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PubMed2000

Purification and properties of urease from the leaf of mulberry, Morus alba.

Urease was purified from leaves of mulberry (Morus alba, L.) by ammonium sulfate fractionation, acetone fractionation and sequential column chromatography including Q-Sepharose HP, Phenyl-Sepharose HP, Superdex 200 HR and Mono Q. The enzyme was purified 5700-fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery of 3.6%. The molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 90.5 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and 175 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that the enzyme was a homodimer. In the western blot analysis, 90.5 kDa subunit of the mulberry leaf urease cross-reacted with antiserum raised against jack bean seed urease. The N-terminal sequence of the first 20 residues of the enzyme revealed that it has a high similarity (80-90%) to ureases from other plant sources, suggesting that the mulberry leaf urease is closely related to other plant ureases. However, the mulberry leaf enzyme showed an optimum pH for activity of 9.0, while the optimum pH of most ureases isolated from plants and bacterial is neutral. In addition, the K(m) value for urea was 0.16 mM, which is lower than those of ureases from other sources. It is also proposed that urease activity ingested by browsing silkworm releases ammonia that is subsequently used in silkworm protein synthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Chemistry and biological activities of constituents from Morus australis.

A novel constituent named australone B (1) was further isolated from the cortex of Morus australis (Moraceae). The structure of 1 has been elucidated by one- and two-dimension spectra. In human citrated platelet-rich plasma, 1 showed strong inhibition of aggregation induced by adrenaline in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of about 33.3 microM. Compound 1 (30 microM) also showed inhibitory effects on superoxide anion formation from rat neutrophils stimulated with formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB). Morusin (2) inhibited superoxide anion formation from rat neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 66.9+/-2.5 microM.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Andalasin A, a new stilbene dimer from Morus macroura.

A new stilbene dimer, andalasin A (1), together with the known stilbene oxyresveratrol and the 2-arylbenzofuran glycoside mulberroside C, have been isolated from the wood of Morus macroura. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compound 1 shows weak antinematodal and moderate antifungal properties.

Dimerization↗
PubMed1997

Bioactive constituents of Morus australis and Broussonetia papyrifera.

The biological activities of the active principles of two plants in the Moraceae have been investigated. A new prenylflavonoid, australone A (1), and a new triterpenoid, 3 beta-[(m-methoxybenzoyl)oxy]urs-12-en-28-ioc acid (2) were isolated from the root bark of Morus australis, and their structures determined by spectroscopic methods. Also isolated from this plant were seven known compounds, morusin (3), kuwanon C (4), betulinic acid, beta-amyrin, quercetin, ursolic acid, and compound A. Morusin (3) showed significant effects on arachidonic acid-, collagen-, and PAF-induced platelet aggregation, while kuwanon C (4) was active in the arachidonic acid- and PAF-induced platelet aggregation assays. In biological work on a second plant, Broussonetia papyrifera, broussoflavonols F (5) and G (6), broussoflavan A (7), and broussoaurone A (8) potently inhibited Fe(2+)-induced lipid oxidation in rat-brain homogenate. Compounds 5-7 also significantly inhibited the proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Seasonal alteration in amount of Ca(2+) in apical bud cells of mulberry (Morus bombciz Koidz): an electron microscopy-cytochemical study.

Subcellular localization of calcium in apical bud cells of mulberry (Morus bombciz Koidz) was investigated by a combination of calcium antimonate precipitation and electron microscopy (EM), over a 10-month period extending from July to May. Calcium antimonate deposits, an indication of Ca(2+) localization, were found mainly in the intercellular spaces and vacuoles of tissues collected in summer (e.g., July 10). Few deposits were seen in the cytosol and the nucleus, indicating that when plants were actively growing, the cytoplasm had a low concentration of Ca(2+). As the day length became shorter (e.g., August 8), Ca(2+) deposits increased in the cytosol and the nucleus. When plant dormancy and cold hardiness were rapidly developing in September and October, a large number of Ca(2+) deposits were seen in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, where they remained for about 60 days. Tissue samples collected during midwinter (e.g., January 20) displayed few Ca(2+) deposits in the cytoplasm and the nucleus compared with the sample collected on November 1. The number of Ca(2+) deposits remained low even when day length increased in the spring (e.g., May 5). We conclude that the seasonal dynamics of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration bear a close relationship with growth cessation and the development of dormancy and cold hardiness in temperate woody perennials.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1988

Lateral bud outgrowth on decapitated shoots of low-pruned mulberry (Morus alba L.).

After decapitation, lateral shoot growth of mulberry coppice (Morus alba L. cv. Shin-ichinose) from 10-year-old stumps had an extremely acrotonic form compared with that of intact one-year-old stems of trees during the spring. When one dominant shoot from each stump was decapitated, only a few upper lateral buds grew out and elongated. Defoliation of the decapitated shoots resulted in an increase in the number of shoots sprouting and a decrease in the rate of elongation of the laterals. Further enhancement of laterals on decapitated dominant shoots resulted from the removal of competing intact coppice shoots from the stumps. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a spray reduced the number of lateral buds sprouting from both defoliated, decapitated erect shoots and intact horizontally trained shoots. The results suggest that management of mulberry coppice could increase the supply of leaves for commercial silk production.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Variations in amounts of carbohydrates, amino acids and adenine nucleotides in mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) stems during transitional phases of growth.

Quantitative changes in carbohydrates, amino acids and adenine nucleotides in the stems of mulberry trees (Morus alba L., cv. Shin-ichinose) were followed from spring to early summer and from autumn to early spring. Both ATP and ADP content of stems increased before bud break, whereas the content of sucrose, the most abundant sugar among the stem carbohydrates, decreased. The sucrose content fell to its lowest value at the beginning of May, and then increased rapidly, whereas the starch content decreased suggesting consumption of reserve carbohydrate and simultaneous accumulation of current photosynthate. This was confirmed by studies in which reserve carbohydrates were labeled with (14)CO(2). Proline content of stems increased from the time of leaf shedding until early spring. Although it was the most abundant amino acid at the time of bud break, proline rapidly decreased as new shoots developed and was hardly detectable by the beginning of May. The asparagine and arginine contents increased transiently following bud break, and then decreased toward summer. Transient increases in glutamine and arginine were noted at the time of leaf shedding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Chemical and Biophysical Changes in the Plasma Membrane during Cold Acclimation of Mulberry Bark Cells (Morus bombycis Koidz. cv Goroji).

The lipid and protein composition of the plasma membrane isolated from mulberry (Morus bombycis Koidz.) bark cells was analyzed throughout the cold acclimation period under natural and controlled environment conditions. There was a significant increase in phospholipids and unsaturation of their fatty acids during cold acclimation. The ratio of sterols to phospholipids decreased with hardiness, primarily due to the large increase in phospholipids. The fluidity of the plasma membrane, as determined by fluorescent polarization technique, increased with hardiness. Electrophoresis of plasma membrane proteins including glycoproteins revealed change in banding pattern during the early fall to winter period. Some of the protein changes could be related to growth cessation and defoliation. However, minor changes in proteins also occurred during the most active period of hardening. Changes in glycoproteins were coincident both with changes in growth stages and with the development of cold hardiness.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The crystals of a mannose-specific jacalin-related lectin from Morus nigra are merohedrally twinned.

MornigaM, a lectin from Morus nigra, belongs to the mannose-binding subgroup of the family of jacalin-related plant lectins. It was crystallized in the P6(5) space group, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 110.74, c = 159.28 A. The partially merohedrally twinned crystals could be detwinned and a subsequent molecular-replacement solution could be found using the coordinates of jacalin. Preliminary analysis clearly shows the tetrameric assembly of this protein. Furthermore, data from MornigaM crystals soaked in a mannose solution were collected.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2000

Two flavonoids from the leaves of Morus alba induce differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell line.

Two flavonoids, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and quercetin-3,7-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), were isolated from the leaves of Morus alba (Moraceae). These two flavonoids exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) at the concentration of 2 x 10(-4) M. Compound 2 also induced differentiation of the HL-60 cell line to express CD 66b and CD 14 antigens. These flavonoids exhibited significant free radical scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1993

Two new 2-arylbenzofuran derivatives from hypoglycemic activity-bearing fractions of Morus insignis.

Ethyl acetate- and n-butanol-soluble fractions of the leaves of Morus insignis showed a significant hypoglycemic activity on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. From these hypoglycemic activity-showing fractions, two new compounds, mulberrofuran U (2) and moracin M-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) were isolated, along with six known compounds [beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, ursolic acid, moracin M (1), kaempferol-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside] and the structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Studies on the constituents of the leaves of Morus alba L.

Two novel prenylflavanes (1, 2) and a glycoside (3) of 1 were isolated along with six known compounds, isoquercitrin (4), astragalin (5), scopolin (6), skimmin (7), roseoside II (8) and benzyl D-glucopyranoside (9), from the leaves of Morus alba. The inhibitory activities of compounds 1, 2 and 3 on the oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) were investigated.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2002

Five new nortropane alkaloids and six new amino acids from the fruit of Morus alba LINNE growing in Turkey.

Investigation of the constituents of the fruits of Morus alba LINNE (Moraceae) afforded five new nortropane alkaloids (1-5) along with nor-psi-tropine (6) and six new amino acids, morusimic acids A-F (7-12). The structures of the new compounds were determined to be 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxynortropane (1), 2beta,3beta-dihydroxynortropane (2), 2alpha,3beta,6exo-trihydroxynortropane (3), 2alpha,3beta,4alpha-rihydroxynortropane (4), 3beta,6exo-dihydroxynortropane (5), (3R)-3-hydroxy-12-[(1S,4S)-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-pyrrolidin-1-yll-dodecanoic acid-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), (3R)-3-hydroxy-12-[(1S,4S)-4-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-pyrrolidin-1-yll-dodecanoic acid (8), (3R)-3-hydroxy-12-1(1R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-piperidin-1-yll-dodecanoic acid-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), (3R)-3-hydroxy-12-[(1R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-piperidin-1-yll-dodecanoic acid (10), (3R)-3-hydroxy-12-[(1R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-piperidin-1-yl]-dodecanoic acid-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11), and (3R)-3-hydroxy-12-[(1R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-piperidin-1-yl]-dodecanoic acid (12) on the basis of spectral and chemical data.

Alkaloids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antinociceptive properties of morusin, a prenylflavonoid isolated from Morus nigra root bark.

The antinociceptive effects of morusin (1), the main prenylflavonoid present in the Morus nigra root barks have been investigated in classical models of pain in mice. The results showed that 1 exhibits a promising antinociceptive or analgesic profile by the intraperitoneal route, being more potent than some standard drugs used as reference. The mechanism by which the morusin exerts antinociceptive activity still remains undetermined, but our results strongly suggest that it involves the participation of the opioid system.

Analgesics↗
PubMed2002

Sarcocystis meningoencephalitis in a northern gannet (Morus bassanus).

Sarcocystis sp. schizonts were found in the cerebellum of a northern gannet (Morus bassanus), exhibiting neurologic signs, found on the Florida (USA) east coast. Based upon molecular characterization of DNA isolated from the brain of the gannet, this Sarcocystis sp. appeared to be closely related, if not identical, to an unnamed Sarcocystis sp. typified by isolates 1085 and 1086 collected from feces of a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) on the east coast of Florida. Because the life cycle of this parasite appears to be land based, urban waste discharge to marine/estuarine environments may be a source of infection for marine species.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Morphological changes in the endocrine pancreas of the rabbit after the administration of a Morus alba extract].

The authors examined the effect of an extract, obtained from the leaves of the plant Morus alba on beta-cells of the endocrine pancreas of a rabbit after subcutaneous and parenteral administration. The most manifested morphologic changes were observed after subcutaneous administration under the conditions of a chronic experiment. There were degranulation of beta-cells of the Langerhans islets of these animals developed at various degree and discovered by means of a light and electrone microscope.

Animals↗