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PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of crumble and mash feed on oral lesions of white leghorn laying hens.

The effect of crumble and mash feed on oral lesions in laying hens was investigated. Each of two groups of white leghorn hens (group A, n = 120; group B, n = 120) was separated into crumble- and mash-fed treatments. At the start of the trial, group A chickens were free of oral lesions, whereas group B chickens had nearly 100% prevalence of oral lesions. The trials began at 17.4 and 22 wk of age and ended at 32 and 33 wk of age for groups A and B, respectively. Chickens were housed in cages indoors, fed free choice, and serologically monitored. Oral lesions were periodically evaluated by visual scoring. Lesion prevalence peaked in group A chickens at 23-25 wk of age, concurrently with an outbreak of respiratory disease, and decreased to a low level at the end of the trial. For most of the trial, crumble-fed chickens had significantly lower oral lesion prevalence than mash-fed chickens (P < 0.05). Lesion prevalence in group B chickens decreased after treatments began and maintained this trend to the end of the trial. Compared with mash-fed chickens, crumble-fed chickens in group B had significantly lower oral lesion prevalence throughout the trial (P < 0.001). Neither group had significant differences in oral lesion scores between treatments. Most lesions were on the lower palate, pinpoint to 2 mm in diameter, often multiple, and bilaterally symmetrical. Feed analyses for mycotoxins and heavy metals were within normal limits. The inciting etiology of oral lesions was not elucidated in this trial. However, this work demonstrated that once lesions were present, feed type had a strong effect on persistence of oral lesions.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT increases consumption of palatable wet mash and liquid diets in the rat.

The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT, at a dose of 30 micrograms/kg, enhanced the consumption of sweetened wet mash and sweetened milk in non-deprived rats. In partially satiated rats, sensitivity to the hyperphagic effect of 8-OH-DPAT on wet mash intake was substantially increased, so that the minimally effective dose was reduced to 3 micrograms/kg. Similarly, 8-OH-DPAT was more efficacious in increasing milk intake in satiated rats. Thus, 30 and 40 micrograms/kg 8-OH-DPAT produced a 4-fold increase of milk intake in completely satiated rats compared to a 2-fold increase in partially satiated animals at a dose of 30 micrograms/kg. The increased intake of liquid and wet mash diets observed after treatment with low doses of 8-OH-DPAT argues against the involvement of non-specific gnawing in the increased consumption of solid food produced by the drug. Rather, the data suggest that 8-OH-DPAT may specifically stimulate appetite by counteracting a tonic serotonergic inhibition of feeding. The present experiments also showed that 8-OH-DPAT attenuates fenfluramine-induced anorexia which is thought to depend on increased serotonergic neurotransmission.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1995

Mash-1 is expressed during ROD photoreceptor differentiation and binds an E-box, E(opsin)-1 in the rat opsin gene.

It has been shown previously that the transcription factor Mash-1 plays a significant role in mammalian neurogenesis. In the present study we show that Mash-1 is expressed during rat retinal development and that it interacts specifically with an E-box identified in the promoter of the opsin gene during rod photoreceptor differentiation. We propose that opsin may be one of the downstream neuronal genes regulated by Mash-1 during neurogenesis in the central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Myocyte enhancer factor 2C upregulates MASH-1 expression and induces neurogenesis in P19 cells.

MEF2C is a transcription factor expressed in neural lineages. After transient transfection, the MEF2 family of factors can act synergistically with the neural-specific transcription factor, MASH-1, and activate exogenous neural-specific promoters. To determine whether MEF2C is capable of modulating endogenous gene expression, P19 cell lines were analyzed that overexpressed MEF2C, termed P19[MEF2C] cells. Here we show that P19[MEF2C] cells differentiate into neurons when aggregated with ME(2)SO. MEF2C-induced neurons expressed neurofilament protein, the nuclear antigen NeuN, as well as MASH-1. Our results indicate that MEF2C can directly or indirectly activate the expression of MASH-1, leading to neurogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH1, IDH2) disruption of sake yeast on organic acid composition in sake mash.

The ratio of organic acids in sake mash is a very important factor affecting the taste of alcoholic beverages. To alter the organic acid composition in sake and investigate the mechanism of producing organic acids in sake mash, we examined the effect of NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity deficiency in sake yeast by disrupting the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. Two haploid strains (MATa or MATa genotype) isolated from sake yeast Kyokai no. 701 (K701) were disrupted using the aureobasidin A resistant gene (AUR1-C) as a selection marker. These disruptants were defective in the activity of IDH and failed to grow on medium containing glycerol as a sole carbon source. Sake meter, alcohol concentration, and glucose consumption in sake brewed with the disruptants were reduced in comparison with those of the parental strains. The production of citrate (including isocitrate), malate, and acetate by the disruptants was increased, but succinate production was reduced to approximately half in comparison with the parental strains. These results indicate that approximately half the amount of succinate in sake mash is produced via the oxidative pathway of the TCA cycle in sake yeast. While the diploid strain constructed by mating haploid disruptants for the IDH gene exhibited stronger fermentation ability than the haploid disruptants, almost similar profiles of components in sake were obtained for both strains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Chemical compositions and physicochemical properties of the fiber-rich materials prepared from shoyu mash residue.

Fiber-rich materials including desalted shoyu mash residue (briefly referred as desalted mash residue, DMR), alcohol-insoluble solid (AIS), and water-insoluble solid (WIS) were prepared from shoyu mash residue, which is a filtration cake obtained during the isolation of shoyu by press filtration of fermented matrix in the final process. The DMR, AIS, and WIS contain rich dietary fiber of 52.4, 61.5, and 54.7 wt %, respectively. The DMR, AIS, and WIS all have significantly lower bulk densities, and higher water-holding capacities, oil-holding capacities, swelling abilities, and cation-exchange capacities than the control cellulose. These results indicated that the said fiber-rich materials prepared in this study all have the desired physicochemical properties for being used as satisfactory sources of dietary fibers or low-calorie bulk ingredients in food applications requiring oil and moisture retention. Furthermore, the said fiber-rich materials also have high contents of isoflavones, mainly daidzein and genistein, which are considered as the most bioavailable phytoestrogens, with a total amount of about 1200-1480 micromol/100 g (equal to daidzein of ca. 3040-3759 microg/g, or genistein of 3240-3996 microg/g). The results revealed that the said fiber-rich materials might be a potent fiber source for health foods.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Effect of the stone content on the quality of plum and cherry spirits produced from mash fermentations with commercial and laboratory yeast strains.

To evaluate the influence of stone content on spirit quality from stone fruit, cherry and plum mashes were prepared and fermented with a commercial and a diploid laboratory yeast strain. Fermentation parameters such as sugar content and ethanol production were followed. Despite an initial lag phase in cherry spirits, both yeast strains performed similarly, as substantiated by the determination of specific flavor compounds, ethyl carbamate, and methanol in the mashes and after distillation. The spirits produced were subjected to sensory analyses by trained panels of at least 25 judges. Although mashes retaining the stones could be clearly distinguished from those where the stones had been removed, no significant preference could be attributed to either spirit, indicating that qualities added by the presence of stones during fermentation are largely a matter of personal taste. Interestingly, the yeast strain used for fermentation seemed to have little influence on the spirit quality.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed2001

Effect of lactobacilli on yeast growth, viability and batch and semi-continuous alcoholic fermentation of corn mash.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected strains of lactobacilli regarding cell viabilities, and production of organic acids and ethanol during fermentation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Corn mashes were inoculated with yeasts and selected strains of lactobacilli, and fermented in batch or semi-continuous (cascade) mode. Ethanolic fermentation rates and viabilities of yeast were not affected by lactobacilli unless the mash was pre-cultured with lactobacilli. Then, yeast growth was inhibited and the production of ethanol was reduced by as much as 22%. CONCLUSION: Yeasts inhibited the multiplication of lactobacilli and this resulted in reduced production of acetic and lactic acids. The self-regulating nature of the cascade system allowed the yeast to recover, even when the lactobacilli had a head start, and reduced the size of the population of the contaminating Lactobacillus to a level which had an insignificant effect on fermentation rate or ethanol yield. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Contamination during fermentation is normally taken care of by the large yeast inoculum, although yeast growth and fermentation rates could be adversely affected by the presence of high numbers of lactobacilli in incoming mash or in transfer lines.

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

DNA binding and transcriptional regulatory activity of mammalian achaete-scute homologous (MASH) proteins revealed by interaction with a muscle-specific enhancer.

The MASH genes are vertebrate homologues of achaete-scute, genes required for neuronal determination in Drosophila. The sequence of MASH1 and MASH2 contains a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif that is present in other transcriptional regulators such as MyoD and E12. In the absence of an authentic target for the MASH proteins, we examined their DNA binding and transcriptional regulatory activity by using a binding site (the E box) from the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene, a target of MyoD. Like myogenic bHLH proteins, the MASH proteins form heterooligomers with E12 that bind the MCK E box with high affinity in vitro. Unexpectedly, however, MASH1 and MASH2 also activate transcription of both exogenous and endogenous MCK in transfected C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts. However, they do not induce myogenesis. Myogenic activity is not exclusively a property of the MyoD basic region, as substitution of this domain fails to confer myogenic activity on MASH1. These data suggest that different bHLH proteins may activate overlapping but distinct sets of target genes in the same cell type.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Growth, carcase composition and profitability of meat chickens given pellets, mash or free-choice diet.

1. Equal numbers of 21-d-old male and female meat chickens were given their dietary ingredients either mixed and presented as pellets or mash, or as separate ingredients presented on a free-choice basis, to determine whether presentation method caused any differences in growth, carcase composition or profitability to 42 d of age. 2. The proportions of ingredients eaten by the chickens given a free choice varied widely during the first 56 h of the trial. Thereafter, the proportions did not vary widely and birds given the free choice ate approximately 1/2 of their intake as whole wheat, 1/3 of their intake as concentrate (high protein meals plus vitamin and mineral premixes), and 1/7 of their intake as whole sorghum each week for the three-week trial period. 3. The nutrient composition of the free-choice diet selected by the birds over the trial period averaged 12.09 MJ ME/kg feed, 210 g/kg crude protein, 14 g/kg calcium and 7 g/kg phosphorus. 4. At the end of the trial the average live body weights of the birds differed significantly according to method of feeding, in the descending order of pellets > mash > free choice. 5. The empty gizzard weight of birds differed significantly according to the method of feeding, in the descending order of free choice > mash > pellets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Fast reconstruction of 3D time-of-flight PET data by axial rebinning and transverse mashing.

Faster scintillators like LaBr(3) and LSO have sparked renewed interest in PET scanners with time-of-flight (TOF) information. The TOF information adds another dimension to the data set compared to conventional three-dimensional (3D) PET with the size of the projection data being multiplied by the number of TOF bins. Here we show by simulations and analytical reconstruction that angular sampling for two-dimensional (2D) TOF PET can be reduced significantly compared to what is required for conventional 2D PET. Fully 3D TOF PET data, however, have a wide range of oblique and transverse angles. To make use of the smaller necessary angular sampling we reduce the 3D data to a set of 2D histoprojections. This is done by rebinning the 3D data to 2D data and by mashing these 2D data into a limited number of angles. Both methods are based on the most likely point given by the TOF measurement. It is shown that the axial resolution loss associated with rebinning reduces with improved timing resolution and becomes less than 1 mm for a TOF resolution below 300 ps. The amount of angular mashing that can be applied without tangential resolution loss increases with improved TOF resolution. Even quite coarse angular mashing (18 angles out of 324 measured angles for 424 ps) does not significantly reduce image quality in terms of the contrast or noise. The advantages of the proposed methods are threefold. Data storage is reduced to a limited number of 2D histoprojections with TOF information. Compared to listmode format we have the advantage of a predetermined storage space and faster reconstruction. The method does not require the normalization of projections prior to rebinning and can be applied directly to measured listmode data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Alpha- and beta-carotene from a commercial puree are more bioavailable to humans than from boiled-mashed carrots, as determined using an extrinsic stable isotope reference method.

The extent to which processing affects the carotene or vitamin A value of foods is poorly understood. An extrinsic reference method was used to estimate the mass of carotenes and vitamin A derived from various preparations made from the same lot of carrots. Using a repeated-measures design, nine healthy adult subjects consumed test meals of either carrot puree (commercial baby food) or boiled-mashed carrots on separate days; six of the subjects also consumed a test meal of raw-grated carrot. Test meals supplied 34.7 micromol (18.6 mg) carrot beta-carotene (beta C), plus 6 micromol deuterium-labeled retinyl acetate (d(4)-RA) in oil solution. Baseline-adjusted carotene and retinyl ester (R-ester) area-under-curve (AUC) responses in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction (0-8.5 h) were determined using HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The masses of absorbed beta C, alpha-carotene (alpha C) and R-ester were estimated by comparing their AUC values with that of deuterium-labeled retinyl ester (d(4)-R-ester), assuming the latter represented 80% of the d(4)-RA reference dose. Absorption of beta C and alpha C was approximately twofold greater from carrot puree than from boiled-mashed carrots, whereas the retinol yield was only marginally (P = 0.11) influenced by treatment. Carotene and R-ester absorption from raw-grated carrot was intermediate to, and did not differ significantly from the cooked preparations. The vitamin A yield (puree, 0.53 mg; boiled-mashed, 0.44 mg) of cooked carrot containing 18.6 mg beta C was substantially less than that predicted by current convention and limited primarily by intestinal carotene uptake. Processing can therefore significantly improve bioavailability of carrot carotenes, and in some cases influence the carotene value more than the intrinsic vitamin A value.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Production and egg quality as influenced by mash or crumbled diets fed to laying hens in an aviary system.

Effects of feeding a crumbled diet compared with a mash diet on laying performance and egg quality of two hybrids of laying hens, a total of 3,204 birds, kept in an aviary system from 20 to 80 wk of age, were investigated. The two diets had the same composition and calculated nutrient content. Two hybrids, Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and SLU-1329 (a two-line cross of Leghorn x Rhode Island Red), were housed in six pens each of an aviary system with groups of 269 and 265 birds, respectively. There was a total of three replicates per treatment (diet x hybrid). Birds fed the mash diet compared with those fed the crumbled diet had a significantly higher proportion of misplaced eggs, inferior feed conversion ratio (FCR), and higher energy consumption per kilogram egg mass produced (collectable misplaced eggs included). The latter birds had higher body and egg weight, suggesting a higher nutritive value for the crumbled diet. Higher egg mass production and a more intensive yolk color were also found for the birds fed the crumbled diet compared with the mash diet. Hybrid affected production and egg quality traits the most. The LSL also showed significantly higher excreta DM compared with SLU-1329. Interactions between diets and hybrids were found regarding the proportion of misplaced eggs, dirty eggs, egg weight, and FCR. Some of the interactions may indicate other genetic and nutritional factors affecting bird performance in aviary systems more than is normally seen in cages.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Gene expression of MASH-1, MATH-1, neuroD and NSCL-2, basic helix-loop-helix proteins, during neural differentiation in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells.

We examined the gene expression of MASH-1, MATH-1, neuroD and NSCL-2 during neural differentiation of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and high performance liquid chromatography. These proteins are members of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family and their expressions are reported to be transient and restricted in the nervous system during early neurogenesis. Retinoic acid (RA-, 1 microM)-treatment and aggregation for 4 days induced and greatly increased MASH-1, neuroD and NSCL-2 mRNA in P19 cells. The increases peaked at day 3, 4 and 5, respectively. RA-treatment increased MATH-1 mRNA slightly. mRNA of MAP2, a neural differentiation marker, were increased by RA-treatment and the increases reached to the plateau at day 5. The results indicate that the gene expression of MASH-1, MATH-1, neuroD and NSCL-2 during neural differentiation in P19 cells is transient and the order is similar to that in the mouse embryo nervous system as previously reported.

Actins↗
PubMed1987

Effect of beak trimming on body weight and feed intake of egg-type pullets fed pellets or mash.

Pelleted and mash feed were provided in each of two trials. In the first trial, it was noted that the pullets did not eat the feed that was offered in pellet form. Type of beak trimming appeared to be involved in lowering feed intake. The second trial demonstrated that pullets with either the top beak or both beaks trimmed (block cut) approximately 2 mm from the nostril when offered pellets or mash did not eat feed in pellet form as readily as that in mash form.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Weight gain of summer-reared egg-type pullets fed pellets versus mash.

In an attempt to increase weight gain of egg-type pullets reared under high summer temperatures, pullets were fed feed in either pellet or mash form. Under high temperature rearing conditions, pelleting the diet did not significantly increase 12 to 20-wk body weight gain when compared to effects of the diet fed in mash form. Under a moderate temperature regimen (21 C), pelleting the diet did significantly increase 12 to 20-wk body weight gain in contrast to the effects of the diet fed in mash form.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

MASH-1: a marker and a mutation for mammalian neural crest development.

The ability to generate mice containing null mutations in any cloned gene promises new insights into the molecular control of mammalian neural crest development. This approach has recently been applied to MASH-1, a transcription factor in the bHLH family that is a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila proneural genes achaete-scute. In wild-type embryos, this gene is expressed early in the development of the autonomic nervous system, in apparent precursors of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric neurons (as well as in restricted regions of the central nervous system). A null mutation in the MASH-1 gene eliminates sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons and enteric neurons of the foregut (esophagus); however, enteric neurons of the stomach and hindgut are only partially affected. Analysis with other markers indicates that the mutation acts after neural crest cells have localized in the anlagen of the autonomic nervous system to prevent neuronal differentiation. The differentiation of autonomic glia appears unaffected. Thus, MASH-1 provides one of the most specific mutations affecting neural development in mammals, as well as a valuable marker to study the early segregation of neural crest cell lineages.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1999

Properties of TCA-insoluble peptides in kimoto (traditional seed mash for sake brewing) and conditions for liberation of the peptides from rice protein.

It was found that a large amount of TCA (trichloroacetic acid)-insoluble peptides were liberated into the supernatant of kimoto on the 7th-10th day of mashing. These TCA-insoluble peptides had five polypeptide groups (12, 21, 31, 38, and 55 kDa) on SDS-PAGE (SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), and a large amount of high molecular weight peptides, higher than 10,000, were observed upon gel filtration chromatography using TSKgel G2000swxl (Tosoh Co.). Four of these peptides (12, 21, 31, and 38 kDa on SDS-PAGE) appeared specifically in kimoto, and were not detected at all either in sokujo-moto or in the main mash for sake brewing. These TCA-insoluble peptides were fractionated from the supernatant of kimoto on the 9th day, and it was revealed that free amino acids were produced abundantly from them in the presence of the enzyme of rice-koji. Therefore, it was assumed that the peptides are related to the abundant production of free amino acids in kimoto. For the liberation of these TCA-insoluble peptides from rice protein, the enzyme of rice-koji was indispensable. The enzyme liberating the TCA-insoluble peptides from rice protein was purified from rice-koji, and was presumed to be identical with acid protease (AP) of rice-koji. The presence of a high concentration of glucose (higher than 20%) was also indispensable for the liberation of the TCA-insoluble peptides. Furthermore, it was revealed that the peptides were liberated from rice protein under a limited pH of around 4.5.

Journal Article↗