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PubMed1993

Dietary fiber and fat-derivatives prevent mineral oil toxicity in rats by the same mechanism.

The inclusion of 8% mineral oil in a fat-free diet causes severe growth retardation in rats. In the present study, this growth retardation was found to be primarily due to the reduction in nutrient intake, but not to the exacerbation of essential fatty acid deficiency. In addition, the growth retardation caused by mineral oil ingestion was prevented by the concurrent inclusion of 10% water-insoluble dietary fiber [gobo fiber prepared from Arctium lappa L. (gobo in Japanese) or cotton cellulose powder] or 5% fatty acids (C12-C18) as well as glycerol monostearate. The prevention of growth retardation by these substances was due to their ability to inhibit mineral oil absorption from the intestinal lumen.

Absorption↗
PubMed1984

Mineral oil (follicular) lipidosis: II. Histologic studies of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Tissues obtained from 600 routine autopsies were studied. Mineral oil lipidosis was present in the spleen (76 per cent), liver (45 per cent), bone marrow (26 per cent), and lymph nodes; more than 50 per cent of the lymph nodes from the mesentery, porta hepatis, and mediastinum were affected. Mineral oil and its metabolic products produce a nonfibrogenic reaction in these tissues. The differential diagnosis of mineral oil lipidosis in lymph nodes with reaction to radiopaque oils and Whipple's disease is discussed. The presence of mineral oil in para-aortic (42 per cent) and internal iliac (15 per cent) lymph nodes could result in false-positive readings after lymphangiography.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1987

Mineral oil embolization and lipid pneumonia in an infant treated for Hirschsprung's disease.

A 5-month-old infant girl with Hirschsprung's disease died 1 month after colostomy as a result of mineral oil embolism and lipid pneumonia. She had received multiple mineral oil enemas and irrigations as treatment for impacted stools. Mineral oil peritonitis was present on the surface of the bowel adjacent to the stoma and covered large portions of the surface of the liver and spleen. There was 600 cc of slightly cloudy and bloody peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal exudate contained bacteria that were associated with only a minimal inflammatory reaction. This case calls attention to a previously unreported complication of the use of mineral oil.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of a mineral oil overlay on the zona pellucida binding potential of human spermatozoa.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of mineral oil on zona pellucida binding potential of human spermatozoa. The study compared zona binding using micro volume droplets under mineral oil as apposed to micro droplets in cryopreservation straws. Spermatozoa from eight proven fertile sperm donors were used. One hundred and fifty five matched hemizonae in 50 microliters, 100 microliters and 200 microliters insemination sperm droplets were co-incubated; (i) under mineral oil and (ii) 0.5 ml plastic cryopreservation straws. The results were analysed to determine the number of the zona bound spermatozoa during each experiment. Microvolumes with an oil overlay had a decrease in sperm bound per hemizona of 38% (mean +/- SD; 563 +/- 415 vs. 921 +/- 597), 51% (mean +/- SD; 392 +/- 359 vs. 800 +/- 566 sperm) and 18% (mean +/- SD; 502 +/- 369 vs. 618 +/- 445) in 200 microliters, 100 microliters and 50 microliters respectively, compared to microvolumes in cryopreservation straws. It was concluded that mineral oil may have some detrimental factors which interfere with zona binding of spermatozoa.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed1993

A prospective randomized study with mineral oil and oral lavage solution for treatment of faecal impaction in children.

Faecal impaction with or without encopresis is a very common problem. We performed a randomized, open-label, prospective study to compare the efficacy and acceptability of the treatment of faecal impaction using either mineral oil or pineapple-flavoured isotonic intestinal lavage solution containing polyethylene glycol-3350 (Colyte). Thirty-six patients over 2 years of age were randomized to receive either mineral oil or flavoured lavage solution. The dose of mineral oil was 2 to 8 tablespoons twice a day for two days (17 patients--Group I) and of lavage solution was 20 ml/kg/h for 4 hours on two consecutive days (19 patients--Group II). The patients were assessed for the presence of abdominal faecal masses, presence and consistency of rectal mass, perineal soiling before and two days after either of the randomly assigned treatment. The patients and parents were asked regarding the compliance with treatment, side-effects, number of bowel movements after treatment and willingness to try similar treatment if faecal impaction recurred. Patients in the lavage group had more frequent bowel movements, and showed more effective clearance of abdominal and rectal lumps (P < 0.01) at the time of repeat examination at two days. However, they had some vomiting and were less compliant (P < 0.01) when compared to mineral oil patients. We conclude that balanced lavage solution effectively relieves faecal impaction, however, compliance with its use is poorer than that with mineral oil.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

Mineral oil lubricants cause rapid deterioration of latex condoms.

As little as sixty seconds' exposure of commercial latex condoms to mineral oil, a common component of hand lotions and other lubricants used during sexual intercourse, caused approximately 90% decrease in the strength of the condoms, as measured by their burst volumes in the standard ISO (International Standards Organization) Air Burst Test. Burst pressures were also reduced, although less dramatically. Lubricants such as Vaseline Intensive Care and Johnson's Baby Oil, each containing mineral oil, also affected condom integrity. Five min. exposure of condoms to glycerol, a frequent component of hand lotions and 'personal lubricants', did not significantly affect burst volume or pressure. Aqueous nonoxynol-9 spermicide did not affect either burst index. The implications of these results for contraception and protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS, are discussed.

Contraceptive Devices, Male↗
PubMed1985

Genotoxicity studies with mineral oils; effects of oils on the microbial mutagenicity of precursor mutagens and genotoxic metabolites.

In vitro genotoxicity assays are extensively used to predict carcinogenic activity in vivo. The standard microbial mutagenicity assays however often fail to yield positive results with mineral oils which are carcinogenic to mice in long-term skin-cancer studies. A comprehensive programme of studies has therefore investigated the basis of this apparently anomalous behaviour. This investigation has addressed the possible effects of oils on the bioactivation of precursor mutagens and the disposition of mutagenic metabolites by studying the microbial mutagenicity of selected precursor mutagens (benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-naphthylamine) and intrinsically reactive mutagens [+/- )-benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide and (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene) in the presence and absence of mineral oils. Notably the mutagenicity associated with the deliberate additions of these mutagens or precursor mutagens to oils was readily detected by the microbial assays. The mutagenicity of only one of the precursor mutagens, benzo[a]pyrene, was significantly reduced by the oils, and then only in the standard plate-incorporation assay. Interestingly the degree of suppression appeared to be related to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of the oils. In the case of 2-aminoanthracene large enhancements in its mutagenicity were observed in the presence of oils. These latter findings appear to be due to effects of oils on the bioactivation of precursor mutagens rather than on the disposition of their bioactivation products. The mutagenicity of intrinsically reactive mutagens, of a type generated by bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was not significantly reduced in the presence of mineral oils. This indicates that it is unlikely that components in oils trap or facilitate the deactivation of ultimate mutagens whether these pre-exist in the oil or are formed from precursors by bioactivation in the in vitro test system. Viewed overall these results suggest that mineral oils judged to be carcinogenic on the basis of in vivo studies in mouse skin may possess only very weak genotoxic potential. While this potential is likely to be a prerequisite for carcinogenic action, the current results cause attention to be focussed on other factors, e.g. promotion, as potentially important determinants of the carcinogenic potencies of mineral oils in mouse skin.

2-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed2004

Renovation of a drop embryo cultures system by using refined mineral oil and the effect of glucose and/or hemoglobin added to a serum-free medium.

This study was conducted to evaluate whether refining mineral oil and the addition of hemoglobin and/or glucose to a serum-free medium could improve in vitro-development of embryos cultured in a chemically semi-defined microdroplet culture system. Block strain, outbred (ICR) mouse 1- or 2-cell embryos were cultured in 5 microl droplets of Chatot, Ziomek and Bavister medium overlaid with mineral oil of different types, and preimplantation development to the blastocyst stage was subsequently monitored. In the experiment 1, either Sigma (M-8410) or BDH (GPR) mineral oil with or without washing was used for embryo culture and, distilled water (DW) or culture medium was used as a washing agent. As results, better (P<0.0001) development of 1-cell embryos was found in the Sigma than in the BDH; more blastocysts developed in Sigma oil washed with culture medium than in the others (37% vs. 0%). Subsequently, 1- (experiment 2) or 2-cell (experiment 3) embryos were cultured in the droplets overlaid with medium-washed Sigma oil, to which 0.001 mg/ml hemoglobin and/or 5.6 mM glucose were supplemented at the 1-cell and the 4-cell stages, respectively. Regardless of embryo stages, blastocyst formation was significantly improved by the addition of hemoglobin (54 to 48% vs. 42 to 31% in 1-cell and 83 to 78% vs. 65 to 68% in 2-cell embryos) and this effect was independent of glucose addition. In conclusion, the selection and washing of mineral oil, and the addition of hemoglobin is beneficial for improving the efficacy of a drop embryo culture system using a serum-free medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A note on the use of the CEC L-33-A-93 test to predict the potential biodegradation of mineral oil based lubricants in soil.

The biodegradabilities of five unformulated mineral oils (brightstock, 150 SN base oil, white oil and two gas oils) were determined in the CEC L-33-A-93 test and during 20 weeks incubation in nutrient-supplemented soil microcosms. Biodegradation in both studies was measured as the loss of extractable hydrocarbon ('primary' biodegradation). There was a statistically significant (P < 0.01) rectilinear relationship between the extents of biodegradation in both test systems. The results indicate that the CEC method could be used as a relatively simple, quick and inexpensive test for assessing the potential biodegradation of mineral oil based lubricants in soil.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1990

Subacute inhalation toxicity of mineral oils, C15-C20 alkylbenzenes, and polybutene in male rats.

Male Wistar rats were exposed to mist and vapor of two mineral oils, two C15-C20 alkylbenzenes, and one polybutene at aerosol concentrations of 70 mg.m-3 and 700 mg.m-3 for 2 weeks. Of oil mist particles, 82-97 wt% were respirable (less than 4.7 microns). High-level exposure to polybutene was lethal to three of four animals, due to pulmonary edema. Elevated numbers of pulmonary macrophages and increased macrophage vacuolization were observed after exposure to the polybutene, both mineral oils, and one alkylbenzene. The same alkylbenzene produced body weight loss. Deposition analysis was performed for one mineral oil. No oil was detected in brain tissue, while retroperitoneal fat tissue contained 541 (401-702) micrograms oil/g tissue, half of this still present after an exposure-free period of 2 weeks. It is concluded that inhalation of the polybutene and one of the mineral cable oils tested here produces toxic effects in lung.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Mutagenic/carcinogenic hazards in a cold-rolling steel plant exposed to mineral oils: environmental monitoring phase.

A survey was carried out in a cold-rolling steel plant exposed to mineral oils to study the mutagenic/carcinogenic hazards, following a coupled environmental/biological monitoring. The present paper deals only with the environmental phase by determining polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and applying a mutagenicity test (Ames test), and includes the following steps: (a) work process and environment study; (b) sampling and analysing mineral oils before and after use (PAH determination and mutagenicity analysis); (c) sampling and analysing oil mist (TWA determination, PAH determination and mutagenicity analysis). The results showed that: (1) both unused and used (recycled) mineral oils contained only trace amounts of PAH and were not mutagenic; (2) the TWA concentrations of oil mists were lower than the TLV (less than 5 mg/m3); (3) oil mists contained only trace amounts of PAH and were not mutagenic. The authors suggest that these results could be due to the moderate temperature of the oil during the work process and that there is a relationship between low PAH content and absence of mutagenicity in the oils and air samples.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

The influence of occupational exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil on prostate cancer: a prospective cohort study.

AIMS: To investigate the relation between exposure to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil in relation to prostate cancer incidence in a large prospective study. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted among 58,279 men in the Netherlands. In September 1986, cohort members (55-69 years) completed a self-administered questionnaire on potential cancer risk factors, including job history. Follow up for prostate cancer incidence was established by linkage to cancer registries until December 1995 (9.3 years of follow up). The analyses included 1386 cases of prostate cancer and 2335 subcohort members. A blinded case-by-case expert exposure assessment was carried out to assign cases and subcohort members a cumulative probability of exposure for each potential carcinogenic exposure. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses there was a significant negative association for pesticides (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.95) when comparing the highest tertile of exposure to pesticides with no exposure. No association was found for occupational exposure to PAHs (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.42 to 1.31), diesel exhaust (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.06), metal dust (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.40), metal fumes (RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.54), or mineral oil (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.48) when comparing the highest tertile of exposure with no exposure. In subgroup analysis, with respect to tumour invasiveness and morphology, null results were found for occupational exposure to pesticides, PAH, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, and mineral oil. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a negative association between occupational exposure to pesticides and prostate cancer. For other carcinogenic exposures results suggest no association between occupational exposure to PAHs, diesel exhaust, metal dust, metal fumes, or mineral oil and prostate cancer.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Degradation of mineral oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain].

The Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain TM-31 has been isolated from a microbial assemblage of a pilot plant purifying waste water polluted with mineral oil. This strain is capable of efficient degradation of components of mineral oil (alkanes, isoalkanes, and alkyl residues of the naphthene and arene fraction. The strain bears stably inherited plasmids of sizes 120, 9, and 8 kb, which can be transferred into plasmid-free cells of the parental strain and into bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and ensure the degradation of hexadecane and mineral oil.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus↗
PubMed1980

Adaptation of the salmonella/mammalian microsome test to the determination of the mutagenic properties of mineral oils.

Two techniques allowing the determination of the mutagenicity of lipophilic compounds such as mineral oils with the Ames test have been developed by using benzo[a]pyrene (BP) dissolved in white oil as a synthetic reference oil. The first technique involves prior extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with dimethyl sulfoxide. In the second method, which proved simpler and of more general use, the compounds to be tested are directly dispersed in aqueous medium with Tween 80. The use of these techniques made possible the study of mutagenicity of various kinds of mineral oil. Mutagenic activity was found in used crankcase oils, and also in petroleum distillates but much less in solvent-refined oils. A good correlation was observed between mutagenic activity and PAH content but not BP content of oils. Because of their peculiar response to the test, petroleum distillates were studied in more detail. When added in low amounts to pure PAH compounds such as BP, they enhanced its mutagenic activity (enhancement). When added in higher amounts, on the contrary, these oils completely inhibited BP mutagenic activity (inhibition effect). Both effects correlated well with the PAH content and the mutagenic activity of the petroleum distillates tested. These results explain the abnormal dose-response curves curves obtained with these petroleum distillates and the negative results regarding their mutagenic activity reported in earlier studies. A likely explanation is discussed for the enhancement and inhibition effects.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2001

Prevention of evaporation of small-volume sample solutions for capillary electrophoresis using a mineral-oil overlay.

The suppression of evaporation of water from small volumes of sample solutions or reagents for capillary electrophoresis by the use of a mineral-oil overlay was investigated in affinophoresis applications, in which the affinity constant of a mutant protein of recombinant human galectin-1 to a lactose affinophore, a triply negative charged ion having a lactoside as an affinity ligand, was determined. When an injection was carried out from a minimum of 20 microL of an aqueous solution beneath the oil overlay, no oil contamination inside the capillary was observed, provided the capillary was cleanly cut so that the end was flat, and the polyimide coating had been removed for a distance of about 2 mm from the end. Affinophoresis was carried out using 20 microL of an affinophore solution covered with an oil overlay. The abnormalities in the electropherograms as the result of the evaporation of the water from the solution during storage prior to use in an automatic operation of a capillary electrophoresis instrument were suppressed, with respect to the formation of a base line gap, an increase in the detection time of a marker ion and an increase in the initial current. A solution in a vial could be used repeatedly for a longer period of time when overlaid with mineral oil than in the absence of an overlay. The use of a mineral-oil overlay is a simple but very efficient technique for solving the problem of the evaporation of water from small volumes of aqueous solutions for use in capillary electrophoresis.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed1985

Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in glass workers occupationally exposed to mineral oils.

Chromosome aberration tests were carried out in a group of 31 pressed glass makers operating an automatic line of press-and-blow machines known to release mineral oil mists containing relatively high concentrations of the mutagenic chemicals belonging to a class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The workers were exposed to the mineral oil aerosol levels that did not exceed the Czechoslovak maximum allowable concentration limit of 5 mg . m-1 of air. The tests revealed that the frequency of aberrant cells (% AB.C.) and the value of breaks per cell (B/C) ratio found in mineral oil-exposed workers were increased significantly, accounting for 4.65 +/- 0.29% AB.C. (0.0532 B/C) vs. 1.13 +/- 0.19% AB.C. (0.0113 B/C) seen in matching controls. Also, a higher rate of dicentrics, reciprocal translocations and cells with pulverization was observed in this group of glass workers. These finding are considered as evidence suggesting that these workers might experience an increased risk of genetic injury due to exposure to mineral oil mists.

Adult↗