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Little is known about the bioavailability of calcium in water and various beverages. Some mineral waters contain large amounts of calcium that could compensate for insufficient consumption of dairy products. The fractional intestinal absorption of calcium (FCA) was measured in 12 healthy adult volunteers, using a trace dose of radiocalcium and 200 mg of calcium carrier, part of which was calcium contained in mineral water. Measurements were performed in fasting subjects consuming a standard breakfast. In all the subjects, three mineral waters with a calcium concentration of 10.4, 78, and 467 mg/l, respectively, were tested. Calcium absorption occurred with the same kinetics for each of the mineral waters tested, and within 2 h of the oral dose, equilibrium was reached between absorbed calcium and calcium remaining in the gastrointestinal tract, which resulted in a constant FCA value. This level comprising between 34.1 and 37.0% was independent of the daily calcium consumption and the chemical content of the mineral water. In conclusion, calcium contained in mineral waters in available for intestinal absorption. In a given normal subject, the only rate-limiting factor for FCA is the amount of total calcium given with foods and drinks. Mineral waters containing calcium are recommended as a supplemental source of calcium to achieve optimal calcium requirements, especially in aged people with lactose intolerance.
Natural low-mineralized hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium mineral water (total mineralization 2 g/l) in bottles has been examined for therapeutic effects on metabolism in urolithiasis patients. The complex of biochemical blood and urine indices indicative of the renal function and concentration of lithogenic components was studied in 52 patients (age 23-68 years, 23 males and 29 females). Ten of them had nephrostoma. All the patients have undergone extracorporeal lithotripsy or other operations for renal or ureteric calculi. In nephrostoma patients urine samples were obtained both from nephrostoma and urinary bladder. The tests were made before the treatment and on the treatment day 3-5 and 10-12. TIB-2 mineral water was taken 3 times a day in a dose 200 ml 30-45 minutes before meal. The data were statistically processed. From the data obtained it was concluded that mineral water TIB-2 normalizes azotemia and clearance of endogenic creatinine, plasma values of calcium and uric acid, enhances urinary elimination of uric acid and calcium oxalate microcrystals that is TIB-2 improves metabolism of lithogenic substances and ions. Indications to drinking mineral water TIB-2 for urological patients are formulated.
Mineral water Uralochka tried in rats is obtained from the spring in the territory of the sanatorium Ural (Chelyabinsk Province). The mineral water contains chloride, hydrocarbonate ions and sodium cations, mineralization is 4.13 g/dm3. A 15-day course of Uralochka drinking did not influence much reaction of delayed hypersensitivity, but increased the absolute number of antibody-forming cells by 95.86%, raised the ability of peritoneal macrophages to absorb latex particles. Thus, mineral water Uralochka can raise intensity of humoral immune response and the ability of macrophages for phagocytosis of the latex particles. Phagocytosis activity and intensity increased by 48.27 and 62.13%, respectively.
BACKGROUND: Several previous epidemiological studies have shown a relation between drinking water quality and death in cardiovascular disease whereas others have not found such a relationship. An intervention study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of water with added magnesium and natural mineral water on blood pressure. METHODS: A group of 70 subjects with borderline hypertension was recruited and consumed 1) a water low in minerals, 2) magnesium enriched water or 3) natural mineral water, in a random, double blind fashion during four weeks. RESULTS: Among persons with an initial low excretion of magnesium or calcium in the urine, the urinary excretion of magnesium was increased in the groups consuming the two waters containing magnesium after 4 weeks. A significant decrease in blood pressure was found in the group consuming mineral water at 2 and 4 weeks. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that minerals taken in water are significant for the body burden and that an intake of mineral water among persons with a low urinary excretion of magnesium or calcium may decrease the blood pressure. Further studies should investigate the extent of mineral deficiency in different populations and the efficiency of different vehicles for supplying minerals, particularly magnesium and calcium.