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PubMed1986

Refining personality assessments by combining MCMI high-point profiles and MMPI codes, Part IV: MMPI 89/98.

This study shows that the addition of MCMI high-point code data to the MMPI 89/98 code type serves to resolve contradictory MMPI descriptors and produces three distinct clusters. These clusters include an interpersonally acting-out group, an interpersonally grandiose group, and an emotionally acting-out group. The results of this study lend further support to the efficacy of combining two objective assessment inventories for the purposes of multiaxial diagnosis as prescribed by the DSM-III.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Refining personality assessments by combining MCMI high-point profiles and MMPI codes, Part V: MMPI code 78/87.

The present investigation shows that the addition of Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) high-point code data to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) 78/87 code type may be used to clarify contradictory MMPI descriptors and produces three distinct clusters. These MMPI/MCMI clusters were designated as an interpersonally acting-in group, an emotionally acting-out group, and an emotionally acting-in group. In addition to the identification and elaboration of these three subgroups, we outline several clinical uses of this objective test battery approach. The results of this study support the efficacy of combining two objective assessment inventories for the purpose of multiaxial diagnosis as prescribed by the DSM-III.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1997

Sex differences on the MMPI-1 and MMPI-2.

This study compared sex differences on the MMPI-2 to those previously found on the MMPI-1. Statistically significant differences were found with men (n = 66) showing higher mean raw scale scores on antisocial (men = 10.00, women = 7.15), authority problems (men = 4.58, women = 3.14), admission of addiction (men = 3.58, women = 2.74), amorality (men = 2.30, women = 1.61), and Type A (men = 8.24, women = 7.71). Women (n = 132) showed higher mean raw scale scores on Hypochondriasis. Depression, Hysteria, Paranoia. Depression subscale, N affection, Health Concerns, and Somatic Complaints. With a few exceptions, these general patterns are consistent with previous research.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparability of two-point high-point code patterns from original MMPI norms to MMPI-2 norms for the restandardization sample.

Using records from the 1,138 males and 1,462 females in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) restandardization sample (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989), two-point high-point code patterns generated from the original norms were compared to the patterns that these subjects obtained from the new norms. Although some code patterns proved to be quite stable across both norms, code comparability was generally lower in this community-based sample than was true for the records from samples of psychiatric patients also reported in Butcher et al. (1989). The sources of differences between the original and the new norms were reviewed, and the implications for profile interpretation based on code patterns were pointed out. The differences arising from the use of the MMPI-2 norms are appreciable; they highlight the need for new empirical data on the correlates of coding patterns based on these norms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

The fragile nature of MMPI code types.

The percent of code type agreement with the original MMPI is compared with the new MMPI-2, an earlier re-norming of the MMPI by Colligan, Osborne, Swenson, and Offord (1983), the MMPI-168, and test/retest comparisons of the MMPI with itself. Code type agreement ranges from lows of 31 to 41% for the test/retest comparability of the original MMPI with itself to 40 to 67% hit rates for the MMPI-2, the MMPI 1983 norms, and the MMPI-168. The effect of this on interpretation is discussed in the context of previous studies on the MMPI code types in relation to broadband diagnosis and comparisons of clinical accuracy of computerized reports that have utilized various MMPI versions.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The effectiveness of MMPI-A items in discriminating between normative and clinical samples.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent (MMPI-A; Butcher et al., 1992) was released in 1992 and has rapidly become the most widely used objective personality assessment instrument with adolescents. Although the MMPI-A reduced or eliminated several problems associated with the use of the original MMPI (Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) with adolescents, the MMPI-A does produce a high frequency of within normal limits basic scale profiles for individuals with substantial psychopathology including adolescents in inpatient psychiatric settings. To better understand the reasons for this phenomenon, we compared the item endorsement frequencies for the MMPI-A normative sample with results from two adolescent clinical samples, and these results were contrasted to the item endorsement frequencies for the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) normative sample and a clinical sample of adult psychiatric inpatients. Results showed that the MMPI-A contains a substantial number of items that do not show a significant difference in item endorsement frequency between normative and clinical samples. Furthermore, MMPI-A basic and content scales generally show a much lower percentage of effective items than do the corresponding scales for the MMPI-2. We discuss the findings in relation to the frequent occurrence of low range MMPI-A profiles in clinical samples and the potential usefulness of these results in future efforts to develop viable short forms for the MMPI-A.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The changing face of MMPI practice.

To assess the status of changing MMPI practice a questionnaire was sent by mail to 368 licensed psychologists in Kansas with a 40% response rate (N = 147). The modal respondent had 14.2 yr. of experience. Virtually all reported that they currently used the MMPI: 37.0% reported using the MMPI, 80.1% MMPI-2, and 40.4% MMPI-A. A majority (67.6%) used computerized scoring with local scoring used by three out of four respondents. Computerized administration was used by 15.9% and computerized interpretation by 43.8%. Most used both High Point Codes (91%) and Elevation (84.7%) for interpretations. Two of three respondents thought that the High Point Codes and Elevations for the MMPI and MMPI-2 are related. The results of this survey of current practice suggest that many practitioners may be making false assumptions about the nature of the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A and their relationships with the original MMPI. If the MMPI is to retain its hard-fought presence as a diagnostic, forensic, and selection tool, we must pay greater attention to these issues.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2006

MMPI disability profile: the least known, most useful screen for psychopathology in chronic occupational spinal disorders.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study on predicting psychopathology in chronic occupational spinal disorders (COSDs). OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence of specific profiles on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and their ability to predict psychopathology in a COSD cohort. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In the relatively small number of COSDs that develop chronic pain and disability, the MMPI-2 has been an important part of the psychosocial assessment. Certain profiles have been thought to have a high prevalence in COSD. They have also been widely popularized as predicting certain treatment outcomes, and have often been used to "screen" surgical and rehabilitation candidates. METHOD: Of an initial cohort of 1,489 consecutive COSD patients completing a valid prerehabilitation MMPI-2, 1,185 patients (79.6%) were classifiable into one of four MMPI profile groups. A new Disability Profile (DP) group was identified, which was the most common profile. Patients attended a 5- to 7-week interdisciplinary rehabilitation program. They completed a psychosocial assessment battery, and a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV diagnosis (SCID-I and II) was administered as the "gold standard" for defining psychopathology. One year postrehabilitation, a structured clinical interview assessed socioeconomic outcomes. RESULTS: A previously unrecognized MMPI profile, now termed the DP, was found to have a prevalence of 53.2% of the whole group, and 66.9% of those with "classifiable" MMPI profiles in this large population of COSD patients. Only 6.9% of subjects had normal profiles (NP), while only 19.5% had profiles previously thought to occur commonly in this population. NP patients were twice as likely to retain work 1 year after treatment than the 3 abnormal MMPI groups combined. The DP group was 14 times more;1 likely to have an Axis I diagnosis (such as depression or anxiety) than the NP group, and was also almost 5 times more likely have an Axis II personality disorder diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of commonly cited MMPI profiles, often used for presurgical or chronic pain screening in this population, is relatively small. The prevalence of four or more elevations (DP), however, is large, representing two thirds of patients demonstrating any classifiable MMPI pattern. The DP group showed extremely high levels of associated psychopathology, which raises "red flags" to the surgeon likely to operate on such patients, or the interdisciplinary pain team. Screening COSD patients with the MMPI-2 may be effective in identifying psychopathology, but only if the physician is aware that the DP is commonplace and significant.

Adult↗