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PubMedDate not supplied

The orthogonal and 12 lead ECG in adult negroes with systemic hypertension: comparison with age-matched control.

In a comparative ECG study of 288 hypertensive and 340 normal Nigerians, the following observations were made: a) The QRS voltage is high in normal Negroes but becomes significantly higher in hypertension (HBP). This suggests that the voltage criteria being used for LVH in Caucasians are not applicable to Negroes. b) The T wave amplitude diminishes in HBP culminating in ST-T flattening or down-sloping ST-segment with asymmetric T inversion, so called "Strain pattern" c) The Washington code for LVH (Rx amplitude > 2 mV, Rx + Rz > 3.4 mV and Rz duration > 0.06 sec) achieved a cumulative sensitivity of 70.7% with 83.5% specificity in males. In females, Rx > 2 mV, Rx + Rz > 2.6 mV and Rz duration > 0.07 sec. achieved a sensitivity of 71.6% with 92.4% specificity. d) In the 12-Lead system, RI > 1.1 mV Sv2 + Rv5 > 4.5 mV (male), Sv2 + Rv5 > 4.2 mV (female) and Tv6 < -0.05 mV achieved a cumulative sensitivity of 74.3% with 87.6% specificity in males; 72.3% with 91.8% respectively in females. It is suggested that further studies are required to authenticate these criteria for LVH in Negroes.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of Bender-Gestalt and WISC correlations for Puerto Rican, White and Negro children.

Correlations between Bender-Gestalt scores and WISC IQs were obtained for three ethnic groups of 123 Puerto Rican, 82 white, and 61 Negro children in the first grade. The Bender-Gestalt test did not show any significant relationship with the WISC scores of the Puerto Rican children. Significant correlations (p less than .01) between the Bender and all the WISC scores were found for the Negro group. For the white Ss, the WISC-Bender relationship was significant (p less than .01) only for the Performance and Full Scale scores. The absence of a significant correlation between the Bender and the WISC Verbal IQ in these children was attributed to the relative superiority of their Verbal scores.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

Abdominal aneurysm in South African Negroes due to intimomedial mucoid degeneration.

Nine South African Negroes with abdominal aortic aneurysms due to intimomedial mucoid degeneration are described. These occurred in a younger age group than atherosclerotic aneurysms and with a female predominance. The aneurysms are not syphilitic in origin and are unlike atherosclerotic aneurysms. This form of abdominal aneurysm constitutes a distinct entity which is relatively prevalent in South African Negroes and which has hitherto received little or no emphasis and attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population.

The present investigation was undertaken to compare the Ricketts, Steiner, and Holdaway soft-tissue values to the Negro individual. The study involved the photographs of more than 1,000 North American Negroes, (500 males and 500 females). One-hundred of the most attractive were selected by a group of judges of different social status levels. In this group fifty male and fifty female soft-tissue profile analyses were performed. The analyses considered were Ricketts' esthetic plane, Holdaway's H line, and Steiner's S line, because they are the most often used and widely accepted. The results of the investigation showed that the black individual was more protrusive in soft-tissue profile and that the standards for white persons established by Ricketts, Steiner, and Holdaway are not applicable to the black individual. Black males were reported to be more protrusive than black females. The study utilized a line drawn from soft-tissue nasion to soft-tissue pogonion. Measurements were made from this line to evaluate the soft-tissue profile. The use of this line suggests a method for measuring the profile in millimeters.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth in male American Negroes.

The mesiodistal crown diameters were measured in a group of fifty-six male American Negroes from the recruit population at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center and compared with previously reported data on Caucasians from the same population. The results indicate that tooth size is consistently larger in the Negro sample, averaging about 8.4 percent for the over-all maxillary and mandibular dentition, excluding third molars.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1977

Interocclusal distance: a comparison between American Caucasians and Negroes.

Cephalometric analyses were performed on groups of American Negro and Caucasian subjects to establish whether or not there were differences in interocclusal distance attributable to ethnic origin. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean interocclusal distances of the two treatment groups, supporting the hypothesis that American Negroes have an average interocclusal distance which is less than that of Caucasians. The findings of this study support the concept that fixing the interocclusal distance at 3 mm. for all complete and partial denture patients is not justified.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Elemental gaseous mercury flux at the water/air interface over the Negro River basin, Amazon, Brazil.

The amount of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) released annually into the atmosphere by water bodies in each of the 18 major sub-basins of the Negro River tributaries has been estimated for the wet season and adopted for the entire year. Using Remote Sensors (RS) and the Geographic Information System (GIS), an estimate was made for the total flooded area during the period of the wet season (May-July), which corresponds to around 10% of the total basin area. The estimates of DGM evasive flux values were made during four scientific campaigns and ranged from 0.09 to 14 mug m(-2) y(-1). Mercury wet deposition to the same area was estimated using average values of the metal concentration in the rainwater (9.8 ng L(-1)), which varies from 17 to 27 microg m(-2) year(-1). Considering the flooded area of the Negro River Basin as 69,000 km(2), the total amount of mercury emitted by all bodies of water reaches nearly 0.26 ton year(-1), which represents not more than 2% of the total mercury found in wet deposition in this same area.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Factors controlling Hg levels in two predatory fish species in the Negro river basin, Brazilian Amazon.

A number of environmental factors have been shown to influence the dynamics of Hg in aquatic ecosystems. Here we investigate the influence of fish size, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the availability of potential methylation sites (floodplain forests and hydromorphic soils) on the concentration of total Hg in two carnivorous fishes: Cichla spp. and Hoplias malabaricus in the Negro River, Brazil. Fish and water samples for chemical analysis were collected from 33 sites in the Negro basin. The percentage of alluvial floodplains and hydromorphic soils (potential methylation sites) in the drainage basin upstream from each sampling point was estimated from radar imagery and existing soil maps with GIS. The average of Hg concentrations were 0.337 ppm (SD=0.244) in Cichla spp. and 0.350 ppm (SD=0.250) in H. malabaricus. Although the study area was geographically isolated from most major anthropogenic Hg sources, over 18% of Cichla spp. and 29% of H. malabaricus had Hg concentrations above 0.5 ppm, indicating naturally high background levels of Hg. Hg concentrations increased with size in both Cichla spp. (r(2)=0.664, p=0.000) and H. malabaricus (r(2)=0.299, p=0.000). Hg concentrations in H. malabaricus also increased with percent floodable area (p=0.006), pH (p=0.000) and DOC (0,063). In Cichla spp, Hg increased only in relation to percent floodable area (p=0.000). Hydromorphic soils did not influence fish Hg.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Is the Negro River Basin (Amazon) impacted by naturally occurring mercury?

In order to investigate the major sources and cycling of mercury in the Negro River Basin (Amazon), total metal measurements were carried out in soils, in river and lake waters, in the atmosphere, and in bulk precipitation during the period 1995 throughout 1998. Median values of 1.3 ng m(-3) in the atmosphere, 172 microg kg(-1) in soils, 4.6-7.5 ng l(-1) in three different lakes, 4.5 ng l(-1) in 17 different Negro River tributaries and 20.3 microg m(-2) year(-1) in bulk precipitation were found. Mercury concentrations in rivers and lakes waters, as well as in soils and bulk precipitation were high, considering the scarcity of anthropogenic point sources in the region. Mercury leaching from soil, the largest regional reservoir of this metal, was considered to be the major pathway to mercury enrichment in the region.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2000

Rate of infection and of reinfection by Echinococcus granulosus in rural dogs of the province of Rio Negro, Argentina.

Hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) constitutes a serious public health problem in the Province of Rio Negro, Argentina. In the present work it was intended to evaluate the prevalence of the canine echinococcosis in rural areas of the Province of Rio Negro and studied the reinfection rate in dogs after treatment with Praziquantel during the period 1980-1997. A total of 496 dogs were studied in 18 canine concentrations in order to establish the initial prevalence rate which was 42.3%. From 1980 onward dogs should have been systematically treated with anthelmintic every 2 months in rural areas and every 6 months in urban areas. We estimated that approximately 65% of dogs were treated. To determine the reinfection rate, 476 dogs (1984) and 598 dogs (1996) were studied after anthelmintic treatment during two sequential time periods (0-45; 46-90 days). In both cases treated animals were compared with untreated dogs. Prevalences were 3.5%, 6.7% and 21.3% in 1984 and 0.8%, 4.0% and 10.0% in 1996. For the purpose of surveillance a total number of 21,444 dogs were studied during 18 years. Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus decreased significantly in the first year from 42.3% to 6.1%.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The study of untreated syphilis in the negro male.

PURPOSE: The participation of minorities in clinical studies is the subject of much discussion and has even become the subject of Federal law. The project known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and officially titled "The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male," is one of the great debacles of American medicine and a national shame. Despite the fact that its existence is well known, many do not know the historical facts of the study nor the context of the study. My purpose here is to recount the facts of the study and its historical context. METHODS: The history recounted here is taken from documents gathered during a U.S. Senate investigation of the study, original papers located in National Library of Medicine, and books about the trial. RESULTS: The trial began in 1931 as a survey of the natural history of untreated tertiary syphilis in Black men. This study enrolled 399 men with syphilis and 201 uninfected men to serve as controls. All were at least 25 years old at enrollment. The men were told they were in a study, but never educated about the implications. Later, men were not informed that there was a treatment for effective treatment for their disease--a treatment that was being withheld from them. This trial continued till 1972. CONCLUSION: Many of the issues that led to the study and caused it to continue for 40 years still exist. The lessons of the Public Health Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Untreated Negro include the dangers of paternalism, arrogance, blind loyalty, and misuse of science. "Those who do not appreciate history are condemned to repeat it" (Alfred North Whitehead).

Alabama↗
PubMed1997

An 'anthropathology' of the 'American Negro': anthropology, genetics, and the new racial science, 1940-1952.

This essay documents how, in the 1940s and early 1950s, one scientifically discredited racialist assumption, namely the notion that 'hybridity', embodied by the 'American Negro', and linked to degeneration and disease, was re-authorized, again by science, through the discursive fusion of anthropology, medicine and genetics in the context of a particular disease--sickle cell anaemia. More specifically, I am concerned with the construction of what came to be called an 'anthropathology' of the 'American Negro', the discourse networks that situated it, its conditions of possibility and its consequences.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1978

Dirt-anality and attitudes toward Negroes. A test of Kubie's hypothesis.

Lawrence Kubie's hypothesis that dirt-anal parameters predict attitudes toward Negroes was evaluated. Four samples of males and four samples of females were studied. Multiple indices were used to tap attitudes toward Negroes; and a variety of measures were employed to tap the dirt-anality dimension. The results were significantly supportive of Kubie's formulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The Negro variety of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin is a mild form of thalassaemia.

Further studies have been carried out on blood of the 15-year-old Negro male from Baltimore who was the first reported case of the homozygous state for hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin. His red cells contain only Hb F; Hbs A and A2 have never been detected. Over a 15-year period of follow up the red cells of this individual have shown persistent microcytosis with reduced MCH and MCV values. His whole-blood p50 value is decreased, probably because of lack of interaction between Hb F and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. However, his haemoglobin level at the age of 15 years is lower than would be predicted from the degree of increased oxygen affinity. Globin-chain synthesis studies suggest that this is because he has a mild thalassaemia disorder with an alpha/gamma-chain production ratio of about 1.5, similar to that found in beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. Thus Negro HPFH appears to be a well-compensated form of delta beta thalassaemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Double heterozygosity for hemoglobin Camden (beta 131 Gln yields Glu) and hemoglobin S in an American negro.

A hemoglobin variant with the slightly fast mobility associated with K hemoglobins was found, together with hemoglobin S, in an apparently healthy 3-year-old Negro girl from Washington, D.C. Her father had the same variant, along with hemoglobin A, and her mother had hemoglobins A plus S. Respective proportions of hemoglobins K and S in the propositus were 66-34. The K variant now has been found to have the structural change Gln yields Glu at position beta-131 (beta-H9); therefore it apparently is identical to hemoglobin Camden reported in trait form in a Negro subject by YATES, BELLINGHAM and HUEHNS (Nature 243: 467-468, 1973).

Black People↗
PubMed1980

Lewis phenotypes of American Caucasians, American Negroes and their children.

Lewis antisera produced in goats was used to test the red blood cells of 1,818 unrelated American adults and 758 unrelated children. All lived in northeastern states of the USA. Among 950 Caucasian adults, the frequency of Le(a-b-), Le(a+b-), and Le(a-b+), red cell phenotypes was 9.7, 20.1 and 70.2%, respectively. Among 883 Negro adults, the frequency of these phenotypes was 28.5, 19.6 and 51.9%, respectively. Among 469 infants aged 1-24 months, the red cell phenotypes Le(a+b+) was found in 37.4% of 265 Caucasians and 13.2% of 204 Negroes.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Massive prostatic carcinoma in negroes.

Three cases of massive carcinoma of the prostate in negroes are presented. Investigation and treatment were carried out along conventional lines. There was a very good response to treatment initially in that all tumours shrank and became impalpable. Two patients died of recurrent carcinoma at 1 and 2 3/4 years respectively. The third has widespread metastases at present controlled by chemotherapy. The possible differences in the behaviour of prostatic carcinoma in negroes are discussed.

Aged↗