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PubMed1990

Hypoglycemic effect of intestinally administered monosaccharide-modified insulin derivatives in rats.

The effect of the modification of insulin (INS) with p-succinylamidophenyl (SA)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (SAPG), SA-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and SA-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside on the enzymatic degradation and the hypoglycemic effect in rats was studied. When SAPG-INS was administered intraintestinally in the absence of bile and pancreatic juice, blood glucose level decreased to 56% of initial value. Other monosaccharide derivatives were less effective than SAPG-INS. The digestion of monosaccharide derivatives by pepsin and chymotrypsin indicated that the resistance of insulin to enzymatic degradation was increased by its modification with monosaccharide. One possibility for the hypoglycemic effect of SAPG-INS could be the increased resistance of insulin to enzymatic degradation as a result of its modification with monosaccharide.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of rice functional monosaccharide transporter, OsMST5.

cDNA of a monosaccharide transporter in rice, OsMST5 (Oryza sativa monosaccharide transporter 5) was cloned and its sugar transport activity was characterized by heterologous expression analysis. The amino acid sequence and topology were similar to the sequences and topology of other plant monosaccharide transporters. Yeast cells co-expressed with OsMST5 cDNA transported some monosaccharide substrates. The transport rate increased when ethanol as an electron donor was added, so the transporter was an energy-dependent active one. Most of the OsMST5 was expressed in panicles before pollination, indicating that it is associated with pollen development in rice.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The monosaccharide composition of the glycocalyx in Mollicutes and phylogenetically related bacteria in the genus Bacillus].

A number of monosaccharides composing the glycocalix carbohydrates of some Mollicutes (Mycoplasma pneumoniae FH, M. hominis PG21, M. fermentans PG18, Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8, A. laidlawii var. granulum st. 118) and phylogenetically related bacteria from the genus Bacillus (Bacillus cereus 89, B. cereus DM423, B. subtilis 1/2, B. licheniformis 31, B. licheniformis 49) were detected using plant lectins of definite carbohydrate specificity labelled by colloid gold. The structure of extracellular glycopolymers of microorganisms was discussed concerning their role in the adhesion process and their specializations in colonization of the appropriate organs and tissues of macroorganisms as well as the action of probiotics on the basis of bacteria from the genus Bacillus. It was marked, that the mollicute cells typically interacted with all vegetable lectins tested while bacilli studied bind certain lectins only. The surface carbohydrates prevailing in monosaccharides from tested one for superficial structures of Bacillus pathogenic strains were: sialic acid, beta-D-galactose and alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, while L-fucose and alpha-D-glucose were observed in insignificant quantity or were absent. The nonpathogenic Bacillus strains being a basis of biopreparations were distinguished by the insignificant amount of sialic acid and other monosaccharides in the composition of carbohydrates of their glycocalix. Thus, as a result of research it was confirmed, that the superficial glycopolymers of Mollicutes and some related bacilli were alike as to presence of some monosaccharides that depended on taxonomic position of microorganisms and their biological activity.

Bacillus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of the gastric emptying of disaccharides and their respective monosaccharides in rats with ontogenic lactase deficiency].

In order to evaluate the gastric emptying of disaccharides and their monosaccharides, 64 male, Wistar rats weighing approximately 180 g, were divided into the following eight groups containing eight animals each: maltose, sucrose, lactose, and lactulose, and their correspondent group of monosaccharides: glucose, fructose plus glucose, galactose plus glucose and galactose plus fructose. Each animal received, after a 20 hours fast, 2 ml/100 g weight of a test meal containing a 10% solution of the correspondent sugar and phenol red (6 mg/dl) as a marker. Gastric retention was determined at 10 minutes after orogastric infusion and expressed as a percentage of the infused volume. The observed values (mean +/- SE) of gastric retention (%) of sucrose (35.0 +/- 1.8), lactose (30.4 +/- 1.5), and lactulose (29.5 +/- 1.6) were significantly lower (t test alpha = 0.05), than those observed with their respective monosaccharides, i.e. glucose plus fructose (46.9 +/- 2.6), glucose plus galactose (48.3 +/- 2.4), galactose plus fructose (43.5 +/- 1.5). No difference was noted between gastric retention of maltose (49.9 +/- 4.7) and that of glucose (53.0 +/- 3.0). As far the disaccharides are concerned, statistical analysis (ANOVA followed by Tukey test alpha = 0.05) revealed no differences among the values of gastric retention of sucrose, lactose and lactulose. Gastric retention of maltose was significantly greater than that of the other disaccharides. No differences were found among the gastric retention of monosaccharides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Monosaccharide-dependent potassium ion influx across the microvilli membrane of the rat jejunum].

1. The condidtions were studied under which the Na+-dependently transported monosaccharides influence the K+-influx across the microvilli membrane of rat jejunum. 2. The Na+-dependent, energy requiring transport of monosaccharides causes a decrease of the K+-influx, whereas monosaccharides metabolizable by the intestinal mucosal cells - under suitable conditions - induce an increase in the K+-influx. 3. These results indicate that the K+-influx may be controlled by an energy dependent system in the microvilli membrane, which is influenced by metabolism and monosaccharide transport. It is discussed that this control system may be a (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2003

[The determination of konjac glucomannan in konjac refined powder and monosaccharide compositions by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a quantitative method for the content determination and monosaccharide composition analysis of Konjac glucomannan (KGM) in Konjac refined powder by pre-column derivatization high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC). METHOD: The two derivatives combined reducing monosaccharides with 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) were separated by reverse-phase HPLC using a developed fragment gradient elution process, and monitored by ultraviolet detector at 250 nm. The broad reagent peak of PMP was separated very well from all the PMP-sugars, and good separation was achieved for derivatives of mannose and glucose. The quantitative methods of two reducing monosaccharides were studied by the method combined internal and external standard; while the KGM content in Konjac refined powder was determined. RESULT: Linearity of glucose was good (r = 0.9990) in range of 1.002-8.016 nmol; while mannose (r = 0.9994) in range of 1.001-8.008 nmol. The average recovery of this method was 98.1%, RSD of repeatability was 1.72%. KGM content in Konjac refined powder was 79.5%, ratio of glucose to mannose in KGM was 1:1.51. CONCLUSION: This method is a sample, convenient and rapid method that can determine KGM content and analyze monosaccharide compositions in KGM, which will be helpful to quality assessment of Konjac refined powder.

Amorphophallus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Potential use of the monosaccharide composition of bacteria for their identification].

The monosaccharide composition of cell hydrolysates can be used as a criterion for the chemical differentiation of gram-positive bacteria. The monosaccharide composition of six bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus has been determined using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and computers. The qualitative composition was similar, glucose, galactose, ribose and glucosamine being the main components in all of the species. Some Bacillus species differed in their minor components. Although the monosaccharide composition appeared to be homogeneous, bacteria can be identified in terms of their carbohydrate profile using computers. To this end, the monosaccharide composition of bacterial cells is represented as a two-dimensional data file including the qualitative composition of components and the quantity of each component.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1988

Monosaccharide inhibition of cytotoxic T-cell function: demonstration of clone-specific effects.

A range of monosaccharides has been tested for their capacity to influence the induction and effector function of alloreactive cytotoxic T (Tc) cells. Strain-specific differences in the capacity of monosaccharides to inhibit Tc cell induction have been demonstrated. Monosaccharides can also inhibit effector function of target cell lysis, but this could only be demonstrated by assessing the effect of sugars added to limiting dilution cultures of alloantigen-stimulated T cells. B10.A(4R) anti-BALB/c Tc cells have been reproducibly inhibited by D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine, as well as D-galacturonic acid, at both the induction and effector phases of the Tc cell response. Analysis of monosaccharide inhibition of cytotoxicity in limiting dilution cultures has confirmed that D-glucosamine is the most effective inhibitor of B10.A(4R) anti-BALB/c Tc cells, while D-galactosamine and D-galacturonic acid inhibit cytotoxicity in only some limiting dilution wells. Analysis of several B10.A(4R) anti-BALB/c Tc cell clones has revealed at least two different 'clone-specific' patterns of inhibition by D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acid. Since Tc cell recognition of antigen is generally specific for class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, this data implicates a role for MHC-associated carbohydrate structures expressed by target cells in T-lymphocyte interactions with antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effector cell sensitivity to sugar moieties. III. Inhibition by monosaccharides of interleukin-2 enhanced natural killing against viral and nonviral tumor target cells.

Human NK cells recognize multiple target antigens. The ligands (antigens) involved in this interaction have not been clearly identified. Previously, we have shown that some monosaccharides inhibit NK mediated cytolysis in a concentration-dependent fashion and that NK cell activity involves recognition of carbohydrate structures on target cells via receptors on the effector cell surface. Using human IL-2 or recombinant IL-2, we have found that monosaccharides inhibit IL-2 enhanced functional activity in a concentration-dependent fashion; that increased expression of endogenous monosaccharide binding receptors on effector cells occurs after treatment with IL-2; and that greater quantities of monosaccharide were required to obtain equivalent inhibition of IL-2 enhanced NK activity. Our data reinforces the growing belief that effector cells express receptors with different sugar specificities and that quantitative differences in sugar specificities is a likely reason for NK cells having heterogeneous polyclonal activity.

Arabinose↗
PubMed1981

The relationship of serum hexuronic acid and monosaccharide levels to urinary free cortisol and cortisone excretion in healthy subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease.

The relationship of hexuronic acid and monosaccharide concentrations in serum to the excretion of urinary free cortisol and cortisone was studied in 14 healthy subjects, in 16 patients with diabetes mellitus, and in 14 patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. In both groups of patients increased values of hexuronic acids, reducing monosaccharides and keto-sugars were registered. In diabetics the relative proportion of monosaccharides was increased, the proportion of hexuronic acids was lowered. In atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease a significant preponderance of hexuronic acid and keto-sugar amounts in the composition of total sugar components was observed in comparison with healthy subjects. In healthy subjects there is a close correlation of urinary free cortisol and cortisone with reducing monosaccharides in blood, measured on the same day. In diabetes not any correlation of the increased values of free corticoids with the sugar components was registered. In atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease a highly significant correlation between urinary free cortisol and cortisone and the hexuronic acid content in serum was observed. In patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease the results suggest an altered metabolism of glucose, which is shunted into insulin-insensitive glucuronate pathway in conditions of endogenous hypercortisolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Behavior of various blood constituents (glucose, fructose, insulin, lactate, pyruvate, free fatty acids, inorganic phosphate) and half-life of monosaccharides in the plasma after i.v. infusion of glucose, fructose, galactose and invert sugar solutions in ruminants. 2. Studies in cattle].

Monosaccharides were intravenously injected to eight adult heads of cattle, between 380 kg and 670 kg in live weight, to study, in the context of stress endurance, the half-life values of the sugars as well as monosaccharide effects upon concentrations of various blood components. The fructose concentration in the blood plasma went up temporarily following the infusion of glucose solution. Fructose infusion usually caused only little rise of the glucose concentration in blood plasma, with hypoglycaemia occurring quite often towards the end of an experimental period. The half-life values of sugar in blood plasma were between twelve and 29 and those of fructose between ten and 17 minutes. The rate of fructose conversion was higher than that of glucose conversion, but values were identical in some cases. The pyruvate concentration in the blood and the insulin level in blood plasma went up in response to infusion of monosaccharide solutions. Urine excretion of monosaccharides following invert sugar infusion was less than half of that in response to glucose infusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Lactose, oligosaccharide and monosaccharide content of milk from mothers delivering preterm newborns over the first month of lactation.

BACKGROUND: Monosaccharide, lactose and oligosaccharide content of milk from mothers delivering prematurely (PT milk) was studied to evaluate whether changes occur during lactation, as observed in milk from mothers delivering at term (T milk). METHODS: To study a homogeneous population, women having the most common phenotype (secretory both Lewis and A, B, or H phenotype) were selected. Milk samples from 26 mothers who delivered between the 27th and 35th week of gestation were collected at the 4th, 10th, and 30th post-partum days. Monosaccharides, lactose and oligosaccharides were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Lactose concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 52.81 +/- 8.2 g/L on day 4 to 69.24 +/- 9.36 g/L on day 30. During the same period of time oligosaccharide content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 25.61 +/- 5.19 g/L to 15.83 +/- 6.05 g/L. Monosaccharides did not show statistically significant variations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that PT milk contains in addition to lactose, a substantial amount of oligosaccharides and a lower percentage of monosaccharides. Compared to T milk, in the colostral phase PT milk presents significantly lower lactose concentration (p < 0.0001); on the contrary its oligosaccharide content is significantly higher (p < 0.0001). The physiological role of human milk carbohydrates in view of the peculiar needs of the preterm newborn is also discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Determination of the affinity constants of concanavalin A for monosaccharides by fluorescence affinity probe capillary electrophoresis.

Dissociation constants between a legume lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), and unlabeled neutral monosaccharides were determined by affinity probe capillary electrophoresis (APCE). An affinity probe was synthesized by coupling Lissamine rhodamine B and p-amino-phenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, with glutathione as a negatively charged linker. Electrophoresis of the affinity probe was carried out at neutral pH in a fused silica capillary coated with succinylpolylysine on its inner surface, using laser-induced fluorescence detection. In the presence of Con A, the mobility of the affinity probe decreased and this decrement was analyzed as a function of the concentration of Con A. In the presence of a mixture of Con A and an unlabeled monosaccharide, APCE can thus measure the concentration of Con A unoccupied by the unlabeled monosaccharide, and this allows the determination of the dissociation constant of the Con A-monosaccharide complex. The method should be useful for the analysis of a wide range of molecular interactions on a microscale.

Concanavalin A↗
PubMed2003

Cell activation by monosaccharide lipid A analogues utilizing Toll-like receptor 4.

Lipid A is the bioactive centre of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and its properties exhibit various endotoxic and biological effects toward host cells. We examined whether Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are mediated by the signals from various synthetic acylated derivatives of d-glucosamine monophosphate. All test synthetic monosaccharide lipid A analogues similar to acylated beta-(1-6)-d-glucosamine disaccharide bisphosphates, such as Escherichia coli-type lipid A (compound 506) and its precursor (compound 406), clearly induced nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation in Ba/F3 cells expressing murine TLR4 and its accessory protein MD-2 (Ba/mTLR4/mMD-2), but no induction was found in those expressing murine TLR2 (Ba/mTLR2). Compound 411, the non-reducing sugar moiety of compound 506, exhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-producing activities in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whereas compound 401, the reducing moiety of compounds 506 and 406, and Gifu lipid A-46 (GLA-46), the non-reducing moiety of compound 406, induced no production of IL-8 and TNF-alpha, which was similar to the findings for compound 406. Among the synthetic triacylated monosaccharide lipid A analogues, some compounds with three tetradecanoyl (C14) groups or that included a dodecanoyl (C12) group were more active toward murine and human cells than were other analogues with a decanoyl (C10) or hexadecanoyl (C16) group. Furthermore, IL-8 production in PBMC stimulated with the active monosaccharide lipid A analogues as well as compound 506 was clearly inhibited by the monoclonal antibody to human TLR4. These findings suggest that monosaccharide lipid A analogues similar to disaccharide lipid As are capable of activating both murine and human cells through TLR4.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with broad substrate specificity toward various monosaccharide 1-phosphates from pea sprouts.

UDP-sugars, activated forms of monosaccharides, are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways and serve as substrates for the synthesis of polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins in higher plants. A UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, designated PsUSP, was purified about 1,200-fold from pea (Pisum sativum L.) sprouts by conventional chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of the purified PsUSP was 67,000 Da. The enzyme catalyzed the formation of UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal, UDP-glucuronic acid, UDP-l-arabinose, and UDP-xylose from respective monosaccharide 1-phosphates in the presence of UTP as a co-substrate, indicating that the enzyme has broad substrate specificity toward monosaccharide 1-phosphates. Maximum activity of the enzyme occurred at pH 6.5-7.5, and at 45 degrees C in the presence of 2 mm Mg(2+). The apparent K(m) values for Glc 1-phosphate and l-arabinose 1-phosphate were 0.34 and 0.96 mm, respectively. PsUSP cDNA was cloned by reverse transcriptase-PCR. PsUSP appears to encode a protein with a molecular mass of 66,040 Da (600 amino acids) and possesses a uridine-binding site, which has also been found in a human UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PsUSP can be categorized in a group together with homologues from Arabidopsis and rice, which is distinct from the UDP-Glc and UDP-N-acetylhexosamine pyrophosphorylase groups. Recombinant PsUSP expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the formation of UDP-sugars from monosaccharide 1-phosphates and UTP with efficiency similar to that of the native enzyme. These results indicate that the enzyme is a novel type of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, which catalyzes the formation of various UDP-sugars at the end of salvage pathways in higher plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of Monosaccharides Derivatized with 2-aminoacridone by Capillary Electrophoresis.

A new method for simultaneous analysis of 11 monosaccharides with reducing ends derivatized with 2-aminoacridone (AMAC) by the capillary electrophoresis in 300 mmol/L borate, pH 10.5 or 100 mmol/L disodium tetraborate and a pH 10.5 buffer was described. The chemical derivatization was performed at 45 degrees for 5 h, and then the derivatized monosaccharides were separated by capillary electrophoresis and detected at 264 nm. The chemical derivatization limit was 10 &mgr;mol/L. Concentration and mass detection limits of 0.6 &mgr;mol/L and 17 fmol, respectively, could be achieved. The linear correlation coefficients between the quotient of each integrated peak area divided by retention time and the concentration of monosaccharide were all greater than 0.992 (n=6) for the 11 monosaccharides in concentration ranging from 5 to 25 &mgr;mol/L. The relationship between the electrophoretic mobility of the derivatives and the structure of sugar moieties was discussed. The carbohydrate components of several glycoproteins were also by the method described above.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Anomeric specificity of the monosaccharide carrier in yeasts and yeast-like organisms.

The anomeric specificity of monosaccharide uptake was investigated in 42 species of yeasts and related mycelium-forming fungi. Differences in the uptake of anomers were determined by the following methods. (1) Shift of anomeric equilibrium in the outer medium caused by preferential uptake of one of the anomeric forms was monitored polarimetrically as induced mutarotation. (2) The uptake of 14C-D-glucose by cells was examined after addition of freshly prepared solutions of alpha- or beta-D-glucose. Most of the organisms examined display the Saccharomyces-type preference for the alpha-anomers of glucose and xylose which is caused by the higher affinity of the monosaccharide carrier for the alpha-pyranose configuration. The following genera show this type of preference (the number of species is given in parenthesis): Saccharomyces (5), Schizosaccharomyces (1), Endomycopsis (2), Eremascus (1), Endomyces (1), Pichia (1), Hansenula (1), Debaryomyces (2), Lipomyces (1), Willia (1), Nematospora (1), Kluyveromyces (2), Candida (5), Torulopsis (5), Cryptococcus (1). No anomeric specificity was shown by the following genera: Nadsonia (1), Dipodascus (2), Rhodotorula (5), Sporobolomyces (2), Bullera (1), Rhodosporidium (1). A parallel investigation of the concentration dependence of glucose uptake indicates that most yeasts possess a constitutive monosaccharide carrier characterized by the following features: a high maximum rate of uptake, a relatively low affinity, and preference for alpha-anomers. Besides this carrier the majority of these microorganisms possess a glucose-transporting carrier with a higher affinity and a lower capacity.

Biological Transport, Active↗
PubMed1997

Novel monosaccharides as potent inhibitors of cell proliferation.

The effects of several novel monosaccharides upon thymidine incorporation into both normal and tumour cells were investigated. The monosaccharide 2-deoxy-3-[1-(R)-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]- alpha-D-allo-pyranose had the most inhibitory effect on proliferation, with the (S)-enantiomer having less inhibitory effects. The chiral centre at carbon-7 was found to be an important part of the molecule, as 2-deoxy-3-[methoxycarbonyl methyl]-alpha-D-allo-pyranose had greatly decreased anti-proliferative properties in comparison with the parent compound. In addition, the 2-deoxy structure at carbon-2 was also found to be important, as 3-[1-(S)-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-alpha-D-allo-hexopyranose had greatly decreased inhibitory properties in comparison with the parent compound. The results indicate that these novel monosaccharides possess potent anti-proliferative properties, related to their chiral carbon-7 and 2-deoxy carbon-2 structure and suggest that further substitutions of the functional group at carbon-7 may improve these properties and possibly produce inhibitor selectivity for tumour cells in preference to normal cells.

Animals↗