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PubMed1984

[The central nervous system, regulation of blood pressure and hypertension. Recent advances in the role of the central nervous system in the regulation of blood pressure].

Evidence for a contribution of the central nervous system to the development and maintenance of high blood pressure disease is accumulating. Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system has been demonstrated experimentally and clinically. Centrally acting drugs such as a-methyldopa, clonidine or reserpine effectively lower blood pressure. CNS dysregulation, as seen by alterations in neurotransmitter concentrations or baroreceptor reflex function, have been detected in early stages of hypertension. In animal experiments renal hypertension could be prevented by central chemical sympathectomy. Finally, psychosocial stress can induce sustained hypertension and a relationship between personality pattern, conflict behaviour and high blood pressure has been established.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Immunoreactive neuropeptides in cell lines derived from nervous and non nervous tissues].

Immunoreactive neuropeptides have been found in cells of permanent lines originating from nervous (cerebellum, retina) and non nervous (mesenchyme, kidney, bladder, colon, lung, melanocyte) tissues. The pattern of neuropeptides varied from one cell type to another, but all the cell lines studied contained immunoreactive alpha-endorphin and methionin-enkephalin.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ameliorative capacities of vitamins and monothiols administered alone or in combinations in methylmercury mobilisation in nervous and non-nervous tissues of mice.

The extent of mercury mobilisation was recorded from various tissues (brain, spinal cord, liver and kidney) of male mice administered with a daily dose of methylmercury chloride (1 mg/kg) for seven days. For this purpose 10 groups of animals were intoxicated. Out of these, one group was sacrificed on 8th day and one group was kept without toxicant for another seven days before sacrificing on 15th day. To the rest of the groups were given a daily dose of N-acetyl-DL-homocysteine thiolactone (NAHT), glutathione (GSH), vitamin B Complex and E, applied either alone or in combinations. All these animals were sacrificed on the 15th day. The mercury clearance rate during thiols, vitamins and their co-administration was examined. Study shows that both the vitamins were able to increase mercury elimination from the nervous and non-nervous tissues. Their combination with NAHT was not suitable as mercury level was increased in all the tissues except kidney as compared to NAHT alone treated group. However, vitamin B Complex combination with glutathione was much advantageous. It is concluded from the overall study that application of vitamin B Complex and E either alone or in combination with GSH is quite suitable for methylmercury post-therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Laminin overrides the inhibitory effects of peripheral nervous system and central nervous system myelin-derived inhibitors of neurite growth.

Axon growth inhibitory proteins associated with central nervous system (CNS) myelin are responsible in part for the absence of long distance axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS. We have recently reported that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), which is also present in peripheral nerves, is a potent inhibitor of neurite growth. This was surprising given the robust regenerative capacity of peripheral nerves. We now provide evidence that myelin purified from peripheral nerve also has neurite growth inhibitory activity. However, this activity can be masked by laminin, which is a constituent of the Schwann cell basal lamina. We also report that laminin, which is largely absent from the normal adult mammalian CNS, when added to purified CNS myelin, can override the neurite growth inhibitory activity in CNS myelin. These results have important implications for the development of strategies to foster axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS where multiple growth inhibitors exist.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Angiography-negative primary central nervous system vasculitis in children: a newly recognized inflammatory central nervous system disease.

Inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases in childhood comprise a wide spectrum of heterogeneous conditions. We studied 4 children with primary CNS vasculitis in whom results of magnetic resonance imaging studies were abnormal but results of conventional angiography were normal. We determined that angiography-negative, biopsy-confirmed primary small-vessel CNS vasculitis is a previously unrecognized distinct disease entity in children. The diagnosis must be considered in a child with a progressive, acquired diffuse or focal neurologic deficit, even if the results of conventional angiography are normal. A lesional brain biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis. Use of immunosuppressive therapy plus aspirin leads to an excellent neurologic outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Cytofluorescence localization of adriamycin in the nervous system. I. Distribution of the drug in the central nervous system of normal adult mice after intravenous injection.

By a fluorescence-microscopic technique the distribution of the antineoplastic glycoside, adriamycin (doxorubicin), was studied in the CNS of normal adult mice after i.v. injection. Doses comparable to those used in patients for the treatment of malignant diseases were used. The drug did not have access to areas of the brain within the blood-brain barrier but, except for the subcommissural organ, it was consistently localized in the nuclei of neurons and/or glial cells of the circumventricular organs (postremal area, subfornical organ, median eminence, neurohypophysis) as well as in cells of the choroid plexus and lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve. The nuclear fluorescence was accompanied by a less intense extracellular fluorescence when the survival time was shorter than 1 min after the injection. The fluorescence emitted by adriamycin was seen as early as 15 s after injection and showed its highest intensity at 1 and 15 min later. After 24 h fluorescence was no longer observed except for the ependymal zone of the median eminence. Our study thus shows that adriamycin passes from the blood into the nervous parenchyma in those areas of the brain located outside the blood-brain barrier. This finding raises the question whether in such regions there are any neurotoxicologic effects produced by the drug which have not yet been detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Cytofluorescence localization of adriamycin in the nervous system. II. Distribution of the drug in the somatic and autonomic peripheral nervous systems of normal adult mice after intravenous injection.

By a fluorescence-microscopic technique, the distribution of the antineoplastic glycoside adriamycin (doxorubicin) was studied in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of normal adult mice after i.v. injection. Doses comparable to those used in patients for treatment of malignant diseases were used. The orange-red fluorescence of the drug was observed in dorsal root ganglia, in the trigeminal ganglia, and in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia where it was preferentially accumulated in the nuclei of satellite cells. This nuclear labeling was a very quick process which occurred in the superior cervical ganglion within 15 s after the injection. Adriamycin-fluorescent nuclei were also observed in the suprarenal medulla. Fluorescent nuclei were present within the pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerve trunks close to the superior cervical ganglion but not in the endoneurium of the trigeminal and the sciatic nerves or in the spinal nerve roots. In such structures labeled cells appeared in the connective tissue sheaths covering the nerves and the roots. No adriamycin-induced fluorescence was detected in the myenteric plexus of the intestine. Our study thus shows that i.v. injected adriamycin is distributed preferentially within areas of the PNS where the blood vessels are known to be highly permeable.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1977

Modulation of electrical activity and cyclic nucleotide metabolism in molluscan nervous system by a peptide-containing nervous system extract.

A peptide-containing extract (PE) from Helix nervous system modifies the endogenous bursting pattern of electrical activity in Helix neurone F-1. This effect is similar to that induced in neuron F-1 by certain phosphodiesterase inhibitors and cAMP derivatives. The PE, and the vertebrate peptide hormones vasopressin and oxytocin, also cause an accumulation of cAMP in Helix ganglia in vitro. The factor in the PE which causes the cAMP accumulation is destroyed by Pronase, is lost on dialysis, and is stable to boiling. In all these respects it is identical to the factor which causes the change in neuronal electrical activity. The PE also stimulates adenylate cyclase activity in a crude membrane fraction prepared from Helix ganglion homogenates. This stimulation is abolished by prior dialysis of the PE, or pretreatment of the PE with pepsin, but is not affected by boiling of the PE. Pepsin-treated PE has no effect on electrical activity in neuron F-1. The adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity of the PE, like the factor which modifies neurone F-1 electrical activity, elutes in the void volume of a Sephadex G-10 column. The included volume of this column contains a factor which inhibits PE modification of neuronal electrical activity, and also inhibits both basal and PE-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. The data are consistent with the possibility that cAMP mediates the effects of the PE on electrical activity in molluscan neurones.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1995

Nestin mRNA expression correlates with the central nervous system progenitor cell state in many, but not all, regions of developing central nervous system.

Nestin is a recently discovered intermediate filament (IF) gene. Nestin expression has been extensively used as a marker for central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells in different contexts, based on observations indicating a correlation between nestin expression and this cell type in vivo. To evaluate this correlation in more detail nestin mRNA expression in developing and adult mouse CNS was analysed by in situ hybridization. We find that nestin is expressed from embryonic day (E) 7.75 and that expression is detected in many proliferating CNS regions: at E10.5 nestin is expressed in cells of both the rostral and caudal neural tube, including the radial glial cells; at E15.5 and postnatal day (P) 0 expression is observed largely in the developing cerebellum and in the ventricular and subventricular areas of the developing telencephalon. Furthermore, the transition from a proliferating to a post-mitotic cell state is accompanied by a rapid decrease in nestin mRNA for motor neurons in the ventral spinal cord and for neurons in the marginal layer of developing telencephalon. In contrast to these data we observe two proliferating areas, the olfactory epithelium and the precursor cells of the hippocampal granule neurons, which do not express nestin at detectable levels. Thus, nestin mRNA expression correlates with many, but not all, regions of proliferating CNS progenitor cells. In addition to its temporal and spatial regulation nestin expression also appears to be regulated at the level of subcellular mRNA localization: in columnar neuroepithelial and radial glial cells nestin mRNA is predominantly localized to the pial endfeet.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Acidic sphingoglycolipids in invertebrate nervous tissue: presence of several kinds of sphingophosphonoglycolipids in the nervous tissue of Aplysia kurodai, a sea gastropod.

Several hitherto unknown sphingophosphonoglycolipids were identified in the lipid extract from the nervous tissue, nerve fibers and ganglia of Aplysia kurodai, which has only a small amount of gangliosides, if any. The most abundant sphingophosphonoglycolipids of the nerve fiber (FGL-VII) and ganglion (GGL-V) are ceramide bis(2-aminoethylphosphono)-pentaosides. Their oligosaccharide moieties consist of 1 mol each of glucose, 3-O-methylgalactose and galactosamine and 2 mol of galactose. Another main glycolipid (FGL-II) may be ceramide mono(2-aminoethylphosphono)-pentaoside which contains 1 mol each of glucose, galactosamine and fucose and 2 mol of galactose as its oligosaccharide moiety.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Macrophages in the peripheral nervous system and astroglia in the central nervous system of rat commonly express apolipoprotein E during development but differ in their response to injury.

Macrophages have been identified by immunocytochemical methods in rat sciatic nerve neonatal development expressing significant amounts of apolipoprotein E (apo E). In contrast, in mature peripheral nerve apo E appears to be associated with the basal lamina. Following sciatic nerve crush apo E-immunoreactive macrophages reappear in the denervated distal stump within 3 days. In the optic nerve and spinal cord of newborn rat apo E is associated with the astroglia. During maturation of the central nervous system the number of apo E-immunoreactive astrocytes significantly increases, but as a specific response to injury this protein rapidly disappears from the astroglial cell bodies.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

Intermittent central nervous system irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy for central nervous system leukemia in children.

Between 1979 and 1985, nine children with recurrent CNS leukemia who had previous radiation of more than 1800 cGy to the brain were treated with intermittent central nervous system irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy (IIIC). There was no isolated CNS recurrence. Three patients died; one from generalized recurrent disease, two from complications associated with bone marrow transplantation. Six patients are alive without evidence of disease between 9 years and 2 4/12 years from the diagnosis of recurrent CNS leukemia. This experience suggests that IIIC may be an effective treatment for preventing the recurrence of CNS leukemia with minimal side effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Incidence and risk factors of central nervous system relapse in histologically aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma uniformly treated and receiving intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis: a GELA study on 974 patients. Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of central nervous system (CNS) recurrence in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who did not receive meningeal prophylaxis is about 5%. Controversy remains regarding risk factors associated with such an event preventing a rational approach of prophylactic strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 974 patients with aggressive lymphoma in complete remission (CR). All the patients received a CNS prophylaxis consisting of intrathecal injections and intravenous high-dose methotrexate. The risk repartition on the basis of the international prognostic index (IPI) of these 974 CR-patients was low (L): 41%, low-intermediate (LI): 27%, high-intermediate (HI): 19%, high (H): 13%. RESULTS: The incidence of isolated CNS relapse was 1.6%. In a first multivariate logistic regression analysis an increased LDH (P = 0.05, RR = 5) and the presence of more than one extranodal site (P = 0.05, RR = 3) were identified as independent risk factors for isolated CNS relapse. Another multivariate analysis incorporating IPI as a unique parameter showed that only IPI remained significantly associated with a higher risk of CNS relapse (L-LI: 0.6% vs. HI H: 4.1%, P = 0.002; RR = 7). CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis notably reduces the risk of CNS recurrence in the higher risk patients. By contrast, we propose the deletion of prophylactic intrathecal injections in the lower risk patients.

Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed1991

Action of calycanthine on nervous transmission in cockroach central nervous system.

Calycanthine, the principal alkaloid of the order Calycanthaceae, has been isolated from a species of the genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) occurring in some Pacific islands. The drug is considered as a very powerful convulsant poison but very little is known about its mechanism of action. The symptoms observed were similar to those of some neuropoisons such as strychnine. The properties of this alkaloid have been investigated on the genesis, conduction, and transmission of the nerve impulse, using giant axons of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Calycanthine hydrochloride (10(-5) M), which did not alter nervous conduction in pre- and post-synaptic fibers, significantly reduced the efficacy of the synaptic transmission.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Drug delivery to the central nervous system: general principles and relevance to therapy for infections of the central nervous system.

Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) is of vital concern to the therapy for primary CNS disorders and the development of drug neurotoxicity. The factors influencing drug entry into the CSF include the status of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lipid solubility, molecular weight, pKa, protein binding, and removal of the drug from the CSF by an exit pump in the choroid plexus. The most important of these factors is the status of the complex BBB systems. The morphologic equivalent of the BBB and its specialized functions (e.g., transport of D-glucose, amino acids, and ions) are discussed in depth. Methods developed for increasing drug delivery to the CNS by circumvention and/or manipulation of the BBB have included direct injection into the CSF, administration of prodrugs or chemical delivery systems, or reversible "opening" of the BBB by hyperosmotic agents, pentylenetetrazole, etoposide, DMSO, or other agents. The relevance of these general principles to selected examples of CNS infections (i.e., gram-negative aerobic bacillary meningitis and subacute encephalopathy associated with AIDS) is emphasized.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1990

Immunolocalization of cathepsin D in the human central nervous system and central nervous system neoplasms.

The cellular distribution of the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin D was studied in a series of 76 neoplasms and 18 non-neoplastic tissues from the human central nervous system, using a well-characterized polyclonal antibody in a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In the normal and developing brain, cathepsin D is confined to neurons and choroid plexus epithelium. Strong granular cytoplasmic staining was present in neuronal and choroid plexus neoplasms, and in reactive macrophages. A large variety of other neoplasms also exhibited positive cytoplasmic staining, albeit usually of a weaker diffuse type. Cathepsin D cannot be considered a specific marker for neuronal or choroid plexus neoplasms, but the antiserum used in this study may be of value in antibody panels for the investigation of these tumours. Its localization may also be of value in embryological studies, particularly in the cerebellum, and in investigations of steroid hormone receptor-associated proteins in meningiomas and Schwannomas.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electrostimulation of the nervous system for patients with demyelinating and degenerative diseases of the nervous system and vascular diseases of the extremities.

The results of electrostimulation of the spinal cord for symptoms other than that of pain are recorded in this publication. 50% of patients with multiple sclerosis, primary lateral sclerosis and hereditary spino-cerebellar disorders were observed to have enduring favourable changes in neurological function during the 15 to 27 months they have been followed. The patients who were the least severely disabled had the greatest amount of increased function and were benefitted the most by the stimulation. Those who had the fewest neurological pathways affected make the most rapid progress. For example, the patient with only an ataxic or spastic gait was observed to improve faster than the patient with an ataxic and a spastic gait. The long-term effect of electrostimulation of the spinal cord on patients with these diseases is unknown at the present time. The purpose of the stimulation is to increase neurological function so that the patient can live a better life style. It is not thought that the electrical current is responsible for a 'cure' of the basic disease process. Electrostimulation of the posterior spinal roots and spinal cord, while not new, has not been used extensively for the treatment of patients with arterial disease. The patients who have responded the most dramatically to electrostimulation are those with vasospastic disorders. A larger percentage of patients showed a greater response to implanted stimulation than to transcutaneous stimulation. Electrostimulation of the nervous system is not designed to replace standard therapeutic measures of treatment of patients with vascular disease but to supplement them.

Ataxia↗
PubMed1980

The mast cells of the mammalian central nervous system. VI. Uptake of tritiated thymidine by mast cells, neurolipomastocytoid cells and other elements of the central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) of two mammalian species was studied autoradiographically using tritium-labeled thymidine; the rat, whose brain contains few localized mast cells (MCs) but many ubiquitous neurolipomastocytoid cells (NLMs), and the guinea pig, whose brain contains only ubiquitous NLMs. A few guinea pigs were also injected with an MC discharger compound 48/80 and the response of the NLMs, which are thought to be allied to MCs, as well as of neuroglial and vascular endothelial cells, was noted. The rats were 3 days to 6 weeks old whereas all the guinea pigs were young adults. Both MCs and NLMs took up the label, and much more so in the babies, paralleling similar uptakes in only very small immature MCs outside the CNS. Neuroglial elements, especially subependymal and oligodendroglial, as well as endothelial, perivascular, leptomeningeal and ependymal cells demonstrated some uptake. This was considerably increased upon receipt of compound 48/80, especially in the case of the subependymal glia, the NLMs and the endothelial cells; capillary neoformations were seen in the spinal cords of guinea pigs that had shown signs of paralysis. The cause of this increase is discussed in terms of mild stress induced by that compound. The subependymal response is also discussed with reference to periventricular plaques seen in multiple sclerosis and lymphoreticular and glial tumors seen in that region. It is concluded that both MCs and NLMs are capable of DNA replication and mitosis in immature animals. The NLMs can also divide upon stimulation in adult CNS.

Animals↗