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PubMedDate not supplied

[3,4-dichloroaniline cometabolism by representatives of the genus Pseudomonas].

The effect of propanide, linuron and 3,4-dichloroaniline on soil organisms was studied. Two strains of Pseudomonas aurantiaca 1 and 7, were isolated from soil; they decomposed propanide yielding 3,4-dichloroaniline. These strains, as well as a number of collection cultures belonging to the Pseudomonas genus, could transform 3,4-dichloroaniline at a rate of 0-100 per cent during 48 hours. A certain correlation existed between this transformation ability and the level of total oxidase activity. All the strains of Pseudomonas studied in this work were characterized by a low peroxidase activity, and no strict correlation was detected between its level and the ability to transform 3,4-dichloroaniline.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

The effect of herbicides on the qualitative properties of healing plants. Part 2: Content and composition of the essential oil from Salvia officinal is L. after application of Afalon 50 WP.

The aim of our work was to study the changes of the content and quality of volatile oil in Salvia officinalis L. being treated with Afalon 50 WP (the active substance linuron) in the major ontogenetic phases of the plant growth. The plants treatment with a herbicide in pre-emergence did not cause a dramatic change in the essential oil content or in the proportional representation of its individual components. During the investigation of the changes in quality of the essential oil after an application of Afalon during various plant growth phases there was found the same relationship when compared with those being untreated.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1994

Bacteria and pesticides: a new aspect of interaction--involvement of a new biofactor.

Positively charged hydrophobic pesticides of the dipyridyl family [diquat, paraquat, benzylviologen (BV++), etc.] were shown to provoke accumulation of 2-methylbutane-1,2,3,4-tetraol-2,4- cyclopyrophosphate in the cells Corynebacterium (Brevibacterium) ammoniagenes while neutral dipyridyls were not. Hydrophobicity was also an important factor in this phenomenon. Of the other pesticides tested, only linuron was effective. BV++ also induced biosynthesis of the compound in Rhodococcus rhodochrous, Rh.ruber, Rh.sp. (Nocardia corynebacteroides). These microorganisms as well as most of the previously identified oxidative stress activated producers of this new cyclopyrophosphate were able to synthesize free radical generating compounds. The microorganisms concerned belong mainly to the order Actinomycetales.

2,2'-Dipyridyl↗
PubMed1980

[Herbicide residues in some herbs (author's transl)].

Residue occurrence is discussed with use of 14 herbicides (Alachlor, Chloridazone, Chlorpropham, Chloroxuron, Chlorthal-methyl, Desmetryne, Lenacil, Linuron, Methabenzthiazuron, Monolinuron, Na-propamide, Pendimethalin, Phenmedipham and Terbutryne) on 6 herbs (borage, dill, garden-chervil, garden cress, anise and sorrel) in the light of residue analyses (from field trials over two seasons with analyses carried out in two laboratories). The methods are outlined; limits of the determinations and recoveries are given.

Carbamates↗
PubMed1975

Effect of pesticides on blue-green algae and nitrogen-fixation.

The effects of the pesticides, amitrol, a derivative of amitrol (viz. 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole), diquat, paraquat, linuron, MCPA, malathion, and monuron, were studied on the nitrogen-fixing algae, Anabaena cylindrica, Aulosira sp., Calothrix elenkenii. Chlorogloeae frischii, Cylindrospermum muscicola, Nostoc sp. from Collema tenax, Nostoc muscorum Tolypothrix tenuis, and Westiellopsis sp. In general, two types of response were discernible; an initial period of depression succeeded by an increased activity and an initial period of depression followed by a distinct decrease on prolonged incubation. The results indicate that some pesticidal compounds can severely limit the nitrogen-fixing capacities of blue-green algae, thereby affecting the overall nitrogen economy of soils in general.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1993

Solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for monitoring herbicides in drinking water.

A multiresidue analytical method based on C18 solid-phase extraction and one-run HPLC determination has been developed for the analysis of eleven acidic, neutral and weak basic herbicides in drinking water. A 1-1 sample of water was preconcentrated by passage through a 500-mg C18 solid phase extraction column. The retained compounds were eluted from the column with 1 ml of methanol. After concentration of the extract the pesticides were separated and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. Bentazone, 2,4-D, MCPA, fluazifop-acid, metoxuron, monolinuron, metobromuron, diuron, linuron, atrazine and simazine were determined simultaneously in a single run on a C18 HPLC column. Reanalyses of the sample extracts on a second cyano column were used to confirm the identity of the neutral and basic compounds. The limit of determination, defined as four times the baseline noise, varied between 0.01 microgram/l and 0.1 microgram/l depending on the compound, the detection sensitivity of the instrument and the type of HPLC column used.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1994

Separation and detection of herbicides in water by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

The herbicides linuron, metolachlor, atrazine and metsulfuron were analysed using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) after a 1000-fold concentration step by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Recoveries ranged from 80 to 92%, depending on the concentration and the number of active substances in the sample. Furthermore, the hydrolysis products of metsulfuron were analysed by MECC and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Representative MECC and GC-MS profiles are shown and the structures of the hydrolysis products are proposed on the basis of their chromatographic and mass spectra features. A tentative pathway for the degradation of metsulfuron is proposed.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1990

Biomonitoring of arylamines: hemoglobin adducts of urea and carbamate pesticides.

Hemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines released from pesticides were investigated. Female Wistar rats were dosed orally with pesticides up to 1 mmol/kg body weight. Blood was obtained after 24 h, hemoglobin isolated and hydrolyzed in 1 NaOH. The amines were extracted and quantified by gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific or mass-selective detection. The following binding indices [HBI, hemoglobin binding index = binding (mmol/mol Hb) per dose (mmol/kg)] were obtained: pesticide (arylamine): linuron, diuron (3,4-dichloroaniline) 0.8 and 4.5 respectively; monuron, monolinuron (4-chloroaniline) 39 and 55 respectively; chlorpropham (3-chloroaniline) 2.9; chlordimeform (4-chloro-o-toluidine) 2.4; propham (aniline) 2.4. With vinclozoline and iprodione (3,5-dichloroaniline) and quintozene (pentachloroaniline) no adducts could be found. The results demonstrate the possible use of arylamine-hemoglobin adducts for measuring the bioavailability of potentially hazardous components of pesticides and the extent to which they are formed and metabolically activated.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

Degradation of chlorbromuron and related compounds by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani.

The ability of the soil fungus Rhizoctonia solani to degrade phenyl-substituted urea herbicides was investigated. The fungus was able to transform chlorbromuron [3-(3-chloro-4-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1-methoxyurea] to the demethylated product [3-(3-chloro-4-bromophenyl)-1-methoxyurea], which was isolated and identified. Evidence was obtained that further degradation of chlorbromuron occurred. Several other phenylurea compounds (chloroxuron, diuron, fenuron, fluometuron, linuron, metobromuron, neburon, and siduron) were also metabolized by the fungus, indicating that R. solani may possess a generalized ability to attack this group of herbicides.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determining organohalides in animal fats using gel permeation chromatographic cleanup: repeatability study.

Evaluation of a previously published gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) procedure was undertaken to determine whether it can be used for additional organochlorine pesticides. After repeatability studies of many pesticides, the following compounds were approved for inclusion in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Domestic Residue Monitoring Program: coumaphos-S, stirophos, chlorpyrifos, ronnel, carbophenothion, chlorfenvinphos, phosalone, kepone, captan, linuron, and endosulfan I and II. Recoveries ranged from 54% for captan to 123% for ronnel. Ranges of CVs varied from 0-9.5% for carbophenothion to 7.1-47.7% for kepone. Although the minimum acceptable recovery of 50% was attained for all 12 pesticides, the anticipated CV of 20% was waived to include chlorpyrifos, endosulfan I and II, and kepone. For a multiresidue procedure involving approximately 40 compounds, these results were within the acceptable criteria.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of pesticides on bacterial membranes].

The effect of pure preparation of ordram, fosalon, DDT, methoxychlorine, hydrel, dihydrel, 2,4-D, 2M-4C and of technical preparations of saturn, linuron, ronstar and keltan on the membrane functions (respiration and motility) of Azospirillum brasilense and Chromatium minutissimum cells and on malate and NADH oxidation by the isolated membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus was investigated. The effect varied from irreversible impairment to undetectable impairment of the measured activities depending on the type of bacteria and on the chemical used. The ordram induced permeability of the A. brasilense membranes without inhibition of the respiratory chain activity and selective inhibition of malate oxidase accompanied by stimulation of NADH oxidation in the M. lysodeikticus membranes indicates a possibility of ordram application as a regulator of bacterial metabolism.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

A potpourri of pesticide poisonings in Alberta in 1987.

Several instances of what turned out to be pesticide and herbicide poisonings were investigated by us in 1987. They did not all occur in Alberta; some were referred. In addition, this laboratory did not investigate all pesticide incidents referred to Alberta Agriculture, as another laboratory is normally involved when pesticides are suspected from the outset. Perfunctory case histories are given along with brief analytical methodology for our use of GC/MS as an investigative tool in toxicological examinations. Four cases of carbofuran poisonings, 6 of lindane (sometimes in conjunction with other poisons), and 1 each of picloram, phorate, chlordane and avitrol are reported. Linuron was also found on trees dying in a tree nursery.

Alberta↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Residues of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides on Ontario-grown vegetables, 1980-1985.

Between 1980 and 1985, 354 composite vegetable samples representing 9 vegetable commodities were collected from farm deliveries to the market place in Ontario, Canada. All samples were analyzed for insecticides, 275 for fungicides, and 135 for herbicides. The analyses included organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid, and N-methylcarbamate insecticides; dithiocarbamate, acylalanine, phthalimide, dicarboximide, and other fungicides; and, chlorophenoxy acid, chlorobenzoic acid, bipyridilium, phenylurea, carbamate, and other herbicides. The commodities tested included asparagus, beans, carrots, cauliflower, cucumbers, onions, potatoes, sweet corn, and tomatoes. In most samples, pesticide residues were below the detection limits (i.e., 0.005 to 0.1 mg/kg), and most of the positive findings were a fraction (i.e., less than 1 to 20%) of the maximum residue limit (MRL) permitted for each commodity under the Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. A small number of samples had residues that exceeded the MRL, and these involved aldicarb and linuron on potatoes and chlorobromuron on carrots.

Fungicides, Industrial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiresidue method for determining substituted urea herbicides in foods by liquid chromatography.

A method is described for determining substituted urea herbicides in foods. The residues are extracted from the product with methanol, and the food coextractives are removed by using solvent partitioning and Florisil column chromatography. The extract is analyzed using liquid chromatography with postcolumn photodegradation, chemical derivatization with orthophthalaldehyde, and spectrofluorometry. Recoveries were determined by spiking 8 different food products with 6 phenylureas--chlorbromuron, chloroxuron, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, and metobromuron--at 0.05 and 0.5 ppm. Three determinations were made at each level for each product. Average recovery at 0.05 ppm was 95% (with a standard deviation of 7.9%), and at 0.5 ppm, 98% (with a standard deviation of 6.9%).

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herbicidal treatments for control of Cannabis sativa L.

In order to test herbicides for the destruction of illicit stands of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) a series of commercially available herbicides were sprayed on glasshouse-grown plants having 2 to 6 leaves. The following herbicides caused complete kill or severe injury to cannabis plants: (a) herbicides with root and foliage activity--ametryn, atrazine, metribuzin, prometryn, terbutryne, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, phenobenzuron, ethofumesate, karbutilate, methazole and oxadiazon; and (b) foliar-acting herbicides with brief or no soil persistence--amitrole, bentazon, 2,4-D, diquat + paraquat, glyphosate and phenmedipham. In field experiments herbicides of the latter group, and ioxynil, metribuzin, and a MSMA-cacodylate mixture, caused death or severe damage to young cannabis plants. Glyphosate, ioxynil and bentazon destroyed developed cannabis plants. In glasshouse and field experiments the following herbicides applied to young cannabis plants caused marked deformations of stems, leaves and/or inflorescences: barban, butralin, dalapon, difenzoquat, dinitramine, diphenamid, IPC, napropamide, penoxalin, triffuralin, and U-27267.

Cannabis↗
PubMed1980

Herbicidal treatments for control of Papaver somniferum L.

Fifty-five commercially available herbicides were evaluated for possible use to destroy illicit opium poppy crops (Papaver somniferum). In the first stage, herbicides were sprayed on poppy plants grown in containers. The following compounds killed poppy plants: (a) herbicides with typical foliar activity--amitrole, bromoxynil, 2,4-D, glyphosate, ioxynil and paraquat; and (b) herbicides with root and foliar activity--the triazines ametryn, atrazine, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine and terbutryn; the substituted ureas benzthiazuron, chloroxuron, diuron, fluometuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, neburon and phenobenzuron; and the miscellaneous compounds karbutilate, methazole, oxadiazon and pyrazon. Severe but sublethal injury was caused by cycloate, EPTC, molinate, pobulate, cacodylate + MSMA, ethofumesate, perfluidone and phenmedipham. Abnormal development of vegetative or reproductive parts of the plant was induced by benefin, butralin, dinitramine, pendimethalin, trifluralin, diphenamid, napropamide, dalapon and propham. Efficient herbicides with negligible persistence in soil at the doses applied were evaluated on poppy plants in the field at various stages of growth. Small plants were severely injured by 2,4-D, killed rapidly by bromoxynil, ioxynil, paraquat (in mixture + diquat), and more slowly by glyphosate and metribuzin. The resistance to herbicides increased with the age of the poppy plant. Severe damage with partial kill of developed plants was obtained with bromoxynil, ioxynil, glyphosate, and paraquat + diquat; the last treatment produced the fastest effect.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗
PubMed1976

High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of urea herbicides in foods.

A method is described for the direct analysis of the urea herbicides linuron, monuron, diuron, chlorbromuron, fluometuron, chloroxuron, and fenuron in cabbage, corn, potatoes, turnip, and wheat at 0.01-1.0 ppm. The samples are extracted with acetone; the filtrate is partitioned with hexane-methylene chloride (1+1) followed by 2 other extractions with methylene chloride. The organic phases are dried and concentrated for column chromatographic cleanup on 2% deactivated Florisil. The column fractions are evaporated just to dryness and redissolved in 10 ml isooctane for high-pressure liquid chromatography on a 25 cm silica gel (5 mum) column. Isopropanol in isooctane is the mobile phase, and compounds are measured by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm. Recoveries are greater than 80% in most cases. These results are confirmed by alkylation with sodium hydride-methyl iodide in dimethyl sulfoxide to form the methyl products which are analyzed by the same chromatographic system or by gas-liquid chromatography.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1987

Gas chromatography mass spectrometry of some thermally labile urea pesticides.

The application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to three thermally labile phenylurea pesticides is reported. Using alcohols as solvents the decomposition of the pesticides is followed by a reaction in which esters of N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)carbamic acid are formed. As these reactions occur during the gas chromatographic analysis, it is the esters which are identified in the mass spectrometer. The methyl ester is itself a pesticide so an erroneous conclusion about the original pesticide could be reached when methanol is the solvent.

Diuron↗