Immigration measures relating to illegal children immigrants, January 1989.
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Adolescent↗
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Decree-Law No. 86/88/M, 12 September 1988.
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Asia↗
The VUV Absorption Spectrum of the Tin Monoxide Molecule
The absorption spectrum of heated SnO between 2000 and 300 A has been recorded using the facilities of the SuperACO synchrotron at Orsay, France. New bands have been observed which supplement the data on the previously known systems of SnO. Newly discovered Rydberg series have confirmed the four ionization potentials observed or calculated by Dyke et al. (1982. Chem. Phys. 67, 245). Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Copyright 1998Academic Press
Journal Article↗
The VUV Absorption Spectra of SiF and SiF+
The absorption spectrum of a microwave discharge (2450 MHz) in flowing helium with traces of SiF4 has been recorded on the SA61 beam line of SUPERACO between 2000 and 500 Å. Two new ionization energies have been observed at 15.12 and 17.27 eV corresponding, respectively, to the A1Pi and B1Sigma+ states of SiF+. The A1Pi <-- X1Sigma+ transition of the ion has been identified for the first time on high-resolution spectra obtained in 1992 with the 35-foot Eagle spectrograph in Meudon. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Journal Article↗
Rydberg States of SiCl.
A fluorescence spectrum, excited by the synchrotron radiation of Superaco in a microwave discharge through He + SiCl(4), leads to the observation of five new electronic states of SiCl, converging to the ground X(1)Sigma(+) state of the SiCl(+) ion. The (n s varsigma) and (n p pi) Rydberg series are extended respectively to n = 6 and n = 7. A new ionization limit is observed in absorption at 11.238 eV corresponding to the a(3)Pi electronic state of SiCl(+). Four new states are observed which converge to that limit. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
Journal Article↗
Modes of transmission for Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura among Chinese children in Macao City.
To obtain more information on the transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in Macao City, 308 Chinese children were surveyed. The infection rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were 14.9 and 6.8%, respectively. There was no association between the infections. A. lumbricoides infection was associated with age and T. trichiura with new immigrants from China. No association was found between the infections and family socio-economic factors. The results suggest that the modes of transmission for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura may be different in highly urbanized areas.
Adolescent↗
Prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among Chinese schoolchildren in Macao City.
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Adolescent↗
Leachates of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash from Macao: heavy metal concentrations and genotoxicity.
Heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) may leach into soil and groundwater and pose long-term risks to the environment. In this study, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was carried out on the MSWIBA from Macao. Heavy metals in leachates were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and genotoxicity of leachates was also evaluated by micronucleus (MN) assay with Vicia faba root tip cells. The results showed that the concentrations of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in the leachates were less than 0.01 mg l(-1), and those of iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) were less than 0.1 mg l(-1). The concentrations of chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), selemium (Se), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and caesium (Cs) were between 0.11 mg l(-1) and 2.19 mg l(-1). Lead (Pb) concentrations, in particular, reached as high as 19.6 mg l(-1), significantly exceeding the maximum concentration limit (5 mg l(-1) for lead by TCLP). Compared with the negative group, a significant increase of MN frequencies was observed in the leachate-exposed groups (P<0.05). With the increase of heavy metals in the leachates, the toxic effects on the Vicia faba root tip cells increased, implying that heavy metals were the main factors causing the genotoxic effects. Our results suggested that apart from chemical analysis, bioassays like the MN assay of Vicia faba root tip cells should also be included in a battery of tests to assess the eco-environmental risks of bottom ashes before decisions can be made on the utilization, treatment or disposal.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗
Solid waste management in Macao: practices and challenges.
The rapid economic development and population growth in Macao have resulted in a large increase in refuse generated over the past decade. In 2003, the quantity of solid waste generated reached 249,255 tons, corresponding to 1.52 kg/day per capita. This figure has been gradually increasing. Domestic solid waste is the primary source of solid waste generation. The data showed that a considerable amount of the solid waste generated can be recycled and reutilized. Due to Macao's small geographic area and high cost of land, landfilling has the lowest priority for waste disposal. Solid waste incineration has been given a top priority over other waste disposal methods although it is much more expensive. In the last decade, more than 80% of the total waste in Macao was incinerated. However, the incineration capacity of the Macao Incineration Plant is going to reach its saturation earlier than expected. Waste minimization, the establishment of an effective waste collection and disposal fee system, and alternate ways dealing with the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities are regarded to be major challenges in the future.
Industrial Waste↗
Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China: an overview.
In the Pearl River Delta of China, the rapidly developing industrial and agricultural activities, municipal development and use of chemicals caused serious environmental problems. This report summarizes the published scientific data on POPs in the environment of the Pearl River Delta, including the levels of POPs in the air, water, soil, river and estuarine sediments, the marine organisms like fish and shellfish in this region. The data preliminarily reveal the state of contamination in this region and give insight into the fate of POPs in this sub-tropical area. However, most research in this area is limited to a few kinds of POP compounds.
Animals↗
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aerosols and dustfall in Macao.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), widespread environmental pollutants, have been measured in aerosols and dustfall in Macao. In this paper, we compare concentration distributions and determine the partitioning of PAHs in aerosols and dustfall for different areas, sampling times and sampling heights. The results demonstrate that the concentrations of sigmaPAHs in aerosols and dustfall vary at the different sites and heights. The concentrations of sigmaPAHs and most of the individual PAHs in aerosols at night were higher than those in the daytime when using the unit of microg/g and lower than those when using the unit of microg m(-3). It is shown that the distribution of individual PAHs in aerosols differs significantly from that in dustfall.
Aerosols↗
Conditions for efficient chaos-based communication.
We find the conditions for a chaotic system to transmit a general source of information efficiently. Transmission of information with very low probability of error is possible if the topological entropy of the transmitted wave signal is greater than or equal to the Shannon entropy of the source message minus the conditional entropy coming from the limitations of the channel (such as equivocation by the noise). This condition may not be always satisfied both due to dynamical constraints and due to the nonoptimal use of the dynamical partition. In both cases, we describe strategies to overcome these limitations.
Communication↗
Analysis of chaotic saddles in high-dimensional dynamical systems: the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.
This paper presents a methodology to study the role played by nonattracting chaotic sets called chaotic saddles in chaotic transitions of high-dimensional dynamical systems. Our methodology is applied to the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, a reaction-diffusion partial differential equation. The paper describes a novel technique that uses the stable manifold of a chaotic saddle to characterize the homoclinic tangency responsible for an interior crisis, a chaotic transition that results in the enlargement of a chaotic attractor. The numerical techniques explained here are important to improve the understanding of the connection between low-dimensional chaotic systems and spatiotemporal systems which exhibit temporal chaos and spatial coherence.
Algorithms↗
Control of chaos and its relevancy to spacecraft steering.
In 1990, a seminal work named controlling chaos showed that not only the chaotic evolution could be controlled, but also the complexity inherent in the chaotic dynamics could be exploited to provide a unique level of flexibility and efficiency in technological uses of this phenomenon. Control of chaos is also making substantial contribution in the field of astrodynamics, especially related to the exciting issue of low-energy transfer. The purpose of this work is to bring up the main ideas regarding the control of chaos and targeting, and to show how these techniques can be extended to Hamiltonian situations. We give realistic examples related to astrodynamics problems, in which these techniques are unique in terms of efficiency related to low-energy spacecraft transfer and in-orbit stabilization.
Algorithms↗
Integrated chaotic communication scheme
We present the characteristics and an analysis of a proposed communication scheme fully based on chaos theory. The key point is that the proposed scheme introduces the dynamical system as a way to encode and decode information and as a signal wave generator. In this scheme, all the protocols used to communicate digitally are fully integrated into one single design based on a chaotic modulation process. The chaotic encoder finds a set of trajectories that codes the information into a hard to decode chaotic wave form that carries a large amount of information. We also show how our scheme can handle multiplexing, which is also used as a way to enhance security, and its ability to handle noise.
Journal Article↗
Driving trajectories in chaotic scattering.
In this work we introduce a general approach for targeting in chaotic scattering that can be used to find a transfer trajectory between any two points located inside the scattering region. We show that this method can be used in association with a control of chaos strategy to drive around and keep a particle inside the scattering region. As an illustration of how powerful this approach is, we use it in a case of practical interest in celestial mechanics in which it is desired to control the evolution of two satellites that evolve around a large central body.
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Active synchronization in nonhyperbolic hyperchaotic systems.
We propose a methodology to address the outstanding problem of synchronization in nonhyperbolic hyperchaotic physical systems. Our approach makes use of a controlling-chaos strategy that accomplishes the task by transmitting only one scalar signal even in the presence of noise.
Journal Article↗
High-dimensional interior crisis in the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.
An investigation of interior crisis of high dimensions in an extended spatiotemporal system exemplified by the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation is reported. It is shown that unstable periodic orbits and their associated invariant manifolds in the Poincaré hyperplane can effectively characterize the global bifurcation dynamics of high-dimensional systems.
Journal Article↗