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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Humoral immune response to cow's milk in children with cow's milk allergy. Relationship to the time of clinical response to cow's milk challenge.

In 47 infants and children aged 4-66 months with clinically proven cow's milk allergy and in a group of age-matched controls, serum IgG, IgA and IgM cow's milk-specific antibodies were determined with ELISA assays while IgE cow's milk-specific antibodies were measured with Pharmacia RAST. The patients were divided into three separate groups according to the time of clinical response to a standardized cow's milk challenge protocol. Immediate reactions (less than 45 min after challenge), which were mainly accompanied by urticarial skin eruptions, were associated with elevated IgE milk-specific antibody levels, indicating the involvement of an immediate hypersensitivity mechanism. Alternatively, intermediate reactions (1-20 h after challenge), which were mainly accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, were not IgE-mediated. In the late reactions (greater than 20 h after challenge) both eczematous and gastrointestinal reactions were seen. Patients with eczematous eruptions also showed elevated IgE milk-specific antibody levels. IgG milk-specific antibody levels were similar in each of the patient groups but all groups were significantly lower than in the controls. Levels of IgA and IgM milk-specific antibodies were similar in patients and controls. The results indicate that different immunopathogenic mechanisms are operative in these subgroups of patients with cow's milk allergy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Monitoring of acidified milk gel formation by ultrasonic shear wave measurements. High-frequency viscoelastic moduli of milk and acidified milk gel.

In the present paper we describe the application of the thickness shear mode resonator technique for the measurement of viscoelastic parameters of milk and acidified milk gels in the megahertz frequency range. The technique provides information on the viscoelasticity of milk and milk gels in the time scale of 10(-8) to 10(-7) s. The length scale of the measurements, determined by the depth of penetration and the wavelength of the shear wave, falls between the submicron and micron range. In milk acidified by glucono-delta-lactone we observed an increase in the high- and low-frequency loss modulus, G", below pH 5.1, indicating aggregation of casein particles into clusters. There was a sharp rise in high- and low-frequency storage (G') and loss (G") moduli between pH 4.85 and 4.7, as a result of gel network formation in acidified milk. Both G" and G' of milk gel in the megahertz frequency range are several orders higher than those we obtained at low frequencies (0.02 to 10 Hz) using dynamic rheology. The high-frequency (5 to 25 MHz) viscosity of milk was found to be the same as at low frequencies. Overall, our results demonstrate the high sensitivity of the ultrasonic shear wave measurements to the changes in the rheological parameters in acidified milk during gelation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Feed-back inhibition of milk secretion: the effect of a fraction of goat milk on milk yield and composition.

A milk fraction containing whey proteins of 10-30 kDa was injected into one mammary gland of lactating goats via the teat canal. This fraction produced a temporary dose-dependent reduction in milk yield in the treated gland; the milk yield of the other gland, which received an equal volume of carrier solution, was not affected. Injection of a second fraction, containing whey proteins of greater than 30 kDa, affected milk secretion only at high doses, and this effect was not wholly specific to the treated gland. The 10-30 kDa fraction and the greater than 30 kDa fraction produced similar transient changes in the concentrations of several ions and lactose in milk of the treated gland, but not in that of the untreated gland. These data indicate that a milk constituent present in the 10-30 kDa whey inhibits milk secretion in a temporary and reversible manner. The results are discussed in relation to regulation of milk secretion through local feedback inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Short communication: Correlations between udder morphology, milk yield, and milking ability with different milking frequencies in dairy goats.

Tinerfeñ a breed goats were assigned to 2 experimental herds and milked once (n = 28) or twice (n = 24) daily to study correlations between udder morphology, milk yield, and milking ability during the middle stage of the first lactation. Pearson correlation coefficients were significantly higher between yield and measures of udder globulousness (udder volume, r = 0.79 and r = 0.59; perimeter of insertion of the udder, r = 0.47 and r = 0.37; distance between teats, r = 0.77 and r = 0.28, for goats milked once and twice daily, respectively) than for length parameters (cistern floor distance, r = 0.40 and r = -0.29; udder depth, r = -0.20 and r = 0.20). The globulousness of the udder was correlated with easier milking ability, as shown by milk fractioning (r = 0.49 to 0.70) and milk flow measures (r = 0.32 to 0.49). The results showed that the globulousness of the udder is more important than length measurements in assessing milk yield and milking ability.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Modification of triacylglycerides and apolipoprotein B in rats fed diets containing whole milk, skim milk and milk proteins.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of diets containing milk and milk protein fractions on plasma and hepatic lipids, apolipoprotein B mRNA abundance, and plasma apolipoprotein concentrations and lipoprotein composition. Male rats were fed for 6 wk diets that contained (wt/wt) 76% whole milk (WM diet), 55% skim milk (SMFF diet), 22% casein (CAS diet), 22% whey protein isolate (WHY diet) or 55% skim milk-low fat (SMLF diet). The fat concentration in the SMLF diet was 7%. Butter oil (20%) and corn oil (2%) were added to the SMFF, CAS and WHY diets. Plasma and VLDL triacylglycerides in the WM-fed rats were about half of the level in the groups fed the SMFF and SMLF diets, but not significantly different from those of the WHY-fed group. Hepatic triacylglycerides generally were lower in the WM-fed group than in the other groups. Plasma cholesterol concentration did not differ among groups. Plasma apolipoprotein B was significantly lower in the WM-fed group than in rats fed the SMLF, SMFF or WHY diets. However, apolipoprotein B mRNA abundance in the liver and small intestinal mucosa did not differ due to dietary treatment. Thus the lipemic response due to whole milk is not associated with milk protein fractions and may be due to the presence of fat globule membrane in the diet containing whole milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effect of psychrotrophic bacteria from raw milk on milk proteins and stability of milk proteins to ultrahigh temperature treatment.

The effects of psychrotroph growth in raw milk on proteins of mils and on the response of milk proteins to heat treatments with ultrahigh temperature were studied. Ten gram-negative psychrotrophs isolated from raw milk readily attacked raw milk proteins. Kappa- and beta-casein were most susceptible although some of the isolates also attacked the whey proteins. Detectable proteolysis did not require large psychrotroph populations. A 10 to 20% decrease in kappa-casein during 2 days at 5 C accompanied growth of one isolate to a population of only 10,000/ml. Growth of psychrotrophs in raw milk predisposed the proteins to deleterious effects of ultrahigh temperature treatments. Ultrahigh temperature treatment by direct steam injection had little effect on raw milk caseins and decreased alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin by 21% and 34%, respectively. Milk that had undergone proteolysis exhibited decreased detectable kappa-, beta-, and alphas-caseins and increased loss of beta-lactoglobulin as a result of ultrahigh temperature treatment. Milk suffering extensive kappa-casein degradation coagulated during ultrahigh temperature treatment. Coagulation during or shortly after heating increased with severity of heat treatment and size of psychrotroph population.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The effect of homogenization of whole milk, skim milk and milk fat on nisin activity against Listeria innocua.

Whole milk, skim milk and an emulsion of milk fat in water, inoculated with approx. 10(5) cfu/ml of Listeria innocua, were treated at 30 degrees C with 100 IU/ml of nisin, homogenization at 200 bar or both procedures. Nisin activity and survival of L. innocua after treatments were determined. Recovery of nisin activity from non-homogenized whole milk treated with 100 IU/ml of nisin was complete, whereas a loss of 18 to 28% of activity was detected in non-homogenized fat-in-water emulsion. Loss in nisin activity due to homogenization represented up to 64% in whole milk and 62% in fat-in-water emulsion. Nisin addition by itself achieved a reduction in L. innocua counts of 3.7-3.8 log units in whole milk and 3.6 log units in fat-in-water emulsion compared to numbers in untreated samples. When nisin-containing whole milk and fat-in-water emulsion were homogenized, L. innocua counts were only reduced by 2.6-2.9 log units and 2.5 log units, respectively, compared to numbers in untreated samples. Homogenization of nisin-containing skim milk resulted in a loss of nisin activity of 20% but achieved a reduction of 3.0 log units in L. innocua counts.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Nitrogen and fat balances in very low birth weight infants fed human milk fortified with human milk or bovine milk protein.

The study was designed to compare two different human milk fortifiers in a group of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants by analysing nitrogen and fat balances, serum concentrations of alpha-amino-nitrogen, urea, and prealbumin as well as growth rates when human milk enriched with one of the two studied fortifiers was fed to the infants. Fortifier A contained different bovine proteins, peptides and amino acids and had an amino acid composition comparable to that of the nutritional available proteins in human milk, with carbohydrates, and minerals. Fortifier B was composed of freeze-dried skimmed human milk and minerals to achieve a similar macronutrient composition in both fortifiers. Eleven infants were fed with human milk enriched with fortifier A and 13 with fortifier B. After a 10-day equilibration period, a 3-day metabolic balance was performed. On the 14th day of the study blood was obtained preprandially for serum analysis and growth rates were estimated. The nitrogen absorption rate (93.8% vs 93.5%) as well as the retention rate (80.8% vs 78.5%) were no different between the groups. The fat absorption rate (92.3% vs 91.5%) as well as the weight gain (32.1 vs 31.1 g/day) were similar and there were no differences in the serum parameters studied. The results indicate that feeding VLBW infants with human milk enriched with a well-balanced bovine fortifier fulfil their nutritional requirements as well as diets composed exclusively of human milk protein.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1991

Growth and metabolic responses in low-birth-weight infants fed human milk fortified with human milk protein or with a bovine milk protein preparation.

Unfortified human milk does not normally provide enough protein to secure maximal growth in low-body-weight (LBW) infants. Due to the practical difficulties in obtaining human milk protein (HMP), a bovine milk protein preparation (BMP) was designed by computer calculation to contain as close as possible the amino acid composition of the nutritionally available human milk proteins. Twenty-one AGA, LBW infants (BW of 1,180 to 1,600 g, GA of 27 to 33 weeks) were randomly assigned to be fed HM enriched either with HMP (9 infants) or BMP (12 infants). When full volume intake (170 ml/kg/day) was reached, the protein intakes were 3.6 +/- 0.5 and 3.3 +/- 0.3 g/kg/day, respectively, in the two diet groups. During the study period of 24 days, the infants achieved intrauterine or better weight gains: 32.9 +/- 3.3 g/day (17.7 +/- 1.9 g/kg/day) in the HMP group and 34.7 +/- 7.3 g/day (18.3 +/- 3.5 g/kg/day) in the BMP group. Serum urea nitrogen, acid-base status, and albumin values were normal and similar in both groups of infants. Plasma concentrations of total essential and total amino acids at the end of the study were 3,999 and 1,539 mumol/L and 3,899 and 1,422 mumol/L in the HMP and the BMP groups, respectively. The concentrations of all individual plasma amino acids were similar in both feeding groups. These results show that feeding human milk fortified with a modified bovine milk protein preparation produces satisfactory growth and a plasma amino acid profile similar to that found in LBW infants fed exclusively human milk protein at similar intakes.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lactose digestion and clinical tolerance to milk, lactose-prehydrolyzed milk and enzyme-added milk: a study in undernourished continuously enteral-fed patients.

We investigated: (1) the capacity to digest and tolerate the lactose administered by continuous infusion of intact milk to undernourished tube-fed patients, and (2) the effectiveness of lactose-prehydrolyzed milk, and of the addition of exogenous lactase to milk at infusion time, to reduce lactose maldigestion and increase clinical tolerance. Carbohydrate digestion was evaluated in 10 subjects with the hydrogen breath analysis test during 8 hr of observation. Lactose intolerance was determined by evaluation of subject's symptoms. With the infusion of intact milk (IM), none of the subjects were able to efficiently digest the lactose infused (5.6 +/- 0.35 g/hr, mean +/- SEM) and 86% of them experienced major symptoms of intolerance. With the infusion of lactose-prehydrolyzed milk (HM) and enzyme-added milk (EM) there was a highly significant reduction in lactose maldigestion. More importantly, major symptoms were present in only 10% of subjects with EM, and were completely eliminated with HM. Lactose maldigestion and intolerance represent a major limitation for the application of milk-based polymeric formula for liquid diets in undernourished subjects. The use of exogenous beta-galactosidases represents an alternative to avoid such reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Milk protein concentrations in neonatal milk (witch's milk).

Milk protein concentrations were determined in five samples of neonatal milk (witch's milk) by either double antibody radioimmunoassay (IgA) or by single radial immunodiffusion (IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme and albumin). Neonatal milk IgA concentrations ranged from 0.43 to 118.2 mg/l; the corresponding mean neonatal serum IgA concentration was 2.6 +/- s.e. 1.45 mg/l (n = 48). Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation indicated that the IgA detected was of the 11S type. IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme and albumin were detected in neonatal milk in similar concentrations to those found in maternal milk.

Albumins↗
PubMed1985

Nutrient content of milk and milk products: water soluble vitamins in baby milk formulae.

A study of the content of water soluble vitamins in the 12 baby milk formulae available in the UK in April 1983 showed that levels of vitamins in the individual brands were generally in excess of those declared by the manufacturer. For cows' milk based formulae the mean excess of vitamins over the declared level was 94%. Vitamin levels in prepared formulae averaged three times the minimum recommended level. The average level of B vitamins in prepared cows' milk based formulae was six times higher than in mature human milk. For the two soya based products, the levels of vitamins were generally in excess of the declared level and levels of vitamin B12, biotin and, in one sample, vitamin B6 were considerably in excess of those found in mature human milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

High-pressure-induced interactions between milk fat globule membrane proteins and skim milk proteins in whole milk.

The association of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) and alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), when whole milk was treated by high pressure in the range 100 to 800 MPa, was investigated using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE under reducing and nonreducing conditions. In SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, beta-LG was observed in the MFGM material isolated from milk treated at 100 to 800 MPa for 30 min, and small amounts of alpha-LA and kappa-casein were also observed at pressures >600 MPa for 30 min. However, these proteins were not observed in SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions. These results indicate that beta-LG and alpha-LA associated with MFGM proteins via disulfide bonds during the high-pressure treatment of whole milk. The amount of beta-LG associated with the MFGM increased with an increase in pressure up to 800 MPa and with increasing time of pressure treatment. The maximum value for beta-LG association with the MFGM was approximately 0.75 mg/g of fat. Of the major original MFGM proteins, no change in butyrophilin was observed during the high-pressure treatment of whole milk, whereas xanthine oxidase was reduced to some extent beyond 400 MPa. In contrast to the behavior during heat treatment, PAS 6 and PAS 7 were stable during high-pressure treatment, and they remained associated with the MFGM.

Animals↗