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PubMed2006

A systematic guide to reviewing a manuscript.

OBJECTIVE: In this article, we provide a step-by-step guide to reviewing a manuscript that we hope will improve the quality of reviews for the AJR. CONCLUSION: We have provided a detailed series of guidelines for providing excellent reviews of manuscripts. The template we have provided can be used to serve as a checklist for important questions to ask about manuscripts during the review process. Finally, the principles presented here also can be used as a guide for authors by providing a list of important features to include during manuscript preparation and thereby prospectively address questions that good reviewers are likely to ask.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Revision of manuscripts for scholarly publication.

Research shows that only 5% to 10% of manuscripts submitted to scholarly journals are accepted upon submission; the remainder must be revised before they are suitable for publication. Research also shows that authors who perform requested revisions greatly improve their chances of being published. In fact, a properly revised manuscript is almost guaranteed eventual publication at many journals. Despite these encouraging statistics, a significant number of authors choose to withdraw their manuscripts rather than perform revisions. This article examines the peer-review process, looks at common reasons why revisions are requested by reviewers and presents advice to authors on how to revise and resubmit their manuscripts for publication.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Phylogenetics of artificial manuscripts.

Biological evolution has parallels with the development of natural languages, man-made artifacts, and manuscript texts. As a result, phylogenetic methods developed for evolutionary biology are increasingly being used in linguistics, anthropology, archaeology, and textual criticism. Despite this popularity, there have been few critical tests of their suitability. Here, we apply phylogenetic methods to artificial manuscripts with a known true phylogeny, produced by modern 'scribes'. Although the survival of ancestral forms and multiple descendants from a single ancestor are probably much more common in manuscript evolution than biological evolution, we were able to reconstruct most of the true phylogeny. This is important because phylogenetic methods are influencing the production of critical editions of major written works. We also show that the variation in rates of change at different locations in the text follows a gamma distribution, as is often the case in DNA sequences.

Language↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of the study design and manuscript deficiencies in research articles submitted to Emergency Medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse the study design and manuscript deficiencies in original research articles submitted to Emergency Medicine. METHODS: This was a retrospective, analytical study. Articles were enrolled if the reports of the Section Editor and two reviewers were available. Data were extracted from these reports only. Outcome measures were the mean number and nature of the deficiencies and the mean reviewers' assessment score. RESULTS: Fifty-seven articles were evaluated (28 accepted for publication, 19 rejected, 10 pending revision). The mean (+/- SD) number of deficiencies was 18.1 +/- 6.9, 16.4 +/- 6.5 and 18.4 +/- 6.7 for all articles, articles accepted for publication and articles rejected, respectively (P = 0.31 between accepted and rejected articles). The mean assessment scores (0-10) were 5.5 +/- 1.5, 5.9 +/- 1.5 and 4.7 +/- 1.4 for all articles, articles accepted for publication and articles rejected, respectively. Accepted articles had a significantly higher assessment score than rejected articles (P = 0.006). For each group, there was a negative correlation between the number of deficiencies and the mean assessment score (P > 0.05). Significantly more rejected articles ' em leader did not further our knowledge' (P = 0.0014) and ' em leader did not describe background information adequately' (P = 0.049). Many rejected articles had ' em leader findings that were not clinically or socially significant' (P = 0.07). Common deficiencies among all articles included ambiguity of the methods (77%) and results (68%), conclusions not warranted by the data (72%), poor referencing (56%), inadequate study design description (51%), unclear tables (49%), an overly long discussion (49%), limitations of the study not described (51%), inadequate definition of terms (49%) and subject selection bias (40%). CONCLUSIONS: Researchers should undertake studies that are likely to further our knowledge and be clinically or socially significant. Deficiencies in manuscript preparation are more frequent than mistakes in study design and execution. Specific training or assistance in manuscript preparation is indicated.

Australia↗
PubMed1997

How to "peer review" a medical journal manuscript.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy, validity, and appropriateness of what gets published in the medical literature depends upon a pool of competent peer referees. However, the requisite skills needed to become such a peer are not taught at the residency training program level or subsequently by the journals themselves, who offer no training and little written instruction. OBJECTIVE: To outline a logical, orderly approach to the task of reviewing a "raw" medical manuscript. By breaking the overall endeavor down into smaller, step-by-step components, the novice reviewer should attain the direction and skills to complete a review with confidence. METHODS: Explore the role of the reviewer, discuss the philosophy of review, identify the key elements to look for when reading and rereading the manuscript, and outline a orderly approach to the decision making process. CONCLUSIONS: A "peer" is a physician with expertise on the subject under scrutiny who spends sufficient time and thought to fulfill two main obligations: to render an honest, unbiased decision on whether or not the manuscript should be published and, if it is acceptable, to help make it better. It is possible to perform the review process in a relatively simple, organized, and logical manner.

Conflict of Interest↗
PubMed2006

Country development and manuscript selection bias: a review of published studies.

BACKGROUND: Manuscript selection bias is the selective publication of manuscripts based on study characteristics other than quality indicators. One reason may be a perceived editorial bias against the researches from less-developed world. We aimed to compare the methodological quality and statistical appeal of trials from countries with different development status and to determine their association with the journal impact factors and language of publication. METHODS SELECTION CRITERIA: Based on the World Bank income criteria countries were divided into four groups. All records of clinical trials conducted in each income group during 1993 and 2003 were included if they contained abstract and study sample size. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was searched and 50 articles selected from each income group using a systematic random sampling method in years 1993 and 2003 separately. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted by two reviewers on the language of publication, use of randomization, blinding, intention to treat analysis, study sample size and statistical significance. Disagreement was dealt with by consensus. Journal impact factors were obtained from the institute for scientific information. RESULTS: Four hundred records were explored. Country income had an inverse linear association with the presence of randomization (chi2 for trend = 5.6, p = 0.02) and a direct association with the use of blinding (chi2 for trend = 6.9, p = 0.008); although in low income countries the probability of blinding was increased from 36% in 1993 to 46% in 2003. In 1993 the results of 68% of high income trials and 64.7% of other groups were statistically significant; but in 2003 they were 66% and 82% respectively. Study sample size and income were the only significant predictors of journal impact factor. CONCLUSION: The impact of country development on manuscript selection bias is considerable and may be increasing over time. It seems that one reason may be more stringent implementation of the guidelines for improving the reporting quality of trials on developing world researchers. Another reason may be the presumptions of the researchers from developing world about the editorial bias against their nationality.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preparing manuscripts for submission to medical journals: the paper trail.

CONTEXT: Preparing a manuscript for publication in a medical journal is hard work. OBJECTIVE: To make it easier to prepare a readable manuscript. APPROACH: Start early--A substantial portion of the manuscript can be written before the project is completed. Even though you will revise it later, starting early will help document the methods and guide the analysis. Focus on high-visibility components--Pay attention to what readers are most likely to look at: the title, abstract, tables, and figures. Strive to develop a set of tables and figures that convey not only the major results but also the basic methods. Develop a systematic approach to the body of the paper--A standard framework can make it easier to write the introduction, methods, results, and discussion. An obvious organization with frequent subheadings and consistent labels makes the paper easier to read. Finish strong--Improve the paper by sharing it with others and by learning how to elicit and receive their feedback. Take the time to incorporate useful feedback by revising frequently.

Data Display↗
PubMed1996

Illustrations as abstracts: the illustrative programme in a Montpellier manuscript of Roger Frugardi's Chirurgia.

Illustrated manuscripts of Roger Frugardi's Chirurgia (c. 1180) form but a small proportion of extant manuscripts in Latin or in any of the medieval vernaculars. We study the single de luxe illustrated Latin manuscript of the work which is notable for its extensive programme of over 100 medical illustrations. We suggest that both the length of the cycle and the integration of the illustrations into the text is linked to the absence of rubrics and that the cycle was conceived to act as a form of visual rubric. We show that this function had a determining influence on the iconography and examine the methods used to represent the text visually.

France↗
PubMed1998

[Medical manuscripts in the library of the Deontology Department of the Ankara University Medical School].

At every academical platform on medical history and its instruction, lack of Turkish medical historiography is mainly emphasized. There are two main factors determining the situation: 1-There isn't any comprehensive Turkish medical history textbook. 2-There are difficulties in reaching the primary sources in this field. Everybody agrees with the importance of reaching medical manuscripts easily and reading and evaluating them in medical history. For this reason, it is important to know where we can find them. In this article, medical manuscripts which are available in the library of the Deontology Department of Ankara University Medical School are introduced. The manuscripts have been listed in alphabetical order of the authors' name. The bibliographic items, such as the size, writing style, and type of paper used, are mentioned.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1999

[Copyists of manuscripts for medicine].

The study of the manuscript tradition for important Byzantine physicians shows that we have from the twelfth century copies made by the scribe Ioannikios for Aetius Amidenus and Paulus Aegineta. From the fourteenth and fifteenth century we know manuscripts for these authors proving the influence of the authorities on the medical practice. Johannes Staphidakes worked as a scribe and composed medical treatises, Demetrios Pepagomenos is attested as a physician in the reign of the emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. The monk Athanasios, working in the fifteenth century at Constantinople, restored a manuscript of Aetius Amidenus.

Byzantium↗
PubMed1998

Medical manuscripts in Sri Venkateshwara University Oriental Research Institute, Tirupathi, A. P.

Sri Venkateshwara Oriental Research Institute, Tirupati, was founded in 1939, with an object of collecting old, rare and important manuscripts from all parts of the state to conserve and publish the same for the benefit of coming generations. The total number of the manuscripts preserved in the Institute is 10,672, classified under 45 different heads out of which 137 manuscripts are related to medicine.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2005

[How to review English-written manuscripts submitted to peer-review journals].

Using some examples, the author describes how to review English-written manuscripts submitted to peer-review journals. One of the most important responsibilities for reviewers is to return the comments to the editor before deadline. Reviewers should not only criticize but also attempt to improve manuscripts. Participation in journal review may facilitate critical thoughts on their own manuscript writing.

Language↗
PubMed2005

[A manuscript with illustrations and equipment of alchemy in the 14th century].

Manuscript 1122 Trinity College Cambridge was written in Latin in England in the late 13th century. Page 120verso shows drawings with descriptions of alchemistic vessels and apparatus. These descriptions have been deciphered, translated into German and commented on. Unlike many comments in literature relating to these drawings they neither go back to Artefius or Alphidius nor are they part of the paper "clavis sapientiae". They were drawn up by an unknown hand in the late 14th century on the empty page 120verso of the older manuscript 1122. The drawings show a great variety of vessels and apparatus of highly sophisticated design. It is clear that they are based on older, professional sources. The descriptions in many cases go back to Arab designations, which were later lost. In many cases, archaeological finds confirm the actual existence of the vessels shown in the manuscript, so that we can assume that the drawings represent reality. Thus the drawings can help to interpret finds in storerooms of museums which up to now have not been identified, or recently excavated parts or fragments.

Alchemy↗
PubMed1970

Manuscripts and oral history: common interests and problems in the history of medicine.

The acceptance of the tape-recorded interview as a research tool and historical record in the history of medicine suggests some problems both for the researcher with respect to resource materials and for the repository. A direct relationship exists between manuscript collections and the oral history product, and it would be in the interest of the oral historian, the curator of manuscripts, and the repository if a unified conceptual approach were taken in the acquisition and preservation of manuscript records and oral history interviews.

History, Modern 1601-↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Selected writings on disease protection in Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts].

In this paper medical texts--supplications, exorcisms, prayers and recipes from the Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts are analyzed. These manuscripts from the northern coastal region of Croatia (i.e. Istria, Primorje and Northern Dalmatia) date from the 14th until the 19th century. The occurrence of the most common diseases in the said region is studied from medicohistorical and philological standpoints. The approach of medieval authors to therapeutic procedures was polyvalent (religious and empirical), and the way in which they sought to establish medical terminology is also reviewed in the paper. The results of this study show that the analyzed manuscripts are a valuable source for research of medical history and of the Croatian Glagolitic cultural heritage.

Croatia↗
PubMed2006

Exploring the relationship between impact factor and manuscript rejection rates in radiologic journals.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Stratifying candidates objectively on the merit of publication portfolios is an onerous and difficult task. Institutional committees are under increasing pressure to rank applicants based on previous achievements for appointments/promotions, funding, and awards, and must do so within unforgiving time constraints. The journal impact factor (IF) has been loosely adopted in many circles for assessing article "quality," circumventing detailed review of individual articles. The premise supporting such practice often hinges on assuming that high-IF journals are harder to publish in, for example, have higher rejection rates (RRs), and therefore, authors achieving publication in such periodicals should be "recognized" for their achievement. There is no evidence of previous research linking IF and RR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A subset of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)-listed radiology journals, for which IF data were available, was identified and a direct-contact survey approach (63.3% response rate) used to ascertain journal manuscript RR. RESULTS: Of the sample reviewed, the ISI-listed IF values ranged from 4.759 to 0.056 (mean 1.491), and editor-reported manuscript RRs from 80.0% to 8.0% (mean 47.8%). Statistical comparison of IF and RR using linear regression yielded an r2 value of 0.223. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study demonstrates poor linear agreement between IF and RR for manuscripts submitted to peer-reviewed radiology journals. This suggests that journal IF is a poor predictor of RR, and vice versa. This finding may be of interest to institutional committees who have adopted the IF as an indicator of merit in reviewing publication curriculum vitae, and may encourage rethinking of currently practiced candidate assessment approaches.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of statistical review on manuscript quality in Medicina Clínica (Barcelona): a randomized study].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The statistical review of biomedical articles should result in an improved quality. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of clinical review and joint clinical and statistical review on manuscript quality, in articles submitted to Medicina Clínica (Barcelona), a Spanish weekly journal of internal medicine. METHOD: Original papers arriving between May 2000 and February 2001 were randomized either to a clinical review group or a clinical and statistical review group. Two evaluators, blinded to the paper's group, assessed the quality improvement in both groups, from submission to publication using a modified version ot the Goodman et al. scale. The protocol required that final versions arrived before the end of May 2001. RESULTS: Final sample size was 43 manuscripts, evaluated before and after peer review. On the intention to treat analysis, the estimated effect of statistical review was 1.35 (95% CI: -0.45 to 3.16) positive, but not statistically significant. The analysis of the reviewers' comments revealed some protocol deviations. Taking into account the spontaneous inclusion of statistical experts in the clinical group, the estimated effect was statistically significant, with a confidence interval of 0.3 to 3.7. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of a statistical expert in the peer review process improves manuscript quality, although in the intention to treat analysis the improvement was not statistically significant.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A four-year analysis of manuscripts submitted for publication in West African Journal of Medicine (June 2001 to May 2005) (a brief report).

There are various criteria that could be used to rate a tertiary institution. One of these is the productivity of the members of staff which is shown by the research conducted, publications submitted and manuscripts published in indexed journals. Manuscripts submitted and published in one of the highly rated indexedjournals in our locality were analysed with a view to identifying how the institutions add to knowledge by their contributions. Our findings show that the four top-rated institutions in terms of manuscripts published in West African Journal of Medicine (WAJM) are University College Hospital (UCH), lbadan, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital (OAUTH), and Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH).

Africa, Western↗