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PubMed1979

Clinical myiasis.

Human clinical myiasis is a rare entity in temperate zones, but it is of frequent occurrence among indigenous populations in tropical countries. The physician in practice in temperate zones, especially in urban areas, will generally see cases in those who have returned from rural travel or duty tours in tropical countries.Temperate zone physicians by training and clinical services frequently are not prepared to accurately diagnose and treat cases of myiasis. This paper is a report of experiences and records of cases of myiasis and is intended to alert temperate zone physicians to the possibilities of myiasis among a limited number of their patients.

Child↗

PubMed1984

[A report of self-amputation of the penis with subsequent complication of myiasis].

A 38-year-old male was admitted to our emergency ward on Oct. 27, 1982, because of severe pain at his penoscrotum. Upon physical finding on admission, his penis was found to have been completely amputated 2 cm distally near the root with a razor by himself to commit suicide a few days before admission. On the affected part were much coagulated blood mass and slough and moreover there were 50 maggots about 5 mm long swarming and wrigling, but no bleeding yet and little sign of inflammation. After exclusion of these maggots and cleaning the slashed surface, cutaneous urethrostomy was performed. Postoperative course was favorable but we could not prevent the patient from leaping to his death 45 days after the operation. Self-amputation of the penis with subsequent complication of myiasis is a very rare condition. Since the report of self-amputation of the penis by Matsushita in 1937, this case is the 16 th in Japan. In most cases the patients had mental disorder. In this case the patient was schizoid. On the other hand, 133 cases of myiasis were reported in Japan from 1903 to 1983. In the present case the species that caused myiasis was Lucilia ampullacea. A very rare case of self-amputation of the penis with subsequent complication of myiasis is documented with a review of the literature on this subject.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Myiasis in humans: an overview and a report of two cases in the Republic of Panama.

This paper on myiasis provides varied references from documented sources as an overall review. A review of two case studies, a primary screwworm (cochliomyia hominivorax) infestation and a human botfly (Dermatobia hominis) infestation, as well as information on approaches to positive intervention and remediation are presented. Human myiasis found in the subtropical and tropical regions of the world is a health threat. As a result of the military's expanding role in medical support to various regions where myiasis is endemic, this paper serves to familiarize health care providers with this condition and to provide guidance when dealing with patients affected by myiasis.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Persistence of human myiasis by Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae) among shepherds of the Etnean area (Sicily) for over 150 years.

From a study carried out in 22 townships of the Etnean area, by interviewing 112 shepherds, it was confirmed that 90 of them (80.3%), once or more in their lives, had contracted myiasis by Oestrus ovis L., habitual agent of estriasis in sheep. The most frequent sites of involvement were the pharynx (77 times), often extending to the larynx, the conjunctiva (56), followed by the nose (32) and rarely the ear (1). Multiple simultaneous sites involvement was also frequent affecting 54.4% of the shepherds. The chief symptom was pain, sometimes accompanied by fever and malaise. The shepherds go rarely to see a doctor (only 7 out of 90), the greater part preferring traditional remedies. It is curious to note that myiasis associated with Oe. ovis was already observed more than 150 years ago by a Sicilian physician, G. A. Galvagni, who had pointed out the high incidence of the myiasis in shepherds in the area. The persistence of human myiasis in the Etnean area appears to be related to the fact that in this region the conditions of sheep farming and the lifestyle of shepherds have not changed so much since then.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗

PubMed2005

Unusual cases of human myiasis due to Old World screwworm fly acquired indoors in Hong Kong.

Myiasis is the infestation of tissue by the larvae of flies. We report eight cases of human myiasis in Hong Kong. All patients were nursing home residents with an average age of 81.8 years. Seven patients were bedridden with advanced dementia. Four patients had pre-existing wounds. Five had poor oral hygiene and four of those were on tube feeding. All of the five patients with poor oral hygiene suffered from oral myiasis. Two patients had vaginal infestations and one had wound myiasis in his diabetic foot ulcer. Seven cases were infested by Chrysomya bezziana, an obligatory parasite that requires living mammalian tissue for its larval development. Larvae of the Calliphoridae family were responsible for the remaining case. Patients were managed with manual removal of larvae and irrigation of the site of infestation with saline. All infestations were nosocomial, being acquired in nursing homes. Carers of the old and debilitated should be made aware of the need for better oral care, especially for those on tube feeding. The use of window screens in nursing homes should be encouraged to reduce the chance of flies entering the vicinity of these patients. Electrocuters could also be mounted indoors to kill flies that do enter.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

[Cutaneous myiasis--a vacation souvenir].

Cutaneous myiasis is a temporary infestation of the skin with fly larvae. Travelling to subtropical areas accounts for a higher risk and increasing incidence in Europeans. In Middle- and South American myiasis is mainly caused by the botfly (Dermatobia hominis). Blood-suckling arthropods, usually mosquitoes, transmit the larvae of the botfly via phoresis, a unique mechanism of egg deposition. In Africa cutaneous myiasis is mostly due to the tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga). Infection with the tumbu fly larvae occurs after direct contact with the eggs that are often deposited in clothes and towels. Clinically an abscess-like lesion develops. Creeping sensations of movement under the skin are occasionally described. Following hatching, spontaneous healing can normally be expected, although extraction of the larvae is recommended to prevent abscess formation and superinfection.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Report in Europe of nasal myiasis by Rhinoestrus spp. in horses and donkeys: seasonal patterns and taxonomical considerations.

Two species of Rhinoestrus (i.e. Rhinoestrus purpureus (Brauer) and Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus Gan) cause nasal myiasis in horses, donkeys and zebras. In the past 15 years myiasis caused by R. purpureus has been reported in Egypt and by R. usbekistanicus in Senegal and Niger, both in horses and in donkeys. With the aim to investigate the presence of this myiasis in autochthonous horses and donkeys from southern Italy and to study the seasonal trend of larval infection, 212 native horses were necropsied in two slaughterhouses in the Apulia region (site A) from January to November 2003, and 120 native horses and two donkeys in one slaughterhouse in Sicily (site B) from January to October 2003. Thirteen of 212 and 5 of 120 horses examined from sites A and B, respectively, were infected by nasal bot fly larvae. Both donkeys examined were positive. Two hundred and thirteen larvae, representing all stages, were collected from the throat region, the turbinates and beyond the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone, in the cerebral cavity. Third larval stages were retrieved from April to September with the highest mean burden in site A in May and in July in site B. The simultaneous presence all three larval stages at site B suggests the existence of two or more overlapping generations. Larvae were identified on the basis of peritreme structures and arrangement of the spines on the dorsal surface of the third segment. Some L3 collected from sites A and B presented morphological characteristics of both R. usbekistanicus and R. purpureus. The presence of mixed features on the L3 of Rhinoestrus collected from the same animals may be explained by the existence of a single species of Rhinoestrus presenting different morphotypes or of two species of Rhinoestrus which are both present in southern Italy since this area is midway between eastern and African countries where these two species have been reported.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of the prophylactic effect and curative efficacy of fipronil 1% pour on (Topline) on post-castration scrotal myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle.

A field trial was carried out during a summer-fall period on a commercial beef cattle farm in Minas Gerais State, located in the Southeast of Brazil. In order to evaluate the prophylactic effect and the curative efficacy of fipronil in a 1% solution, 200 Zebu crossbred bulls, with ages varying from 20 to 30 months and weights from 233 to 362 kg, were selected. The bulls were assigned by ranked pair to an untreated control group (A) or to a treated group (B), resulting in 100 animals per group. All experimental animals were surgically castrated on day 0, following routine procedures. After castration all animals in the group B were treated with 10 mg/kg bw of a 1% fipronil solution, topically on the dorsal mid-line. The wounds were individually inspected on days: 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 28 and 35. After castration the animals were naturally exposed to Cochliomyia hominivorax and remained in the same pasture throughout the trial. Among the animals in the control group, 83 were observed to harbor C. hominivorax eggs, with a total of 97 ovipositions, and among those 73 animals had active myiasis. In group B (fipronil 1%), 66 animals showed C. hominivorax eggs, with 92 ovipositions and five animals with active myiasis. Most ovipositions and active myiasis were detected until seven days post-castration for both groups. Wound parasite infestation evidenced bleeding, serous purulent exudation and presence of active C. hominivorax larvae. Treatment with fipronil 1% had a prophylactic effect on scrotal wounds against the development of C. hominivorax larvae in more than 95% of the treated animals for up to 17 days after castration. The treatment showed partial protection of 66% and 50% on days 21 and 28 post-treatment (pt), respectively. Three animals from the control group and one from the treated group showed active screwworms on day 21 pt, and one animal from the treated group and two from the control group also presented C. hominivorax larvae on scrotal wounds on day 28 pt. By the end of the observation period (day 35 pt), the castration wound had healed in all animals. All experimental animals presenting scrotal wounds infested with C. hominivorax larvae were treated with a 1% pour-on formulation of fipronil, on the same day that infestation was observed. Active C. hominivorax larvae were not seen during the monitoring period immediately after treatment. The curative efficacy of fipronil 1% against C. hominivorax larvae infestation in castration wounds was 100%.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1986

Orbital myiasis.

Invasion of the orbit by dipterous fly larvae is a rarely reported from of myiasis. We present a 65-year-old man with orbital myiasis caused by the tissue obligatory larvae of the Old World screw-worm fly Chrysomyia bezziana Villeneuve. Larvae were found invading the orbital apex and exenteration was carried out to prevent intracranial invasion. In this case of orbital myiasis, CT scanning was used to document the extent of intraorbital invasion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ophthalmomyiasis caused by C. bezziana.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

A novel dip formulation of a synthetic pyrethroid (SP) for the control of blowfly myiasis of sheep.

Field trials were carried out during the summer months of 1994 and 1995 to ascertain the prophylactic effects of a 10% w/w formulation of a synthetic pyrethroid (Ecofleece, Cross Vetpharm Group Ltd.) against sheep blowfly myiasis (fly strike). The trials were carried out on the same three farms each year. The flocks, of mixed breeds, comprised between 500 and 700 sheep. Treated sheep which consisted of ewes and lambs were plunge dipped, with at least one complete immersion. At least 10% of each flock were left untreated to act as sentinels. Both sentinel and treated sheep mixed freely at pasture. All recorded cases of fly myiasis were treated by topical applications of the same formulation. Inspections of the flocks were made daily by the farmers and weekly by one of the investigators. Prophylaxis against blowfly myiasis was achieved for periods ranging from 3 to 9 weeks. On some occasions, fly larvae developed in faecal dags but failed to establish on the sheep or cause lesions.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Genital myiasis (Wohlfahrtiosis) in camel herds of Mongolia.

Genital infestations caused by Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) has been reported as being a common problem encountered in female camels in the Gobi desert. Thus, a field investigation to establish the prevalence of wohlfarthiosis in camel herds in the eastern Gobi district was carried out between May and July 1994. The objectives of the study were to establish the relevance of genital myiasis, and to describe the disease patterns, clinical course and pathomorphological changes associated with it. The field study was designed to suit the specific ecological, infrastructural and logistic conditions. Two cross-sectional samples were taken from 45 selected herds in six different areas of the Chatanbulag Sumon to obtain data on herd structure, age distribution, and the breeding history of infested female animals. Post partum events and previous occurrence of genital myiasis were recorded by use of a standardised questionnaire. Clinically infested animals were first detected visually. All camels to be investigated further were subsequently immobilised using ropes and the genitals were examined for tissue lesions and the presence of larvae. Examination of 1676 Bactrian camels from 45 selected herds in six different areas of the Chatanbulag Sumon in the Eastern Gobi district, Mongolia, led to an estimate of Wohlfahrtia magnifica infestation rates between 8-10%. Most myiasis cases were found in older females (> 4 yr), younger animals were infested at a lower rate. Highest prevalence rates were discovered during June and July, highest levels of infestation occurred in the Aman Us Chudak region with infestation rates up to 15%.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2003

Noma (cancrum oris) associated with oral myiasis in an adult.

Noma is a devastating oro-facial necrotic condition affecting debilitated subjects. Oral myiasis is an infectious disease caused by deposition of larval flies in oral wounds and lesions. Oro-facial noma-myiasis association has not been previously reported in the literature. The aim of this paper is to report a case of noma associated with myiasis in a 65-year-old Brazilian male.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cutaneous myiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis.

We report a case of myiasis caused by larvae of Dermatobia hominis in a 12-year-old boy. The infestation was acquired in Uruguay and was characterized by a single, large, inflammatory, nodular lesion located on the scalp. The lesion was accompanied by local pruritus and pain as well as diffuse headache and regional lymphadenopathy. From the lesion a single larva in stage III, of noteworthy size, was removed. Very few pediatric cases of myiasis due to D. hominis have been reported in the literature. Furthermore, as far as we know, just one adult case of myiasis caused by D. hominis acquired in Uruguay has been published.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Orbital myiasis: a case report.

Myiasis; a term first introduced by HOPE refers to invasion of living tissue of humans and other mammals by the eggs or larvae of flies of the order of Diptera. Orbital involvement occurs in approximately 5% of all cases of myiasis. A 72 year old patient is presented with orbital myiasis that was successfully treated by enucleation and grafted with split thickness of skin.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae) outside Africa: a case of furuncular myiasis in a child returning from Congo.

International travel to tropical countries accounts for an increasing incidence of imported diseases. An unusual case of furuncular myiasis due to Cordylobia anthropophaga (Blanchard) is reported in northern France in a 9-mo-old infant, after a 4-mo stay in Congo. A review has been made of the major cases of imported furuncular myiasis due to Cordylobia, as well as identification of second larval instars and management of the myiasis.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Furuncular myiasis from Dermatobia hominis infestation. Diagnosis by light microscopy.

Myiasis, the infestation of humans or other vertebrates with fly larvae, may appear as furuncular nodules. Furuncular myiasis occurring in the Western hemisphere, especially in Central and South America, is usually caused by Dermatobia hominis infestation. Travel history, gross examination, and histologic evaluation of the submitted fly larvae will allow the clinician and dermatopathologist to identify the causative organism. We report two cases of furuncular myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis and review the clinical and histopathologic findings pertinent to its diagnosis. In addition, we attempted to identify some of the cardinal internal structures of this organism by extrapolating known information about insect internal anatomy and physiology to the structures visualized during serial transverse sectioning of the larvae.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Troublesome myiasis complicated by peri-nephric abscess.

A normally fit European resident of East Africa developed a staphylococcal peri-nephric abscess following repeated episodes of furuncular myiasis caused by the tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga. A few lesions had required surgical intervention and one, presumably the source of sepsis, had become infected. There are very few descriptions in the literature of serious complications of myiasis and this is the first report of peri-nephric abscess from this source. This paper discusses the management of the myiasis and what factors determine the variation in host susceptibility and immune response to the infestation.

Abdominal Abscess↗

PubMed1995

Cutaneous myiasis: review of 13 cases in travelers returning from tropical countries.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous myiasis is frequently reported in patients from tropical countries. Most commonly infestation is due to Cordylobia anthropophaga and Dermatobia hominis, whereas Hypoderma lineatum is less likely to affect humans. METHODS: The clinical and parasitologic aspects in a series of 13 patients with cutaneous myiasis seen in a German travel clinic are reviewed. RESULTS: Six patients were infected with larvae of the tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga, six with larvae of the botfly, Dermatobia hominis, and one patient presented with an infection with Hypoderma lineatum. Dermatobia hominis was exclusively acquired in the American tropics and Cordylobia anthropophaga exclusively in Africa, whereas infection with Hypoderma lineatum was acquired in Nepal. The number of larvae removed from the skin was markedly higher in patients infected with the tumbu fly (average of five larvae) compared to the botfly (average of 1.7 larvae), whereas pain was more frequently reported from patients with botfly infestation. Treatment consisted in the removal of the larvae by forceps or surgical incision in tumbu or botfly infection and oral application of ivermectin in infection with Hypoderma lineatum. This led to complete recovery in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with cutaneous lesions after return from tropical countries, myiasis has to be considered as a differential diagnosis. Simple and effective therapy is available through removal of the maggots.

Adult↗