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PubMed1981

Summarizing dietary patterns using multivariate analysis.

Data on the frequency of consumption of 76 foods were collected from 142 native-born Australians of Australian or British parentage, 26 of Italian parentage and 140 Italian migrants to Australia. Clear separation of the three groups was achieved, using a few as 27 food items in a discriminant function analysis. Potatoes, cauliflower, pumpkin and salt were consumed more by Australians, while salad dressings and grapes were eaten more by Italians. Australian-Italians fell between the two groups, although they tended to be more like Italians. The discriminant score derived for each person was used as an overall food score and this was then related to the serum cholesterol level. There was no consistent relationship between food score and serum cholesterol level.

Australia↗
PubMed1985

Autochthonous cutaneous-subcutaneous leishmaniasis on Taiwan.

Leishmaniasis was not considered to be endemic on Taiwan, but during and after World War II a number of cases of kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis have been seen. The majority of the cases occurred in soldiers (Japanese and Chinese) who acquired infections on the China mainland. This paper presents the first reports of autochthonous cutaneous-subcutaneous leishmaniasis in 2 native-born aborigine Taiwanese.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk of low birthweight and prematurity among foreign-born mothers.

Data collected during postnatal visits were used to study the risk of low birthweight (LBW) and prematurity among foreign-born mothers and mothers born in Canada. 2,913 singleton live births were included in the analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LBW and prematurity were estimated using a logistic regression model. Foreign-born mothers did not have a higher risk of LBW or prematurity as compared to native-born mothers (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.8-1.5; OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.7-1.4, respectively). For both LBW and prematurity, women in the intermediate category of length of stay (1-3 years) had a somewhat lower risk and women with the shortest length of stay (less than one year) had a slightly higher risk than women with the longest length of stay (more than 3 years). However, none of these results was statistically significant. Results of this study suggest that foreign-born mothers do not have a higher risk than Canadian-born mothers of bearing a LBW or premature infant. This finding differs from the widespread perception that immigrant mothers are at high risk for adverse birth outcomes.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiology of alimentary cancers in New South Wales, 1973-82.

Incidence and mortality data from New South Wales (NSW) for 1973-82 were examined using log-linear regression to determine the temporal trends of cancers of the alimentary tract. There were significant increases in incidence of cancers of the colon (1.7%/year), rectum (2.6%/year), and liver (4.0%/year) and decreases for cancers of the oesophagus (-2.2%/year) and stomach (-1.4%/year). By contrast, the mortality decreased significantly for cancers of the colon (-1.0%/year) and pancreas (-1.4%/year) as well as for cancers of the oesophagus (-3.4%/year) and stomach (-4.1%/year). Cancers of the colon, rectum and oesophagus were generally less frequent, and cancer of the stomach was more frequent, among migrants to NSW than among the native-born Australians in NSW. This pattern was most evident in migrants from Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia and England and was absent in migrants from Scotland and New Zealand. When compared with the state as a whole, rural NSW had significantly lower incidences of cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, colon and rectum.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

American fertility in transition: new estimates of birth rates in the United States, 1900-1910.

This article presents new estimates of age-specific overall and marital fertility rates for the entire United States for the period 1900-1910. The estimation techniques are the two-census parity increment method and the own-children method. The data sources are the 1900 census public use sample and tabulations of 1910 census fertility data published with the 1940 census. Estimates are made for the total population, whites, native-born whites, foreign-born whites, and blacks. Low age-specific marital fertility at younger ages is consistent with a view of a distinctive American fertility pattern at this time.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

[Various indicators of the lipid composition of erythrocyte membranes in healthy persons and in chronic alcoholics in the northeastern part of the USSR].

Some indices of red blood cell membranes lipid composition were studied in normal subjects and alcohol abusers inhabitants of the North-East of the USSR. Increased lipid peroxidation in newcomers was explained by a greater unsaturation level of membrane fatty acids and exhausted lipid antioxidants. Decreased peroxidation in subjects inhabiting the region for over 15 years, native-borns and chronic alcohol abusers could be accounted for by an increase in membrane cholesterol content. The data suggest that lipid peroxidation is a common mechanism of these events.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma outside Japan and the Caribbean Basin.

Ninety-six patients with the diagnosis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) were identified in countries outside Japan and the Caribbean Basin. Seventy-four of these patients were initially diagnosed in the United States; 25 of 52 patients whose places of birth were known had been born in the United States. The detection of 14 patients born in the southeastern United States, all black, indicates a group deserving particular attention for studies of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), a suspected etiologic agent in most cases of ATLL. Although geographic clustering of ATLL in areas endemic for HTLV-I, particularly southwest Japan and the Caribbean Basin, is a dramatic feature of this disease, a review of the literature indicates that HTLV-I-associated ATLL probably occurs sporadically in a much wider distribution, the disease being diagnosed in native-born African, Chinese, European, and Latin American patients. A registry for ATLL cases is suggested, to assist in the identification of risk factors for this disease and, at the same time, improve case definitions and early diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Recent net alien immigration to the United States: its impact on population growth and native fertility.

Estimates of the size and structure of recent alien immigration to the United States are made. Substituting these revised estimates in the Series II projections of the U.S. Bureau of the Census implies a future U.S. population smaller than that implied by the Census Bureau's estimates of immigration. The analysis of Coale (1972)--which calculates the decline in native-born fertility required to accommodate immigration and, at the same time, maintain a stationary population--is replicated, using both the Census Bureau's estimates and the revised estimates reported here. The revised estimates indicate a smaller reduction in native fertility and a smaller ultimate size of the stationary population than are implied by the Census Bureau's immigration estimates. The importance of age structure in all of these calculations is demonstrated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Children's color perception in relation to habitat and skin color.

Developmental color perception of negroid and caucasoid children in 3 societies is examined in relation to the theories that proximity to the equator and fundus pigmentation (as measured by skin color) reduce shortwave (blue-green) in comparison with long-wave perception. The 278 4- and 8-year-old native-born, urban, English-speaking children were from latitudes 6 degrees 27' N (Enugu, Nigeria), 17 degrees 18' N (Basseterre, Saint Kitts, East Caribbean), and 34 degrees 3' N (Los Angeles, Calif.). Equal numbers of boys and girls from middle socioeconomic homes were medically examined for normal nutritional status and near vision. Children were individually tested on the Gaines Color Perception Test. The results show that short-wavelength perception is less accurate than long-wave-length perception in all locations, but most of the variance is attributable to conditions of low value or chroma stimuli rather than to proximity to the equator. There were no significant differences between Nigerian, Saint Kittitian and California caucasoid children. In accord with the pigmentation theory, young California negroid children had less accurate short-wavelength color perception than California caucasoid children. However, Nigerian and Saint Kittitian negroid children's perceptual accuracy was at least as accurate as that of caucasoid children. Amount of pigmentation does not appear to be a universal variable in children's color perception. Socioeconomic status, nutritional variables, developmental growth of the eye, or controlled stimulus conditions of the present research could account for the lack of positive relationships between color perception and habitat or skin color.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Lung cancer and the petroleum industry in Louisiana.

Death certificates from the period 1960 to 1975 for Louisiana were surveyed for lung cancer deaths and noncancer deaths among people employed in petroleum mining and refining to determine if there were specific occupations within this industry associated with a higher risk of lung cancer. Workers employed as welders, operators, boilermakers, and painters and oilfield workers had the greatest risks. Oil field miners born outside Louisiana had a higher risk than native-born miners. Occupation as listed on death certificates provides a rapid means of identifying those with high risk, as a large part of the population can be rapidly screened, covering employees in many industries.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 17-year-old Jewish residents of Jerusalem: a preliminary report. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.

Preliminary data on plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 2565 teenage Jerusalem residents attending a military medical examination were analyzed. Mean HDL cholesterol levels were highest among male and female subjects whose fathers had immigrated from Europe and the Americas and lowest in those of Asian and of North African origin. Second-generation Israelis ranked intermediate between the Europeans and the other two groups. Total cholesterol levels were lowest in teenagers of both sexes whose fathers had come from North Africa, highest in subjects of European and of Israeli origin and intermediate in the Asians. Triglyceride levels were also lowest among North Africans of both sexes, but the Asian and Israeli groups had higher mean values than the Europeans. These findings show that patterns of lipid and lipoprotein levels previously observed in adult immigrants persist in a generation of native-born Israelis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Reproductive health of Asian women: a comparative study with hospital and community perspectives.

A comparative study of Asian and non-Asian women's reproductive health was performed. The hospital case notes of 48 Asian and 51 non-Asian women, matched for age, were examined. Asian women had shorter stature, bigger families, booked later for antenatal care, and were less likely to have a cervical smear taken. Of the above, 30 Asian and 24 non-Asian women were interviewed in their homes. Many Asian women had difficulties with the English language and a low literacy rate which gave rise to communication barriers during health care. Their knowledge of procedures and tests such as amniocentesis, self examination of the breast etc. was comparatively low. Fewer Asians attended parent-craft classes or did post-natal exercises. Many disliked, and some refused, vaginal examination by male doctors. Despite equal access, Asian women were less well informed and made lesser use of services. Lack of knowledge and difficulties of communication, rather than negative attitudes, may explain Asian women's lesser use of services and to some extent the poor outcome of pregnancy observed in many studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Teenage pregnancy in Scotland: trends and risks.

Teenage pregnancy, considered to be associated with social and medical risks, is seen as a growing problem. Population based information from the Registrar General (Scotland) and Notification of Abortion permitted an analysis of the trends in the numbers, rates and outcomes of pregnancies among women aged less than 20 years. In addition, clinical information is available on all deliveries in Scottish hospitals from the standard hospital discharge document permitting analysis of the association of defined complications with age. Contrary to current perceptions, pregnancies and births among teenagers are not more frequent in 1988 when compared to 1975. There has been, however, a large increase in births to single women, a group with particular problems. The obstetric risks when compared to older women, are small and probably socially, not age related. These include a slightly higher rate of pre-term delivery and low birthweight and a later presentation for specialist antenatal care. The proportion of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects which are terminated is lower among women under 20. These medical risks are small, however, compared to the well-documented social and economic problems which will have long term and indirect effects on health.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1992

Birth spacing and child mortality in a Caribbean population.

Ten independent variables were used to predict death before the first birthday for 4411 births that took place from 1878 to 1976 to 978 women of native ancestry on the island of St. Barthélemy. Significant predictors of death include the death of the mother within a year, the birth year, multiple birth, whether the preceding child also died before 1 year of age, and whether the next child was conceived before the index child was 1 year old. Unlike most prior studies, birth-spacing variables were only weakly related to death in the first year. The relative absence of contraceptive techniques to control birth spacing in the study population and the use of vital records rather than survey data distinguish this project from others and may account at least partly for the unusual findings.

Birth Intervals↗