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PubMed1979

A randomized prospective study of the use-effectiveness of two methods of natural family planning: an interim report.

Data accumulated to date from the Los Angeles study indicate that the total termination rate for 12 months from the beginning of the training period and from formal entry into the study was high for the ovulation method (OM), and symptothermal method (STM). Voluntary withdrawal was the highest single reason for termination in both methods. The 12 month voluntary withdrawal rate, measured from formal entry into the study, was significantly higher for OM users. Pregnancy rates measured from both the beginning of training and formal entry into the study were significantly higher for OM users than for STM users. Complete analysis of the data collected during the study is currently in progress. It is anticipated that some of the causes for the differences in pregnancy rates and withdrawal rates between the two methods can be identified.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Interest in natural family planning among female family practice patients.

OBJECTIVE: Although modern methods of natural family planning (NFP) are effective both to avoid and to achieve pregnancy, relatively few women use these methods. It is not known whether this is due primarily to lack of interest or to other factors. We therefore explored the level of interest in NFP among female family practice patients. METHODS: We mailed information about NFP to 400 female patients between ages 21 and 42 and conducted follow-up interviews by telephone. We excluded 162 women for whom we could not obtain accurate addresses or phone numbers, 68 women we could not reach by telephone, 67 women who were not currently at risk of pregnancy, and 15 women for other reasons. Twenty-eight women refused to participate in the study. Sixty women completed telephone interviews. RESULTS: Forty-three percent of respondents (n = 60) were interested in learning more about NFP, 24% said they were likely to use NFP to avoid pregnancy, and 32% were likely to use NFP to achieve pregnancy. Younger women and women who were Christian but not Catholic and not of a major Protestant denomination were more interested in NFP. CONCLUSION: Some female family practice patients are interested in learning and using NFP.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Natural family planning--better prospect of contraception.

Natural Family Planning methods are based on naturally occurring signs of fertility by which a couple can prevent or achieve pregnancy. It requires good concept on signs of fertility in female and knowledge of human reproduction. For this reason, successful delivery delivery of NFP services is directly related to literacy rate among users.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1984

[Natural family planning (symptothermal method) and objective ovulation parameters--a pilot study].

This pilot study involved 20 cycles contributed by six apparently healthy women. They were all experienced users of the symptothermal method of NFP and trained as NFP-teachers. In a double-blind study NFP-parameters like S-19 = F1, appearance of any mucus = F2 and appearance of fertil mucus = F3 also peak mucus symptom +4 = L1 and 3. day of high basal body temperature = L2 are related to ovulation detected by ultrasonic measurement of follicular growth and hormonal values (LH, total Oestrogen in urine). We have focused on the calculation of the first day and the end of the fertile phase. In relation to the maximal follicular diameter (mfd = day 0) the LH-peak was located at day -0,7. The peak mucus symptom was observed at day -0,58. F1 was seen 10,4 +/- 2,6 days, F2 6,2 +/- 2,6 days, F3 2,8 +/- 1,4 days before day 0. L1 was located at 3,37 +/- 1,74 days, L2 4,1 +/- 1,95 days after day 0. Using at least 2 indicators as recommended with the symptothermal method none of 19 cycles failed to detect the beginning of the fertile phase, but 3 out of 20 failed to detect the end. In 19 out of 20 cycles natural signals observed by the participants indicated ovulation. It must be mentioned that all our women were highly motivated persons.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of natural family planning programmes in Liberia and Zambia.

Studies to evaluate use-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natural family planning (NFP) were conducted in Liberia and Zambia. The Liberian programme provided uni-purpose NFP services to 1055 clients mainly in rural areas; the Zambian programme provided NFP services integrated with MCH to 2709 clients predominantly in urban areas. The one-year life table continuation and unplanned pregnancy rates were 78.9 and 4.3 per 100 woman-years in Liberia, compared to 71.2 and 8.9 in Zambia. However, high rates of loss to follow-up mandate caution in interpretation of these results, especially in Zambia. More women progressed to autonomous NFP use in Liberia (58%) than in Zambia (35.3%). However, programme costs per couple-year protection were lower in Zambia (US$25.7) than in Liberia (US$47.1). Costs per couple-year protection were higher during learning than autonomy, and declined over time. These studies suggest that NFP programmes can achieve acceptable use- and cost-effectiveness in Africa.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A statistical approach to the determination of the fertile period.

17 beta-Estradiol (E2), basal body temperature (BBT) and luteinizing hormone (LH), were measured in normally menstruating women. The preovulatory E2 observations were characterized by variations about a constant level during the preovula-peak. The BBT observations typically varied about a constant level during the preovulatory phase then about a higher constant level during the postovulatory phase. The change points in E2 and BBT were detected using a Bayesian detection rule and a midcycle 'fertile period' was marked off. The midcycle 'fertile periods' appear to bracket the ovulation event and the method shows promise as a natural family planning method. Several practical limitations of the method are discussed.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1985

The ageing gamete in relation to birth control failures and Down syndrome.

Some indirect relationships between contraception failures and offspring with a pathological condition are reviewed, and a causal connection between them is suggested. This hypothesis is supported by the decreasing incidence of Down syndrome (DS) in general in recent years, and the increase among the younger maternal age categories as well as the effect of birth order. A more than doubled incidence of DS children among young Catholic mothers and the fact that conceptions of children with DS are preceded by unusually long periods of abstinence are emphasised and discussed. These data offer circumstantial evidence that the conceptions that occur despite application of the so called "natural" family planning methods in particular are at high risk. The impact of reproductive biological failures ("nature") and of reproductive behaviour ("nurture") on the human gametes can be disentangled by thorough studies of the epidemiology of major and minor congenital anomalies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The TwoDay Algorithm: a new algorithm to identify the fertile time of the menstrual cycle.

Women who monitor their fertility signs and recognize when they are fertile can use this knowledge to conceive or to avoid pregnancy. Studies have shown that there is a rather small fertile window of several days during each menstrual cycle. Established methods of identifying the fertile window, such as the Ovulation and the Symptothermal methods of Natural Family Planning, can be very effective in helping couples avoid pregnancy. A new algorithm for identifying the fertile window has been developed, based on monitoring and recording of cervical secretions. The TwoDay Algorithm appears to be simpler to teach, learn, and use than current natural methods. A large existing data set from a World Health Organization study of the Ovulation Method, along with Natural Family Planning charts from women using the Ovulation Method and the Symptothermal Method, were used to determine the potential effectiveness of the TwoDay Algorithm in identifying the fertile window. Results suggest that the algorithm can be an effective alternative for low literacy populations or for programs that find current Natural Family Planning methods too time consuming or otherwise not feasible to incorporate into their services. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the TwoDay Algorithm in avoiding pregnancy and to assess its acceptability to users and providers.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Catholic perspectives on populations issues II.

This Bulletin discusses the history and current status of the population problem from a Roman Catholic viewpoint. While upholding human rights and admitting the right of couples to control the size of their families, the Catholic Church continues to prohibit the use of artificial methods of contraception as sinful. This position hinders the Church, with its some 750 million adherents, from taking an effective lead in confronting the growing threat of global overpopulation. Rhythm has been permitted since 1930 but Pope Pius 12 in 1958 forbade contraceptive use of the pill. Despite the liberal spirit engendered by Vatican Council 2 and against the recommendation of a papal birth control commission, Pope Paul 6 in his 1968 Encyclical Humanae vitae reaffirmed the ban on artificial contraception, apparently convinced that this was necessary to combat growing sexual immorality, family breakdown, and materialism. This stance has been upheld by Pope John Paul 2 and the 1980 Synod of Bishops. The decision ignores the pleas of a number of responsible churchmen speaking for their people at the Synod and of a growing majority of Catholic theologians and laity, that Church teaching must be updated to take account of the facts of modern life. Surveys reveal that Catholic married couples increasingly find Church-approved natural family planning methods unsatisfactory and feel obliged to turn to artificial methods to regulate their family size. On the world scale, Pope John Paul 2 and the Vatican, while insisting on human rights and the need for a reordering of unjust economic, social, and political structures, seem to be neglecting the threat of civilizational breakdown that looms with the prospect of too many people in too little space with too few resources.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between cervical secretions and the daily probabilities of pregnancy: effectiveness of the TwoDay Algorithm.

BACKGROUND: The TwoDay Algorithm is a simple method for identifying the fertile window. It classifies a day as fertile if cervical secretions are present on that day or were present on the day before. This approach may be an effective alternative to the ovulation and symptothermal methods for populations and programmes that find current natural family planning methods difficult to implement. METHODS: We used data on secretions from a large multinational European fecundability study to assess the relationship between the days predicted to be potentially fertile by the TwoDay Algorithm and the day-specific probabilities of pregnancy based on intercourse patterns in 434 conception cycles from the study. RESULTS: The days around ovulation that had the highest fecundability were the days most likely to be classified as fertile by the TwoDay Algorithm. In addition, intercourse on a particular day in the fertile interval was twice as likely to result in a pregnancy if cervical secretions were present on that day or the day before. CONCLUSIONS: The TwoDay Algorithm is effective, both in identifying the fertile days of the cycle and in predicting days within the fertile interval that have a high pregnancy rate. Our data provide the first direct evidence that cervical secretions are associated with higher fecundability within the fertile window.

Algorithms↗