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PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the chemical composition and structure of urinary stones and their prevalence in the cities of Moscow, Berlin and of the Kirghiz SSR].

The authors studied the features of urolithiasis in three different geographical regions: Moscow, the Kirghiz SSR, and Berlin from the findings of examination of the composition and structure of uroliths removed by operation or passed spontaneously, (602 concrements from Moscow, 10,000 from Berlin, and 127 from Kirghizia). X-ray diffraction measurement, infrared spectrophotometry, and polarizing microscopy were conducted to analyze the composition and structure of the stones. Complex biochemical examination was carried out in patients from Moscow and Kirghizia. According to the results of the study, the following features of urolithiasis are common in the studied regions: (1) prevalence of oxalate lithiasis on the whole, which points to the principal role of metabolic factors in lithogenesis; (2) approximately similar amounts of apatite carbonate crystals in the uroliths; (3) certain similarity in composition of concrements from Berlin and Kirghizia. The most essential differences are: (1) the frequency of renal oxalate stones is highest in Berlin and lowest in Moscow. The prevalent types of calcium oxalate stones are: whewellite of concentric structure (linked with hyperuricemia) in Kirghizia; whewellite of small randomly orientated crystals (linked with hypercalciuria) and stones with signs of transformation of weddellite to whewellite in Moscow; (2) lesser distribution of phosphate lithiasis in Berlin than in Kirghizia and particularly in Moscow. Prevalence of struvite crystals in stones from Moscow, the formation of which is linked with the vital activity of Proteus and E. coli; (3) higher distribution of urate lithiasis in Moscow and particularly in Kirghizia where significant metabolic risk factors of lithogenesis were revealed.

Berlin↗
PubMed1990

[General risk factors of chronic non-infectious diseases among schoolchildren in Kaunas and Moscow].

Representative samples of 16-year-old school-children including 126 children from Kaunas and 124 children from Moscow were surveyed by one and the same team consisting of researchers from Kaunas and Moscow. The survey indicated a statistically valid higher level of systolic blood pressure among Kaunas schoolchildren as compared to Moscow schoolchildren of the same age group. Diastolic blood pressure was somewhat higher among Moscow schoolchildren. Moscow schoolchildren smoked statistically valid more often and more intensively. During leisure time boys from Kaunas and girls from Moscow were less physically active. A higher level of arterial blood pressure was found among schoolchildren with high rates of IMT and among non-smoking boys. There was no dependence between the duration of physical activity in leisure time and the level of arterial blood pressure. The established correlations between levels of general risk factors for chronic noninfectious diseases (CNID) among Kaunas and Moscow schoolchildren are important for the evaluation of the effectiveness of CNID integrated prevention programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease and of various electrocardiographic changes according to findings of the cooperative Moscow-Kaunas-Minsk study.

In the cooperative study of multifactorial prevention of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), conducted in Moscow, Kaunas and Minsk, the authors investigated and compared the prevalence of IHD, its various forms, ECG changes and the awareness of the IHD patients that they were affected by this disease. Preventive examination of the male population in the 40 to 59 years age group revealed the presence of IHD in 14.8% in Moscow, 10.7% in Kaunas and 14.1% in Minsk. In the male population in Moscow IHD has a more severe course with the prevalence of painful forms, whereas in Kaunas there occur in more than 50% of the patients and in Minsk in 49% painless forms of IHD. Myocardial infarction occurs in Moscow more frequently (3.7%) than in Minsk (3.1%) and in Kaunas (2.5%), and is in Moscow in a higher percentage of cases associated with signs of pronounced cicatricial changes in the myocardium on the ECG. Angina pectoris of effort occurred among persons without MI in Kaunas in 2.4%, in Minsk twice as frequently (4.8%) and in Moscow nearly three times as frequently (6.8%). Of the persons in whom examination established the presence of IHD or angina pectoris of effort, every third in Moscow and every second in Kaunas and Minsk was not aware of their disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Role of migration processes in shaping the marriage structure of the Moscow population. I. The age, place of birth and nationality of those entering marriage].

A genetic-demographic study of the dynamics of the Moscow population marriage structure, with respect to the age of marriage, birthplace and nationality of newlyweds has been carried out by means of sample analysis of 1955 and 1980 marriage records; some other demographic and statistic data obtained during several years were also used. The mean age of marriage being practically constant, the proportion of newlyweds younger than 20 in the reproductive part of the Moscow population was shown to be considerably higher at the beginning of the XX century than at present. The number of couples married at the postreproductive age increased in 1980, as compared with 1955. The process of migration contributing to the genetic structure of subsequent Moscow generations has been characterized quantitatively and from the spatio-geographical point of view. High values (0.57 less than m less than 0.86) of the coefficient of migration to Moscow correspond to the period of non-controlled city population growth. As a result of administrative measures for regulation of the city population growth, the value of the coefficient of migration to Moscow decreased considerably by 1980, though still remained at a rather high level (m=0.40). The mean migration distance increased from 230 km, in the beginning of XIX century to 560 km in 1955 and 1100 in 1980. Especially great was the increase of genetic contribution from Eastern and Southern regions of the USSR. The variability of the national composition also increased. These changes in the geography of migration will cause the increasing reproduction of the entire country gene pool in Moscow as a panmixia center that may result in genetic originality of the Moscow population.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Economic evaluation of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in Moscow, Russian Federation.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of providing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine to children in Moscow in routine immunization services. METHODS: The incidence of Hib meningitis among children aged <5 years in Moscow was obtained from a prospective surveillance study undertaken during October 1999-September 2001, with treatment cost data collected for all cases. Sequelae in surviving children were assessed in December 2002. The costs of Hib vaccination in Moscow were estimated assuming a vaccine price of US dollar 5 per dose and the same four-dose schedule and 97% coverage as for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. The most uncertain variables were varied in a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: The annual incidence of Hib meningitis was 5.7 per 100,000 children <5 years. The average treatment cost for an acute Hib meningitis case was US dollar 1296. For a patient with sequelae, the average additional lifetime discounted treatment cost was US dollar 15,820. The total annual cost of Hib vaccination of infants in Moscow was estimated as US dollar 1.5 million per year. In the base case analysis, the cost-effectiveness ratios amount to US dollar 77,503 per Hib meningitis case averted and US dollar 10,842 per discounted disability adjusted life year averted. The break-even vaccine price, where the annual vaccination costs equal annual treatment costs averted, is only US dollar 0.04 per dose in the base case scenario. If discounted indirect costs are included, the break-even vaccine price is US dollar 0.5 per dose. CONCLUSION: In Moscow, the incidence of Hib meningitis is low and the costs of hospitalization and subsequent medical treatment are relatively inexpensive. Given these factors, Hib vaccine at US dollar 5 per dose would not be a cost-effective option in Moscow at the present time.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed2000

Health-related lifestyles and alienation in Moscow and Helsinki.

Health-related lifestyles (smoking, drinking alcohol, exercise and diet) and feelings of alienation (powerlessness and hopelessness) of the citizens of Helsinki and Moscow are examined and discussed in a framework of life chances and life choices. The data were collected by a postal survey of 18-64 yr old citizens of Helsinki (N = 824) and Moscow (N = 545) in 1991. Almost all respondents in both cities used alcohol, but heavy drinking was more frequently reported in Helsinki. Muscovite men were smokers more often and Muscovite women less often than their counterparts in Helsinki. Nearly half of the Muscovites, but less than one-fifth of the Helsinki respondents considered their diet unhealthy or of poor quality. Regular exercise was much more common among the Finns compared to the Muscovites. The sex difference in health-related lifestyles was wider in Moscow than in Helsinki, especially concerning health-damaging behaviour. Feelings of alienation were more pronounced in Moscow. In both cities alienation was more clearly associated with socioeconomic life chance factors than with lifestyle factors. In Helsinki feelings of alienation had stronger associations both with health and health related lifestyles, which possibly points to a conventional stratification effect of a market-based class society. In Moscow, which represents a more traditional community, alienation seemed to be part of a widely felt general discontent. Health was a highly salient value in both cities, especially among women. In Helsinki a high valuation of health was connected with less smoking, more exercise and a healthier diet. Valuing health did not seem to emerge as a distinct healthy lifestyle in Moscow where behavioural choices were limited by many material constraints.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[The role of migration processes in the formation of marriage structure of Moscow population. II. Assortative mating for the age, birthplace and nationality].

Positive assortative mating for age at marriage, birthplace and nationality has been revealed by means of sample analysis of couples married in Moscow in 1955 and 1980. The correlation coefficient between mates for age at marriage was r = 0.81 in 1955 and r = 0.88 in 1980; the age difference between spouses had a mean of 1.55 and 2.21 years, respectively. The determinative role of migration in forming Moscow population marriage structure accounts for the fact that the greater part of marriages registered in the capital are between migrants from various regions of the USSR or between the Moscow-born and the migrants. The proportion of marriages between individuals born in Moscow has increased over 25 years from 10 to 38%, these values being significantly higher than those expected under random mating between the migrants and the Moscow-born. The contingency coefficient measuring the association between the birthplaces of husband and wife was K = 0.16 in 1955 and K = 0.11 in 1980, the preferential marriage between mates born in the same region being still significant even when marriages are registered in Moscow. The highest degrees of assortative mating were observed for nationality character: K = 0.37 in 1955 and K = 0.28 in 1980. The decrease in these values over the past 25 years has resulted in a slight growth of the proportion of international marriages (from 14.75 to 16.53%) which has not yet reached the level expected under panmixia (about 21%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A multilevel city health profile of Moscow.

This report describes a multilevel city-wide profile of physical health in Moscow, examining individual and urban level factors. Objectives of the paper were to: (1) identify macro and micro risk factors for poor physical health in Moscow;(2) assess the effect of two dimensions of micro determinants--personal health habits and social connectivity, such as social cohesion, social support, and social networks; (3) examine the hypothesis that relative social inequality is a significant structural condition at the community level which influences the physical health of individuals, as a main and as a joint effect with psychosocial behaviors. A random sample of Moscow adults, with household telephones (N = 2000), was collected 17-19 September, 1991, and had a completed interview rate of 81.8%. The questionnaire replicated items from the California Alameda Study and the US Health Interview Survey. Respondents' urban area of residence was linked to macro measures of inequality derived from the Moscow census. This report describes the baseline survey of a prospective study design. Results of this study demonstrate that the social context in a community affects the health of people living there independently from the effects of individual health lifestyle or social connectivity. The structural conditions in Moscow which significantly increased the vulnerability of specific social groups for poor physical health were identified in a hierarchical linear regression: relative social inequality in the form of income inequality; urban area poverty risks; and mean level of alcohol consumption in urban areas. The psychosocial conditions included poor diet, lack of social cohesion and social support, involvement in formal social networks in the form of professional groups. A multilevel theoretical perspective is important for defining the targets of preventive health policy by identifying the structural conditions which increase the health disadvantage of some social groups. Further research is needed in refining the concept of relative social inequality, as well as investigating whether psychosocial factors, such as social cohesion, are mediating links between sick societies and their sick citizens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and intermittent claudication, and distribution of risk factors among middle-aged men in Moscow and Berlin.

The initial examinations of prospective epidemiological studies of the same kind performed in random samples of 50-54 years old men from Moscow and Berlin showed the following prevalence rates (each first figure for Moscow, second for Berlin): ischaemic heart disease 14.4/13.6%, arterial hypertension 18.0/19.0%, intermittent claudication 6.9/3.4%, cigarette smoking 46.5/51.4%, overweight 22.9/21.9%, impaired glucose tolerance 36.6/42.5%. Hypercholesterolaemia (24.6/8.1%) was not comparable because different determination methods were used. In both population samples almost a half of IHD and 1/3-1/2 of hypertension cases were newly detected only by the study examinations. More than 80% of the 50-54 years old men showed the presence of one or more risk factors. The following significant relationships between disease groups and risk factors were found: for IHD, with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for hypertension, with overweight, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for intermittent claudication, with cigarette smoking, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only). These comparative studies demonstrate the benefit and need of further common research and efforts for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.

Berlin↗
PubMed2005

Gender role orientations and alcohol use among Moscow and Toronto adults.

Using self-report data from representative community samples of Moscow and Toronto adults, we examine the effects of sex, masculinity, and femininity on alcohol use. Consistent with prior research, our results show that men in Moscow and Toronto drink significantly more than women; women in both samples tend more toward conventional femininity than men; and masculinity levels are greater among Toronto men relative to Toronto women. Moscow men and women, however, show comparable masculinity levels. Neither masculinity nor femininity explains the sex gap in alcohol use in either sample. However, sex- and sample-specific effects are identified. In Toronto, femininity is associated with higher alcohol use among women. In Moscow, masculinity is associated with lower use among men and higher use among women. The findings provide preliminary support for our assertion that the characteristics of national contexts, such as drinking norms and "Soviet-style socialism" [Cockerham, Snead, and Dewaal (2002). Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 42-55] interact with traditional gender role orientations to influence alcohol use patterns. We suggest that a movement toward culturally sensitive policies that consider sex-specific social expectations and responses may contribute to improved health outcomes across nations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Anxiety about environmental hazards among teenagers in Helsinki, Moscow and Tallinn.

Comparative research of environmental attitudes has concentrated on adults of Western countries, whereas knowledge of environmental consciousness of East European people is modest. This article compares anxiety that teenagers in Helsinki, Moscow and Tallinn express about environmental hazards and their health effects. The data (Helsinki, N = 1396; Moscow, N = 618; Tallinn, N = 1268) were collected in schools by questionnaires from pupils between 13 and 18 years in 1994-1995. Air pollution, water pollution and survival of plant and animal species were considered most worrying environmental threats in every city. Environmental concern was usually highest in Moscow, but the effects of pollution on an individual's health worried Estonian teenagers most. The worry was most consistent in Moscow, where sex, class level or opinion of the state of one's own living environment did not usually have an effect on attitudes. Finnish girls and pupils in higher school classes were environmentally more conscious than boys or younger teenagers. In Tallinn, the sex and age differences in worry were smaller. Environmental worry seemed to have connections to a general sense of responsibility and risk behaviour such as heavy drinking and smoking. For all sites those pupils who often throw empty packages onto the street or into the nature expressed lower environmental concern than their more responsible peers. The differences of worry between the cities were difficult to interpret, but the greater total concern of young Muscovites may be part of their general social anxiety, which is associated with the instability of the Russian society.

Adolescent↗