative, which was launched in 1997 to increase availability of publicly-funded substance abuse treatment. For the process evaluation, data from public documents, interviews with community key informants, and newspaper articles were analyzed. For the capacity evaluation, budget documents and admissions data for publicly-funded substance abuse treatment in San Francisco for fiscal years 1995-1998 were analyzed. Results from the process evaluation document the development of the community-oriented Treatment on Demand Planning Council, and its efforts to not only expand treatment, but to create a continuum of services to address the needs of San Francisco's richly diverse communities, to provide service enhancements, and to prioritize service needs. Process evaluation results also highlight the complexities of implementing treatment on demand, including the difficulty of opening new programs. Results from the capacity evaluation indicate that the San Francisco budget supporting publicly-funded treatment increased from $32 million to $45.2 million over four years. During the same period, the number of persons entering the system in a single year increased by 18%, and the number of admissions in a single year increased by 15%. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Comparing general and medical texts for information retrieval based on natural language processing: an inquiry into lexical disambiguation.

In this paper we compare two types of corpus, focusing on the lexical ambiguity of each of them. The first corpus consists mainly of general newspaper articles and literature excerpts, while the second belongs to the medical domain. To conduct the study, we have used two different disambiguation tools. First, each tool was validated in its respective application area. We then use these systems in order to assess and compare both the general ambiguity rate and the particularities of each domain. Quantitative results show that medical documents are lexically less ambiguous than unrestricted documents. Our conclusions emphasize the importance of the application area in the design of NLP tools.

Information Storage and Retrieval↗
PubMed1991

Newspaper coverage of cancer clusters.

This study reports an analysis of 176 newspaper articles about cancer clusters. The type of diseases, number of diseases, and status of ongoing health investigations were reported in the majority of articles. But background information such as, comparison of actual and expected number of cases, environmental causes and their confounders, and the existence of other clusters were not reported as often. Statements about risk were reported in most articles and, contrary to our expectations, were relatively balanced among risk asserting, risk denying, and mixed opinions. We noted a preponderance of risk asserting statements in the beginning of stories. Cluster stories cited an average of three sources, and two of these three sources were usually government officials. The remaining sources were divided among citizens, representatives of environmental advocacy groups and industry, and unaligned experts. Drawing on these data, we offer some suggestions to improve communication between scientists and journalists.

Environmental Pollution↗
PubMed1993

Effects of publicity on a forensic hospital.

Oregon's forensic psychiatry hospital experienced a convulsing chain of events that began with the escape of an insanity acquittee who had been hospitalized following two murders. Although the patient was arrested without reoffending, there were major repercussions in the hospital. This event and related state hospital topics became the subject of intense publicity in the local newspaper. Articles ran almost daily for over a month, the majority of which were on page one. We give here an account of the episode and examine the meaning of the media coverage in the light of administration of public mental health systems, particularly where forensic psychiatry is involved.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Drug themes in metropolitan newspapers: review and analysis.

Content analysis of newspaper articles dealing with illicit drugs over a 6-month period in 1978 revealed several themes. Heroin gets "more press" than other drugs, while treatment and prevention appear to be neglected--perhaps because they are not newsworthy. The secondary analysis of the media seems to be an unobtrusive barometer to gauge the material being disseminated to the public, which helps shape their attitudes and values of drug abuse.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Trajectory and campaign of the Brazilian Nurses Association in Minas Gerais].

The present article describes the trajectory, the work and the achievements of the Brazilian Association of Nursing (ABEn) in Minas Gerais. It describes some contributions of the association for the growth and development of the nursing profession in Minas Gerais and in the whole country. The facts and events reported in this investigation were taken from meeting minutes, newspaper articles, journals of the association, records and summaries of events, and oral interviews. The study initially outlines the origin of the association in Brazil, establishing connections with the foundation and development of ABEn Minas Gerais. It also describes the most important events, struggles and achievements promoted by the twenty-two administrations of the association, which consolidated ABEn-Minas Gerais. The conclusion of the study is that the solidification of this branch was achieved due to the effort and involvement of people who really valued and wanted to develop the nursing profession.

Brazil↗
PubMed1999

The tobacco settlement: an analysis of newspaper coverage of a national policy debate, 1997-98.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the framing of tobacco policy issues in the news media during the national tobacco settlement debate of 1997-98. The major aims were (1) to describe the extent of newspaper coverage of each of the specific components of the proposed tobacco settlement; (2) to identify the tobacco control frames, and the dominant frame, appearing in each newspaper article; and (3) to examine trends in tobacco control frames over time. DESIGN: A content analysis was performed on 117 articles related to national tobacco legislation appearing in the Washington Post from 1 January 1997 through 18 June 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Major policy themes of the settlement referred to or implied in each article; (2) major frames used to discuss the problem of tobacco in each article. RESULTS: The generation of new revenue was the dominant theme of the articles, appearing as a major focus in 44% (52) of the articles. Other than the issues of Food and Drug Administration regulation of tobacco and restrictions on cigarette advertising, the public health policy aspects of the tobacco settlement received little attention. The problem of tobacco was portrayed as one of youth smoking in 55% (64) of the articles, but as one of a deadly product in none of the articles. CONCLUSIONS: Future discussions of comprehensive tobacco policy should be driven by a more specific discussion of the precise programme and policy mechanisms by which tobacco use can be most effectively prevented and controlled. The public health community must find ways to frame the tobacco issue more broadly than simply as one of youth smoking.

Health Care Costs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A practical approach to public health surveillance of violent deaths related to intimate partner relationships.

OBJECTIVES: Articles describing the epidemiology of intimate partner homicide (IPH) have often been positioned as one-time research projects utilizing a single data source for case identification. However, researchers without access to centralized repositories for data pertinent to IPH can ascertain cases by using multiple extant data sources. The authors describe a surveillance system that can serve as a model for state health departments and others seeking to quantify and characterize violent deaths related to intimate partner relationships on an ongoing basis. METHODS: Retrospective surveillance was conducted to identify and characterize deaths related to intimate partnerships by linking the following data sources: death certificates, newspaper articles, law enforcement reports, and medical examiners' records. RESULTS: The authors identified at least 34% more IPHs using multiple data sources than would have been recognized solely using Supplementary Homicide Reports--the most frequently cited data source for IPH case ascertainment--and 22% more cases than newspaper data alone would have allowed for. CONCLUSIONS: While it was discovered that at least 181 IPHs--and at least 128 other deaths related to intimate partnerships--occurred in Michigan from 1999-2001, this frequency of occurrences is probably conservative. This limitation is due, in part, to the researchers not having access to information from all possible data source contributors. However, in the absence of statewide data systems, the authors demonstrate the utility of using multiple data sources for violent death surveillance to address incomplete case ascertainment.

Female↗