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PubMedDate not supplied

Cancer coverage in mass-circulating Canadian women's magazines.

Mass media can inform health beliefs and shape cancer control behaviours. This study surveyed cancer coverage in 309 issues of Canadian women's magazines for the period 1991-1997. Magazines were selected if 1996 revenue > $10 million and circulation > 500,000; Canadian Living, Chatelaine, Flare and Homemaker's met these criteria. The volume of cancer coverage varied significantly by year and by magazine. However, coverage of specific cancers did not reflect their contribution as a cause of cancer death in Canadian women. The percentage of articles on lung cancer was lower and on breast cancer was higher than the percentage of deaths due to these cancers. All magazines had decreased coverage of lung cancer in 1997 compared to 1991. National cancer resource agencies and research initiatives on breast cancer were infrequently mentioned. These results argue for greater partnerships between the media and health educators to enhance balanced dissemination of cancer control information to Canadian women.

Canada↗
PubMed2002

Rudolf Virchow and presentation of his scientific achievement in Polish medical magazines in the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century.

The development of pathological anatomy in the second half of the 19th century was mainly associated with the scientific activity of Rudolf Virchow. Last year we celebrated the 180th birth anniversary and this year the 100th death anniversary of this outstanding man. The paper presents the scientific achievements of Rudolf Virchow as it was presented in Polish medical magazines in the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century. In 1858, his theory of cellular pathology became a basis for the understanding and fight against pathologic processes in living organisms. The theory also contributed to an increased interest in pathologic anatomy, especially histopathology and Virchow himself. In 1859 an extensive summary of the article, issued a year before, entitled "Cellular pathology based on physiological and pathological theory of tissues" appeared in the subsequent issues of "Tygodnik Lekarski" ("Medical Weekly"). Also a translation of the XI chapter of "Cellular pathology..." devoted to nerve tissue appeared in the same magazine. This is the only treatise in Polish on the most important work in the history of pathological anatomy of the 19th century. Three years later, in 1862, Włodzimierz Brodowski delivered to the students of Medical and Surgery Academy in Warsaw a lecture "Introduction to the lecture on pathological anatomy" which was later printed in "Pamietnik Towarzystwa Lekarskiego Warszawskiego" ("Diary of Warsaw Medical Association"). He presented the development of pathological anatomy along with the achievements of Virchow. Brodowski was the first Polish anatomopathologist who lectured to students on Virchow's theory. Moreover, a paper "Scientific activity of Rudolf Virchow and its importance for medicine" by Edward Przewoski was published in the series "Clinical Lectures" issued by the editors of "Gazeta Lekarska" ("Medical Magazine") in 1892. The article included a detailed description of the scientific activity of that outstanding scholar. Apart from the above mentioned examples, Virchow's opinion not only on pathological anatomy and medicine but also on, for example, anthropology was often presented. Rudolf Virchow's death was announced in all the then Polish medical magazines.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1965

MEDICAL ARTICLES IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN MAGAZINES.

Formal medical publication began in the United States with The Medical Repository in 1797. Between 1741, the date of the first American magazine, and 1797 medical articles were included in general magazines. This study deals with ten representative magazines and reviews their general content. The varying content of the medical articles is analyzed into broad categories, and several important physicians, contributors to the magazines, are discussed. The Medical Repository is treated as a culmination of eighteenth century medical publication.

Ethnicity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tobacco advertising and coverage of smoking and health in women's magazines.

This study examines the extent of tobacco advertising and the coverage of smoking and health in all Irish produced women's magazines for 1989-93. There were 805 pieces in 402 magazines of which 684 (85%) were tobacco advertisements, 48 (5.7%) were new briefs; 27 (3.4%) were advice columns; 16 (2%) were feature articles; 15 (1.9%) were health promotion advertisements dealing with smoking and pregnancy; 10 (1.2%) were letters and 5 (0.61%) were editorials. Topics covered by the 106 articles on smoking were: smoking cessation-43 (40.6%); general health issues 35 (33%); smoking in pregnancy-4 (3.8%) and passive smoking 17 (16%). Of the 106 articles, 4 were negative about measures to control smoking. Four cigarette brands accounted for 70% of the advertisements. No tobacco advertisement carried the warning that "Smoking when pregnant harms your baby" or "Smoking kills". The 385002 cm2 of space devoted to tobacco advertising and negative messages about the dangers of tobacco and health represents 1.95% of total magazine space and is 14.5 times greater than the 26575 cm2 of positive messages about the dangers of smoking. That these magazines advertise tobacco without adequately covering the harmful effects of tobacco would suggest a degree of hypocrisy in their stated concern for women's health and lends further strength to the principle of a total ban on all tobacco advertising.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

Do tobacco companies avoid proper use of warnings in magazine ads?

By law, cigarette advertisements in magazines must contain one of four surgeon general's warnings and these warnings must be rotated quarterly. This study surveyed the top 13 magazines by paid subscription in the United States that accept cigarette advertising to determine if cigarette companies are compliant with this law. All issues of these magazines published during 1990 were surveyed yielding 1329 ads. Goodness of fit chi-square was used to compare observed distributions of each warning with the expected distribution. There were no significant differences in the number of times each warning appeared over the year or in each magazine. The tobacco industry as a whole appears to follow the guidelines of the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, though 2 of 6 companies and 8 of 32 brands appear to advertise more heavily when using certain warnings and less heavily when other warnings are utilized.

Advertising↗
PubMed2004

Sex differences in adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines.

OBJECTIVES: To measure girls' and boys' exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines and to compare this exposure with that of legal-age persons. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS: Alcohol advertisements (N = 6239) in 103 national magazines for which placement, audience, and cost data for 2001 and 2002 were available, categorized by year, beverage type, and brand. Placement and readership (age and sex) data generated estimates of media exposure for the age groups 12 to 20, 21 to 34, and 21 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gross rating points, an advertising industry standard measure of the level of media exposure of a given population, and gross rating point ratios comparing exposure of different demographic groups. RESULTS: Alcohol companies spent 590.4 million US dollars to place 471 beer and ale advertisements (8%), 4748 distilled spir-its advertisements (76%), 116 low-alcohol refresher advertisements (2%), and 904 advertisements for wine (14%) in magazines in 2001 and 2002. In 2002, underage youth saw 45% more beer and ale advertising, 12% more distilled spirits advertising, 65% more low-alcohol refresher advertising, and 69% less advertising for wine than persons 21 years and older. Girls aged 12 to 20 years were more likely to be exposed to beer, ale, and low-alcohol refresher advertising than women in the group aged 21 to 34 or women in the group aged 21 years and older. Girls' exposure to low-alcohol refresher advertising increased by 216% from 2001 to 2002, while boys' exposure increased 46%. CONCLUSION: Exposure of underage girls to alcohol advertising is substantial and increasing, pointing to the failure of industry self-regulation and the need for further action.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Read all about it: the over-representation of breast cancer in popular magazines.

BACKGROUND: While women are far more likely to develop and die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than breast cancer, research has shown that they markedly overestimate their personal risks of breast cancer and underestimate their CVD risks. The source of this disparity is not yet known, although increased media attention to breast cancer relative to CVD has been suggested to play a role. The purpose of the present study was to provide a first critical test of this possibility. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) the number of breast cancer articles would be greater than the number of CVD articles; and (b) this disparity in coverage would increase over the years. METHODS: A web-based search engine was used to quantify all breast cancer and cardiovascular disease articles (keyword search) in 73 popular magazines on a annual basis for a 10-year interval (1990-1999). RESULTS: Consistent with study hypotheses, breast cancer articles outnumbered CVD articles, and this disparity widened over the years (P < 0.0001). This disparity was not limited to specific magazine categories (e.g., women's interest). CONCLUSIONS: Over-representation of breast cancer vis-a-vis CVD is pervasive in popular magazines. Future research should investigate how such disparities in the media may influence risk perceptions, adoption of preventive health behaviors, and compliance with screening guidelines.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1987

Violence in Playboy magazine: a longitudinal analysis.

This paper analyzes the amount of violence in cartoons and pictorials from January 1954, through December 1983 in Playboy magazine. Inasmuch as the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography and Obscenity has focused upon magazines such as Playboy as potentially harmful to society because of the violence merged with sex, such an analysis is appropriate at this time. Each cartoon and pictorial for each issue of Playboy for the 30-year-period was examined for violent depictions. The average number of violent cartoons for the 30-year-period was 6.92/year or 0.58/issue. The average number of violent pictorials was less with an average of 1.89/year or 0.16/issue. The ratio of violent cartoons or pictorials to the total number of cartoons or pictorials was small. The ratio of violent cartoons to all cartoons was 25.2/1000 and for violent pictorials to all pictorials it was 8.6/1000. Moreover, the ratio of violent cartoons to total pages was 2.86/1000 and for violent pictorials 0.78/1000 pages. Although the overall number and ratio of violent cartoons and pictorials in Playboy over the 30-year-period examined was rare, a major question addressed was whether the amount of violence was increasing. Rather than a linear relation, a curvilinear relationship was observed with the amount of violence on the decrease in recent years. Although the effects of violence in sexual material is still being debated, those who argue for greater censorship of magazines such as Playboy because of its depictions of violence need a new rationale to justify their position.

Cartoons as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Cigarette advertising in magazines for Latinas, White women, and men, 1998--2002: a preliminary investigation.

Cigarette ads in popular magazines play a role in smoking and in brand preferences among women and men, but few studies have analyzed ads directed at women vs men, and no study has examined ads directed at women of different ethnic groups. Hence, we examined cigarette ads in popular magazines for White women, Latinas, and men 1998 through 2002 for the first time. Significant differences in the number of cigarette ads by magazine audience were found, along with significant differences in the type and brands of cigarettes advertised to each group. These preliminary findings suggest that the tobacco industry may target women in a manner that differs from its targeting of men, and may target Latinas in a manner that it does not target White women. Results are discussed in terms of the need for further research on tobacco ads directed at women.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Speaking of women's 'nameless misery': the everyday construction of depression in Australian women's magazines.

In this article we examine the tensions between current Australian depression policy directions and lay beliefs about depression as constructed and circulated through popular media at a time when mental health education discourses are also promoting 'depression literacy' [Parslow & Jorm, 2002. Medical Journal of Australia, 177(7), 117-121]. Drawing upon research into articles on depression published in two women's magazines before and after the promulgation of the National Action Plan for Depression [Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 2000. National action plan for depression. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care-Mental Health and Special Programs Branch] we identify the cultural context of certain lay beliefs about depression as articulated through personal and celebrity stories, advice columns and resource links. The depression literacy literature privileges biomedical and psychological expertise in explaining depression and promoting help-seeking behaviour. In contrast, the magazine discourses foreground an individualising discourse of depression as a problem of self-management while also referring to biomedical expertise. They emphasise women's abilities to manage difficult life events and to build informal supportive relationships, which reinforces dominant notions of feminine identity as concerned with balancing competing gender demands. We critique the national policy on depression literacy as taking insufficient account of women's belief structures, which leads, for example, to a limited analysis of stigma. We also critique policy for not engaging sufficiently with the gendered nature of depression and its relation to social inequities, something the magazines replicate.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1996

Trends in photoprotection in American fashion magazines, 1983-1993. will fashion make you look old and ugly?

BACKGROUND: During the past 50 years recreational sun exposure has greatly increased in the United States. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the photoprotecion message of American fashion magazines and to identify recent trends. METHODS: We evaluated models for tan, skin exposure, and other sun-related criteria in six leading fashion magazines between 1983 and 1993. We also recorded the number of sunscreen advertisements and sun awareness articles. RESULTS: We evaluated 3031 models. Adult models had darker tans and greater skin exposure than adolescents and children. Men had darker tans than women. We noted trends toward lighter tans, more women wearing hats, more sunscreen advertisements, and sun awareness articles. Many sunscreen advertisements glorified tanning. Their models had darker tans and more skin exposure, and fewer wore a hat than did nonadvertisement models. CONCLUSION: The fashion industry and especially sunsreen manufacturers promote excessive sun exposure. Although we found encouraging trends, gains were modest, especially in men's magazines.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

What are popular magazines telling young women about pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding and parenting?

Popular magazines are an important source of health and lifestyle information for young women. This study aimed to investigate the extent and nature of the information presented about pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding and parenting. Content analysis of four monthly popular magazines over a period of one year reveals that references to pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding were contained in thirty-six (75%) of the forty-eight magazines reviewed. Many of these references represent a useful source of information, but there are a number of meddlesome or destructive themes, specifically weight gain in pregnancy, lack of control in your life, the 'agony' of childbirth and the negative impact childbirth has on marital relationships and career.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2003

Reading magazine articles about dieting and associated weight control behaviors among adolescents.

The purpose was to examine the sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents who read magazine articles about dieting/weight loss and the relationship between reading these types of magazine articles and psychosocial well-being and weight control behaviors. Dieting-related magazine exposure was associated with indicators of psychosocial distress and unhealthy dieting; interventions that address media consumption should reach out to all youth regardless of ethnic and social backgrounds

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Whose interests are served by the portrayal of childbearing women in popular magazines for women?

This research report addresses the question 'Whose interests are served by the portrayal of childbearing in popular magazines for women?'. The methodology was feminist content analysis using semiology. Sixty-nine womens' magazines of women's were assessed for analysis and four were finally selected because they represented a detailed description of women's thoughts and feelings about birth. This paper presents a single in-depth analysis as an exemplar of how childbearing is portrayed in popular magazine's for women.

Australia↗
PubMed1997

Cancer coverage and tobacco advertising in African-American women's popular magazines.

Mass circulating magazines offer an opportunity to inform large segments of the population about preventive health behaviors relevant for cancer control. We collected information about the number and type of cancer articles from January 1987 through December 1994 in Jet, Ebony and Essence magazines. These magazines each have a principal readership of African-American women and a paid circulation of 1,000,000 or more annually. Cancer articles were counted if the content was gender neutral or specifically targeted for women. There were 84 articles on cancer including 6 on lung cancer and 3 on other tobacco-related cancers. Nine additional references to lung cancer were mentioned under the general cancer category, but lung cancer was not the primary focus of the articles. There were 24 articles on breast cancer and 9 on cervical cancer over the 8 year period. Most of the articles (> 70%) were short fillers of less than one page in length. A prevention focus was included in 42.2%, 75.0%, and 71.0% of the cancer articles in Jet, Ebony, and Essence respectively. Of the 649 health articles, 116 were on cardiovascular disease. In contrast, there were 1,477 tobacco advertisements over the 8 years. The number of cancer articles was not significantly associated with the number of tobacco advertisements. Because tobacco-related cancers are entirely preventable and contribute to the significant cancer burden, the lack of coverage of tobacco-related cancers is a missed opportunity for health promotion among African-American females.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Changes in the Caucasian male facial profile as depicted in fashion magazines during the twentieth century.

The purposes of this study were to (1) measure changes in the young adult Caucasian male profile through time and (2) describe the male profile depicted in current fashion magazines. Profile photographs (n = 116) of male models collected from leading fashion magazines of the last 65 years were analyzed. They were reproduced as slides, and the images were scanned and projected onto a computer monitor. Soft tissue landmarks were digitized and the profiles were corrected for size differences. Six linear, nine angular, and three proportional parameters were measured. Anteroposterior lip position, lip curl, and vermilion area showed statistically significant correlations (r > or = 31, p < 0.01) with the progression of time. Other angular measurements and vertical facial proportions did not change significantly (r < or = 17, p > 0.05). The results showed that (1) the male profile depicted in fashion magazines has changed significantly with time and the changes were in the area of the lips; and (2) there was a trend of increasing lip protrusion, lip curl, and vermilion display. We conclude that similar to the female profile, the esthetic male profile has changed with time.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Stories about breast cancer in Australian women's magazines: information sources for risk, early detection and treatment.

Sixty articles in five Australian women's magazines were analyzed for journalistic qualities, metaphors, narrative features and accuracy of clinical facts related to risk, early detection and treatment of breast cancer. The stories were features, news features or soft news stories. The stories reflected the 'good news' editorial style of women's magazines. A dominant theme in the stories was that early detection of breast cancer is crucial and equals survival. While there were few inaccuracies in the stories, there was little detail of treatment modalities, an emphasis on lifestyle as a risk factor and a prevailing message that a genetic history of breast cancer means you will get it. A major implication of the findings is that nurses, who provide information to women, must be aware of the goals of journalists and the educational power of narrative logic of stories in women's magazines.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Internalizing the impossible: anorexic outpatients' experiences with women's beauty and fashion magazines.

A growing body of research has linked the readership of women's beauty and fashion magazines with the development and perpetuation of anorexic behaviors in some young women. Although we know the link exists, little is known about the actual cognitive processes and the ways in which at risk women "use" these magazines to internalize the impossible thin ideal that appears to drive the illness. To understand this phenomenon and the process of internalization in greater depth, the authors conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 28 outpatients at an eating disorder treatment facility in the western United States. Using a grounded theory approach, the authors' analysis provides a detailed description drawn from the patients' personal accounts of how the magazines have influenced their lives and eating-disordered behaviors.

Journal Article↗