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PubMed1997

Methylazoxymethanol-induced micrencephaly in the brown Norway strain: behavior and brain weight.

A single injection of 20 mg/kg methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) on gestational day 14 in Brown Norway rats produced micrencephalic offspring (whole brain approximately equal to 65% of control). Despite the micrencephaly, MAM-induced alterations in behavior assessed here were relatively mild. The MAM-treated rats exhibited increased activity under darkened conditions in a complex maze and marginally increased activity after a challenge of methamphetamine. Open field activity, running wheel activity, and emergence behavior using a light/dark apparatus were not significantly affected. Compared with a similar study of Sprague-Dawley micrencephalics [Ferguson S.A., Racey F.D., Paule M.G. and Holson R.R. (1993) Behavioral effects of methyloxymethanol-induced microencephaly. Behav. Neurosci. 107, 1-101], frontal cortex and striatum weights were more reduced in Brown Norway micrencephalics. The MAM-induced behavioral alterations in the Brown Norway strain may have appeared attenuated compared to alterations shown by MAM-treated Sprague-Dawley rats due to differences in baseline between these two strains. Compared to control Sprague-Dawley rats in the previous study, control Brown Norway rats were more active in the open field and running wheels, but less active in the complex maze, exhibiting little to no learning. Emergence tests indicated increased dark preference in Brown Norway rats. Baseline behavior (increased activity and light shyness) of control Brown Norway rats was similar to that of MAM-treated Sprague-Dawley rats; a potential confound in the detection of behavioral effects of a compound. These findings emphasize the effects that strain selection may have on the outcome and interpretation of toxicological/teratological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers of arbitrary genes: the amount and nature of variation revealed in Norway spruce.

We examined the amount and nature of variation revealed by cDNA-based sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) using 39 pairs of heterologous primers that were based upon arbitrary genes in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). A panel of 22 diverse Norway spruce genotypes was screened for variation that could be observed directly using standard agarose gel electrophoresis, without additional manipulation of amplification products. Examination of marker segregation among haploid megagametophytes revealed that nine markers behaved in a codominant manner, two markers had codominant length polymorphisms and null alleles, and four others had dominant length polymorphisms. DNA sequencing of codominant alleles at seven loci indicated that most insertions/deletions (indels) were in noncoding regions and that alleles often differed by the presence or absence of direct repeats that ranged in size from three to 23 bp. The nine markers that showed exclusively codominant polymorphisms in Norway spruce had an average observed heterozygosity of 0.30 and an average of 2.9 alleles in the panel of 22 trees. These levels of variation are similar to those previously found for similar sets of markers in other spruces, and appear to be at least as high as those revealed by polymorphic allozyme markers in Norway spruce. Polymorphisms at one STS locus suggested a higher affinity between Norway spruce and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) than between either of these spruces and black spruce. The STS markers described in this report should be useful in a variety of applications in Norway spruce, including population studies and genome mapping.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Therapeutic traditions in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden: II. Hypertension. WHO Drug Utilization Research Group (DURG).

A questionnaire survey based on hypertension case histories was performed among a representative sample of 400 GP's and hospital doctors in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden, countries having markedly different utilization of antihypertensive drugs. We found a greater propensity to start antihypertensive drug treatment in Northern Ireland than in Norway and Sweden. This was true both in mild diastolic and isolated systolic hypertension. Yet the utilization of antihypertensive drugs in Sweden is about 60% higher than in Northern Ireland and 30% higher than in Norway. Swedish physicians preferred beta-blockers as their first choice to a greater extent than physicians in Northern Ireland and Norway who selected thiazides more often. In general, the choice of drugs agreed with the sales and prescribing patterns in the three countries. Besides providing more insight in therapeutic traditions the study indicates that the lower prescribing of antihypertensive drugs in Northern Ireland, and to some extent in Norway, compared to Sweden, might be due to differences in true or apparent morbidity.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed2001

Permanent impairments, disabilities and disability pensions related to accidents in Norway.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the burden of accidents in terms of new disability pensioners related to accidental injuries in Norway and to use this information to supplement the picture of the epidemiology of accidents in Norway. The basis of the study was 7,241 new disability pensioners due to accidents in the Disability Register of the National Insurance Administration in Norway for 1992-1997. Included in the analyses are some data from health surveys in USA and Norway. The rate of disability pensioners (16-66 years old) due to accidents increased 4% annually during 1992-1997, and in the age group 16-44 years 8% annually. The increase is found in all types of accidents, except for home and the group other accidents, where the rate is constant. 45% had been injured in traffic accidents, 33% in occupational accidents, 16% in leisure accidents, 4% in home accidents and 2% in other accidents. The rates of disability pensionings due to occupational accidents are three to four times higher among 'blue collar' workers than among 'white collar' workers. While disability pensioning rate in the age group 16-66 years due to accidents has increased 4% annually, the accident mortality for the age group 15-64 years has decreased 3% annually. The relationship between disability pensioning and mortality in the age group 15-64 years is found to be approximately 2:1 for all accidents. For occupational accidents the relationship is 5:1, for traffic accidents 2.5:1, for leisure and other accidents 1:1 and for home accidents 1:2.7. The complete epidemiologic picture due to accidents in Norway per 100,000 of population seems to be: medically treated, 10,000; hospitalised, 1,200; permanently impaired, 800 (of whom probably 50% are treated as out-patients); disabled (restricted activity), 400; fatalities, 40; and disability pensioned in the age group 16-66 years, 50. Medically treated and hospitalised patients due to accidents seem to show a slightly decreasing rate, fatalities a higher decreasing rate. This supplement to the epidemiological picture of rates and trends of impairments, disability and disability pensionings (the more serious consequences of accidents), points to the need to focus on the current trends for accident prevention.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1998

Smoking initiation and cessation in Norway and the United States: a comparison of two cross-sectional surveys.

PURPOSE: Smoking prevalence in a population is affected by the proportion of adolescents who start to smoke, and the proportion of smokers who quit. Smoking prevalence has declined linearly in the US and in the state of California during the last 2 decades. Due to an increase in female smoking, the Norwegian smoking prevalence has been stable at around 35% since 1980, while other European countries have seen reductions of at least 10 percentage points. METHODS: We compared data from two cross-sectional studies; one from Western and Central Norway (n = 5014), and one from Northern California (Stanford Five-City Project) (n = 2189). RESULTS: Norwegian smoking prevalence figures were significantly higher in all age-sex groups younger than 60 years. The proportion of former smokers was not different, suggesting that the differences between the samples are due to higher smoking initiation in Norway. University education was the most potent covariate of both ever-smoking and current smoking across samples and gender. Amount of physical exercise was associated with never-smoking in Norway, but not in the US. Having smoking parents was related to ever-smoking in women but not in men in both samples. Smoking parents also was related to current smoking in Norway but not in the US. IMPLICATIONS: Norway should increase efforts to prevent smoking initiation among adolescents, and especially among girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

General practice and chiropractic in Norway: how well do they communicate and what do GPs want to know?

BACKGROUND: Some within the medical establishment believe that the education and training of chiropractors is grounded in orthodox medicine and that these professional groups share a common language allowing for close dialogue. However, levels of communication and collaboration often remain low. Furthermore, studies have shown chiropractors to be lax in providing written reports to referring clinicians, a practice important to both patient care and interprofessional relationships. OBJECTIVE: To investigate existing levels of communication between general practitioners (GPs) and chiropractors in Norway and to identify trends in GP preferences for future interprofessional communications. DESIGN AND SETTING: A postal survey was conducted on a random sample of 230 GPs in Norway. RESULTS: A response rate of 51% was achieved. All respondents reported having made at least one referral to a chiropractor. Most (63%) referred infrequently, and only 7% communicated often with a chiropractor. Of those who were in contact with a chiropractor, three fourths communicated by telephone. One fifth of the respondents negatively assessed the quality of written reports. Approximately one third of those GPs who had referred patients did not receive a report, despite this being obligatory in Norway. Twelve percent reported problems with terminology. A written report for future reporting was favored by 75% of the GPs, who wanted the report to contain information on examination findings, diagnosis, treatment, and advice given. CONCLUSION: In general, communications between GPs and chiropractors in Norway are not ideal, particularly with regard to frequency and written quality. However, this is not unique to Norway. With increasing emphasis on multidisciplinary health care, greater understanding and better communication is needed to optimize the benefits of such an approach to patient management. Relevant, timely, consistent reporting on a reciprocal basis, together with a shared vocabulary, should help this process.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Surveillance of the overall consumption of antibacterial drugs in humans, domestic animals and farmed fish in Norway in 1992 and 1996.

The annual overall consumption of antibacterial drugs in Norway, categorized into human use, use in domestic animals and in farmed fish, was estimated from wholesaler and feed-mill sales statistics. Comprehensive data on drug consumption in human medicine in Norway are published on a regular basis on behalf of the drug authorities. These data, including use of antibacterial drugs, are expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/year. DDD cannot be employed to compare antibiotic consumption in human and veterinary medicine as it is possible to calculate such data for only a few veterinary drugs. The only parameter for which data are generally available, so far, is the amount used in kilograms of active substance, which is the unit of measurement chosen in this study. It was found that annual overall sales of antibacterial drugs in Norway, including antibacterial and ionophore feed additives, decreased from 77 tonnes in 1992 to 49 tonnes in 1996, a 37% reduction. The use in 1996 in human medicine, animals and farmed fish was 35 tonnes, 13 tonnes and 1 tonne, respectively. While the annual amounts used in human medicine remained unchanged from 1992 to 1996, therapeutic use in fish farming declined by 96%. In domestic animals, therapeutic use and use as feed additives declined by 17% and 5%, respectively. During the study period, the size of the human and domestic animal populations at risk remained almost constant, while the biomass (weight) of farmed fish at risk increased by > 100%. This implies that both the absolute and relative consumption of antibacterial drugs in Norway decreased substantially during the study period. The use of antibacterial drugs, both in humans and in domestic animals, has changed in favour of penicillins, this being in accordance with general recommendations. The reduction in the use of antibacterial drugs in farmed fish has been almost solely due to the introduction of oil-adjuvanted vaccines against furuncolosis. It is concluded that the decline in the amount of antibacterial drugs used in domestic animals, and the changes with regard to choice of drugs, could be mainly attributed to changes in prescribing behaviour following advice and recommendations. Moreover, the overall use of antibacterial drugs in Norway is very low compared with that in most other countries and has been significantly reduced during the 1990s.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1975

Frequency of phenylketonuria in Norway.

By January 1973, a total of 146 homozygotes (born between 1875 and 1972) for phenylketonuria (PKU) had been identified in Norway. This is an incomplete total, particularly in respect of PKU cases born before 1950, because of the PKU mortality rate. Between 1951 and 1972, the observed incidence of PKU was unchanged at 0.07 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 live births. Haematological screening of about one-third of all births in Norway between 1966 and 1972 indicated an incidence of 0.07 plus and minus 0.02 per 1000 liveborn screened. As expected, this was well below the observed incidence of 0.11 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 from screening data from Denmark, and considerably higher than the observed value of 0.03 plus and minus 0.01 per 1000 screened in Sweden. In comparison, indirect estimates, using the inbreeding coefficent of parents of PKUs and that of the general population in Norway in the corresponding years (1874-1972), suggested a fall in incidence of PKU in Norway from 0.14 plus and minus 0.15 per 1000 live births in 1918, to 0.08 plus and minus 0.08 per 1000 in 1941, and to 0.06 plus and minus 0.06 per 1000 live births in 1972. The present level of inbreeding in Norway (obtained from the Medical Registration of Bith) is discussed and compared with information in the 1891 census, with the parish registers between 1889and 1902, and with the parochial lists for the years 1903-1941.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents with Turkish background in Norway and Sweden: a comparative study of their psychological adaptation.

Using a questionnaire survey, this study compared psychological adaptation (self-esteem, life satisfaction, and mental health problems) of Turkish adolescents in Norway and Sweden, and examined to what extent ethnic and majority identities, acculturation strategies, and perceived discrimination accounted for adaptation among Turkish adolescents. The samples consisted of 407 Turks (111 in Norway and 296 in Sweden) with a mean age of 15.2 years and 433 host adolescents (207 in Norway, 226 in Sweden) with a mean age of 15.6 years. Turks in Norway reported poorer psychological adaptation than Turks in Sweden. Predictors of good adaptation were Turkish identity and integration, whereas poor adaptation was related to marginalization and perceived discrimination. The results indicated that the poorer adaptation of Turks in Norway compared to that of Turks in Sweden could be due to lower degree of Turkish identity and higher degree of perceived discrimination.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in sewage in Norway.

Samples of sewage influent from 40 sewage treatment works (STW) throughout Norway were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts. Both parasites were detected frequently (80% of STW were Cryptosporidium positive; 93% of STW were Giardia positive) and at maximum concentrations of > 20,000 parasites/liter. The data suggest giardiasis is more widespread, and/or occurs with greater infection intensity, than cryptosporidiosis in Norway. STW serving higher person equivalents were more likely to be positive and had higher parasite concentrations. Parasite concentrations were used to estimate the proportion of contributing populations that could be clinically infected. For Cryptosporidium, the highest estimates were up to 5 per 100,000 individuals for two populations in eastern Norway. For Giardia, the highest estimate was 40 infected per 100,000 persons (approximately five times the usual national annual average) contributing to an STW in western Norway. As this population experienced a large waterborne giardiasis outbreak 6 months after sampling, it can be speculated that regular challenge with Giardia may occur here. Most Giardia isolates in sewage influent were assemblage A, although some assemblage B isolates were detected. There was substantial heterogeneity, but most samples contained isolates similar to genotype A3. Removal efficiencies at two STW with secondary treatment processes were estimated to be approximately 50% for Cryptosporidium and > 80% for Giardia. An STW with minimal treatment had negligible removal of both parasites. Many STW in Norway have minimal treatment and discharge effluent into rivers and lakes, thus, risk of contamination of water courses by Cryptosporidium and Giardia is considerable.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Impact of antenatal HIV screening to prevent HIV infection in children in Norway 1987-99.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the antenatal HIV screening programme in Norway in preventing HIV infection in children. SETTING: Norway, 1987-99. METHODS: In a simulated retrospective cohort design data were used from the mandatory HIV surveillance system to compare the observed number of children born infected with HIV in Norway 1987-99 to the expected number without the antenatal screening programme. The main measures were relative and absolute performance of the screening programme. Other measures were uptake and false positive rate of screening, and number and exposure category of screen positive women. RESULTS: 96% of 961 000 eligible pregnant women were tested. 0.1% had an indeterminate test result and 46 women (5.0/100 000) were confirmed screen positive. 27 were African or south east Asian women infected before immigration to Norway. Nine out of 739 000 live born children (1.2/100 000) were infected compared with the expected 18 with no screening. The absolute impact of the screening programme was 1.3 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.1 to 2.7) prevented infections in 100 000 women screened. The relative preventive impact was 51% (-15% to 81%). CONCLUSIONS: The limited absolute impact is because of the very low prevalence of undetected HIV infection among pregnant women in Norway.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1996

Relative frequency, heterogeneity and geographic clustering of PKU mutations in Norway.

We have analysed 236 Norwegian phenylketonuria (PKU) alleles by a combination of mutation scanning methods, restriction enzyme-based assays and DNA sequencing. Thirty-three different mutations constituted 99.6% of all mutant alleles (only 1 allele remains unidentified), 23 of these have been identified also in other European countries. Twenty were predicted missense mutations, 6 splice mutations, 4 nonsense mutations and 2 deletion mutations and 1 mutation disrupted the start codon. The 8 most common mutations represented 83.5% of the PKU alleles, with single allele frequencies ranging from 5.9 to 15.7%. Four of these mutations (R261Q, R408W, Y414C, and 1VS12nt1) are commonly occurring also in PKU patients in other European countries, while the other 4 (G46S, G272X, F299C, and R408Q) have higher frequencies in Norway than in any other country studied. Six mutations (I65T, L249F, P281L, Y356X, R158Q, and R252W) have frequencies between 0.8% and 2.1%, and 19 mutations were encountered only once. The majority of PKU mutations were found on the same RFLP/VNTR haplotype backgrounds in Norway as in other European populations, suggesting that only a few of the mutations may represent recurrent mutations (< 3.4%). Among 10 mutations only reported for our population, we detected 2 de novo mutations (0.8%) arisen in Norway. From the birthplaces of the probands' grandparents, each mutation seemed to have an individual geographic distribution within Norway, with patterns of local mutation clustering. Our observations are compatible with multiple founder effects and genetic drift for the distribution of PKU mutations within Norway.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in health care use among the elderly population in areas of Norway and Finland. A cross-sectional analysis based on the HUNT study and the FINRISK Senior Survey.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to examine gender differences in the self-reported use of health care services by the elderly in rural and metropolitan areas of two Nordic countries with slightly different health care systems: Finland and Norway. METHODS: Population based, cross-sectional surveys conducted in Nord-Tröndelag Norway (1995-97) and in rural and metropolitan areas of Finland (1997) were employed. In the Norwegian data, a total of 7,919 individuals, aged 65-74 years old were included, and the Finnish data included 1,500 individuals. The outcome variables comprised whether participants had visited a general practitioner or a specialist, or had received hospital care or physiotherapy during the past 12 months. Gender differences in the use of health care services were analysed by multiple logistic regression, controlling for health status and socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: In Norway, elderly women visited a specialist or were hospitalised less often than men. In Finland, elderly women used all health care services except hospital care more often than men. In Norway, less frequent use of specialist care by women was not associated with self-reported health or chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed differences in self-reported use of secondary care among different genders in areas of Norway and Finland.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in wild marine fish species in the coastal regions of Norway.

This study was aimed at determining the occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in selected stocks of wild fish species in the coastal regions of Norway. Six cruises were undertaken covering areas which included the coastal regions of northern Norway, the Norwegian Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Skagerrak area down to the Danish border. Collected, pooled samples of internal organs (kidney, spleen and heart) from 8395 fish were examined for the presence of VHSV by inoculation on BF-2 cells. Identification of virus was performed by a standard ELISA procedure with monoclonal antibody IP5B11, which is specific for the VHSV nucleocapsid protein (N-protein). VHSV was isolated from blue whiting and Norway pout in Skagerrak. No positive samples were detected in the northern coastal regions of Norway, the Norwegian Sea, or the Barents Sea. The findings indicate a very low occurrence of VHSV in the coastal regions of Norway. Geographically, the only positive samples were obtained from fish collected in areas where VHSV has previously been found in different species of fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Telemedicine and eHealth in Norway: administration and delivery of services.

OBJECTIVES: This article reviews the situation in Norway concerning the administration and delivery of telemedicine and eHealth. METHODS AND RESULTS: By introducing the Norwegian hospital reform implemented in January 2002, the review provides the background allowing to understand the shift in strategy within this field in Norway. It also provides a historical context regarding the use and development of telemedicine in Norway. Since the implementation of the hospital reform, it can be argued that, presently, there has been a significant change in strategy from what can be described as a "muddling through"-strategy to a more rational approach, based on common and clearly defined goals. CONCLUSIONS: The hospital reform can be regarded as an important crossroads for the use of information and communication technology in Norway. The hypothesis put forward is that the development since the reform was implemented has strengthened both the willingness and the ability to make rational choices and take important steps forwards regarding the use of information and communication technology in the health sector in Norway, when discussing both telemedicine and eHealth.

Health Care Costs↗
PubMed1999

Osteoporosis, bone mineralization, and status of selected trace elements in two populations of moose calves in Norway.

This study was conducted to clarify the etiology of a high frequency of bone fractures and osteoporosis in the moose (Alces alces) population in southern Norway. Liver samples, both metacarpi, and carcass data were collected from 21 and 22 moose calves shot in 1994 in Birkenes (southern Norway), and Naerøy (central Norway), respectively. The liver samples were analyzed for copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium. Bone samples were subject to histologic, radiologic, and chemical examinations. Three of the calves from Birkenes and one calf from Naerøy showed histologic and radiologic evidence of generalized osteoporosis consistent with osteoporosis due to starvation. The calves with osteoporosis had the lowest carcass weights and radio-opacities recorded. There was a positive correlation between carcass weight and bone radio-opacity. Density, ash content, phosphorus, and calcium contents and phosphorous/calcium ratio in bone samples, as well as hepatic trace element status, were within the normal range for all calves in both populations. Two of the osteoporotic calves, were reported to have been orphaned. Our results indicate that the high frequency of bone fractures reported in moose in southern Norway is not associated with regional differences in trace element status or bone mineral balance. We propose that the occurrence of osteoporosis in moose calves in Birkenes may have resulted from inadequate nutrition following general overcrowding and high pressure on feed resources in the southernmost part of Norway.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Utilization of antibiotics in and outside of health facilities in Norway in 1998].

BACKGROUND: Data on overall consumption of antibacterials are an important basis for measures against antibiotic resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Salesdata of antibacterials (ATC group J01) for systemic use was collected from all hospitals in Norway for the year 1998. The sale to hospitals was subtracted from the total sale of antibacterials in Norway and the consumption for outpatient settings was estimated. RESULTS: The total use of antibacterials for systemic use in Norway was 14.4 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day in 1998, which has been regarded as low. The use of antibacterials in hospitals was 7.5% of the total market, i.e. 1.09 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day. The estimated use in ambulatory practice was 13.3 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day. Different consumption patterns in the two settings were observed. The penicillins comprised around half of the antibacterials in both settings although the use of beta-laktamase sensitive penicillins represented a higher fraction in the outpatient setting. Cephalosporins represented 16% of the use of antibacterials in hospitals while the tetracyclines are the second most used antibacterial group outside hospitals. The use of newer broad spectrum antibacterials such as the quinolones are now increasing in Norway both inside and outside hospitals. INTERPRETATION: Relatively high consumption of penicillins supports the assumption that antibacterial resistance is low in Norway. It is, however, important to continue to follow the consumption of antibacterials in order to detect a potential negative trend early and instigate efforts like information, to possibly change the trend. It also offers the potential of measuring effects of legislative changes and informational efforts as well as defining the need for further investigation of drug therapy traditions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

The prevalence of human intestinal spirochetosis in Norway.

The prevalence of human intestinal spirochetosis (HIS) was determined histologically in 402 subjects from South Norway (Kristiansand) who had undergone colorectal resections during the period June 1991-June 1996. The figures were compared with those from a previous mid-Norwegian study (Trondheim) comprising 1205 patients with large bowel resections as well as colonoscopic mucosal biopsies examined in 1990. The studies showed a prevalence of HIS of 2.5% in mid-Norway and 3.0% in South Norway, and in both regions there was a considerable male predominance of HIS (70% and 75%, respectively). Furthermore, HIS was more often diagnosed by the pathologists in South Norway (25%) than in mid-Norway (6.5%).

Adolescent↗