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PubMed2002

Satisfaction with hospital rehabilitation: is it related to life satisfaction, functional status, age or education?

Satisfaction with care, functional and cognitive status, life satisfaction, anxiety, and sociodemographic variables were correlated in 55 in-patients admitted to a rehabilitation unit after hip or knee surgery. The study aimed at investigating whether, as an index of care quality, patient satisfaction can be considered as a distinct domain or instead is subsidiary to other patient characteristics. Patient satisfaction with rehabilitation care was measured through a questionnaire, SAT-16. The SAT-16 scores were moderately correlated with a short form of the Life Satisfaction Index (LSI-11: rs = 0.41, p = 0.001), but did not correlate with either the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), the STAI form X (the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), age or educational level. According to the "discrepancy model", the fair degree of correlation between SAT-16 and LSI-11 could be explained by connecting both expressions of satisfaction with personal background expectations and their perceived degree of fulfilment. The results confirm, also for rehabilitation care, that patient satisfaction should be considered as a valuable specific outcome, independent of most of the patient characteristics investigated (functional and cognitive status, anxiety, age, and education).

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Predictors of life satisfaction: a spinal cord injury cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine unique demographic, medical, perceived health, and handicap predictors of life satisfaction 2 years after spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as the predictors of change in life satisfaction from year 1 to year 2. DESIGN: Prospective predictive study performed by using longitudinal data from 18 Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems. SETTING: University physical medicine and rehabilitation department. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with traumatic onset SCI (N = 940) evaluated at 1 and 2 years' postinjury. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) 2 years post-SCI. PREDICTOR VARIABLES: demographic characteristics, impairment and disability classifications, and 1 year post-SCI measures of life satisfaction (SWLS), medical complications, self-perceived health (Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey), and extent of handicap (Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique). RESULTS: The factors uniquely associated with an increased risk of lower self-reported life satisfaction at year 2 post-SCI included being male and unemployed, with poor perceived health, decreased mobility, and decreased social integration. After controlling for year 1 estimates of life satisfaction (ie, examining change in life satisfaction), only mobility and perceived health were uniquely related to life satisfaction 2 years post-SCI. CONCLUSION: Mobility and perceived health appear to be the consistent predictors of life satisfaction at year 2 post-SCI, as well as change in satisfaction from year 1 to year 2. Because both factors are amenable to change, they are reasonable targets of intervention programs. Identifying specific mechanisms of perceived health and mobility associated with life satisfaction should be an important area of continued research.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Life satisfaction in 18- to 64-year-old Swedes: in relation to gender, age, partner and immigrant status.

Satisfaction with life as a whole and with 10 domains of life was assessed in a nationally representative Swedish sample of 1207 women and 1326 men aged between 18 and 64 years, using a generic self-report checklist (LiSat-11), with levels of satisfaction ranging along a six-grade ordinal scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 6 (very satisfied). The main findings are that, with marginal exceptions, life satisfaction is gender independent, while age is systematically and positively associated with vocational and financial situations. Having no partner and being a first-generation immigrant implies for most LiSat-11 items a relatively low level of satisfaction. Factor analysis of the domain-specific items yields a gender-independent four-factor structure, which is robustly independent of different scaling reductions. Gross levels of satisfaction (dichotomized scales 1-4 vs 5-6) of seven domains were significant classifiers (odds ratio 1.7-3.9) of gross level of satisfaction with life as a whole. This investigation provides reference values for LiSat-11, which, with its ease of administration may be an adequate instrument for analysing, in terms of subjects' cognitive appraisal of emotions, aspirations-achievement gaps.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Life satisfaction of the elderly American Indian.

This study examined the life satisfaction of 58 elderly American Indians and its relationship to selected external and internal environmental factors. Elderly Indians were 51-85 years of age and resided on two midwestern reservations. Data were collected through use of the Life Satisfaction Index Z-scale (LSI-Z), the Oars Multi-dimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (OARS) and a semi-structured interview schedule. Findings indicated that life satisfaction tended to be high. Six internal environmental variables explained 40% of the variance in life satisfaction scores. A higher correlation was found between self-perception of life satisfaction and mental health than objective ratings on these two variables. This study suggests that variables associated with the internal environment may be useful as indicators of life satisfaction in elderly reservation American Indians and that subjective measures of life satisfaction may be more predictive of mental health than objective measures.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

[A longitudinal study on social support and life satisfaction among Japanese elderly].

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of social support on life satisfaction among Japanese elderly aged 60 and over (N = 1,285), using the longitudinal data of a national representative sample. An initial survey was carried out in 1987, and a follow-up was conducted in 1990. We measured life satisfaction by the Life Satisfaction Index A. Social support was measured from two aspects, providing support and receiving support. The impact of social support and changes in support during a period of three years on life satisfaction were assessed by sex after controlling for influences of socioeconomic status, physical functioning, and initial life satisfaction. Providing support predicted a high life satisfaction three years later only in females. Receiving support was not significantly associated with life satisfaction for either males or females. However changes in providing and receiving support had a significant impact on life satisfaction of the elderly. The findings of this study suggest that the effects of social support on life satisfaction differ by sex and the impacts of changes in support are strong determinant predicting life satisfaction of the elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Life satisfaction among the very old: a survey on a cognitively intact sample aged 90 years or above.

The purpose of the study was to measure life satisfaction and the factors believed to influence it. The study involved 105 very old people, ninety years and above, who were not cognitively impaired, living in the inner part of Stockholm, Sweden. In order to assess life satisfaction, the Life Satisfaction Index-B (LSI-B) and Life Satisfaction Index-Z (LSI-Z) were used. Information about life events, activities, personality and social contacts were collected in order to determine their relative influence on life satisfaction. Factors associated with life satisfaction were also investigated in a content analysis to find out what the elderly themselves believe gives them life satisfaction. Results showedthat health and an emotionally stable personality were, independently of other factors, the most important factors for life satisfaction among the very old.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Life satisfaction following heart transplantation.

This study investigated perceived life satisfaction and quality of life reported by heart transplant recipients. The impact of life change following transplantation and problems associated with side-effects of the immunosuppressive therapy were also examined. Questionnaires were mailed to one hundred heart transplant recipients. All had survived at least six months after the operation. Seventy-five completed the questionnaire. Eighty-nine percent of those reported good to excellent quality of life. Life satisfaction was reported as good to very satisfactory by 82%. The considerable change in life style following transplantation was mostly perceived as positive. All recipients experienced some side-effects from the immunosuppressive therapy. However, these physical symptoms had little impact upon the overall positive evaluation of life quality and life satisfaction.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Depression and life satisfaction in Nepal and Australia.

For this study of cultural differences in the extent of depressive symptomatology and life satisfaction, 311 Australian and 250 Nepalese university students completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). No significant differences were found in depressive symptomatology. Australian respondents reported significantly higher life satisfaction than Nepalese. A moderate significant inverse relationship was found between depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in the Australian respondents, with a smaller significant inverse relationship observed among the Nepalese respondents. The findings suggest that the experience of depressive symptoms may be partially independent of life satisfaction for this Nepalese sample.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Objective life circumstances and life satisfaction: results from the course of homelessness study.

Relations between objective life circumstances and life satisfaction were examined using structural equation modeling of two waves of data obtained from homeless and mentally ill homeless participants (N = 298) in the Course of Homelessness Study (COH). Cross-sectional analyses revealed that objective indexes of life quality were primarily associated with domain-specific, rather than general, life satisfaction. Results could not be attributed to the covariation of life satisfaction with other indexes of subjective well-being (i.e., psychological symptoms and perceived self-mastery). In addition, significant direct ("causal") cross-lagged effects were found linking initial objective housing status with subsequent income and subsequent satisfaction with housing. By contrast, neither life satisfaction nor any other index of subjective well-being exerted a direct impact on subsequent life quality as assessed by objective indexes. Finally, we found no support for previous claims that perceived self-mastery mediates the impact of objective life circumstances on subsequent life satisfaction. Findings are discussed with reference to the utility of a hierarchical model of life satisfaction that incorporates domain-specific, as well as global, satisfaction.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting life satisfaction among adolescents from immigrant families in Norway.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the degree of life satisfaction among adolescents with immigrant background, and the factors that may predict the level of life satisfaction among them. METHOD: Five hundred and six adolescents (mean age = 15.34, SD = 1.67) with immigrant background from Vietnam, Pakistan, Chile and Turkey were recruited from five major Norwegian cities, and were asked to fill in a questionnaire with several measures, including demographic information, life satisfaction, acculturation strategies, ethnic identity and mastery. A control group involving 209 Norwegian youth were also included in the study. RESULTS: On the whole the adolescents with immigrant background were found to be fairly satisfied with their life (M = 3.55, SD = 0.81). Using Socio-Economic Status as covariance, adolescents with immigrant background did not differ from their Norwegian counterparts on life satisfaction level (F = 0.58, p > 0.05). Chileans were found to be the most satisfied group, and Vietnamese the least satisfied. The higher life satisfaction among Chileans compared with the other ethnic groups is viewed as a possible selection bias. While demographic factors accounted for just 4% of the explained variance, personal factors accounted for over 20% of the explained variance. Mastery (beta = 0.39) and ethnic identity (beta = 0.17) were the two most important predictors of life satisfaction. Living in an ethnically homogenous neighbourhood was also found to be related to life satisfaction. Perceived discrimination and integration as an acculturation strategy were not related to life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that helping adolescents with immigrant background to develop a good sense of mastery and a positive ethnic identity will go a long way to boost their life satisfaction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

The construct validity of life satisfaction among the elderly.

A construct validation study of life satisfaction was completed with a modified random area probability sample of 325 older persons (M = 73.0, SD = 8.2) residing in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Internal consistency reliability estimates for the Life Satisfaction Index Form Z and both subscales of the Affect Balance Scale were consistent with previous reports. Within self-ascribed handicapped and nonhandicapped groups, six life satisfaction measures generally correlated more highly with each other than with an alcohol use measure, suggesting adequate convergent-discriminant validity. Finally, the handicapped group had lower life satisfaction than the nonhandicapped group, and stepdown F tests indicated some redundancy among the life satisfaction measures.

Affect↗

PubMed2002

[Life satisfaction and psychosocial outcome in severe traumatic brain injuries in Aquitaine].

OBJECTIVE: To assess late outcome and satisfaction of life of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients who received inpatient rehabilitation in Aquitaine. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Seventy-nine consecutive patients out of the 158 who were hospitalized for rehabilitation in 1993 were asked for in 2000 by a phone interview including standardised scales and free talk as well. RESULTS: The results showed that nine years on average after their injury, 65 to 85% of patients were independent for daily living, whereas 35 to 55% only were independent in social life. Most of them were satisfied with their autonomy (67%), family life (66%) and financial status (41%), but they were dissatisfied with leisure (36%), vocational adjustment (28%) and sexual life (32%). CONCLUSION: Return to work, leisure and sexuality are major parameters of satisfaction of life after a severe TBI, and should be emphasized in goal-directed rehabilitation programs.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Heritability of life satisfaction in adults: a twin-family study.

BACKGROUND: Subjective well-being (SWB) can be partitioned into the components life satisfaction and affect. Research on factors influencing these components of well-being has mainly focused on environmental characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of genes and environment to individual differences in life satisfaction in a large sample of Dutch twins and their singleton siblings. METHOD: Life satisfaction of 5668 subjects registered with The Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR) was measured with a Dutch version of the self-reported Satisfaction with Life Scale. An extended twin design was used to obtain correlations in life satisfaction scores for monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins and sibling pairs and to estimate the contribution of genes and environment to the variation in life satisfaction. RESULTS: No differences between males and females were found in the mean level of life satisfaction. Broad-sense heritability was 38%. Non-additive genetic factors explained all or most of the genetic influences. The remaining 62% of the variance in life satisfaction could be attributed to unique environmental factors, both persistent and transitory, plus measurement error. CONCLUSIONS: Individual differences in life satisfaction are determined in part by genetic factors that are largely or entirely non-additive in nature.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Life satisfaction in individuals with a spinal cord injury and pain.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and describe life satisfaction in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) with regard to pain. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study of self-reported life satisfaction in individuals with SCI, with and without pain. SETTING: Spinal outpatient clinic. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and thirty patients with SCI were mailed a questionnaire. INTERVENTIONS: Mailed survey. MAIN MEASURES: Ratings of pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, mood, and life satisfaction (LiSat-9). RESULTS: In total 191 (83%) of the questionnaires were returned and analysed. Patients with pain experienced lower life satisfaction compared with individuals who were pain free. Continuous pain interfered to a greater extent than did intermittent pain. In logistic regression analysis the univariate relationship between pain and low life satisfaction was removed. Predictive for lower scores of life satisfaction were higher ratings of mood disorders. CONCLUSION: Life satisfaction is negatively affected in patients with SCI and pain compared to patients with SCI but without pain. Higher levels of anxiety and depression seem to be predictive for this decreased life satisfaction.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Girls with anorexia nervosa as young adults: personality, self-esteem, and life satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: The current study evaluated personality, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in former patients with different outcomes of childhood and adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS: Forty-four female patients with AN were assessed 8.5 +/- SD 3.4 years after treatment start with a clinical interview and questionnaires including the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Self-esteem and general life satisfaction in former patients were compared with women in a large population study. RESULTS: Former AN patients with no eating disorder and normal eating attitudes at follow-up (n = 21 [48%]) had similar TCI profiles and self-esteem as samples from normal populations, whereas participants with poorer outcome had significantly lower TCI Self Directedness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction scores. Life satisfaction was reduced in all outcome groups and was strongly associated with self-esteem. CONCLUSION: Personality, self-esteem, and life satisfaction varied significantly between outcome groups. The results indicate that young patients with AN with a good outcome may have normal personality and self-esteem features in young adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Correlates of life satisfaction among elderly African Americans.

This study examined the correlates of Life Satisfaction among older African Americans. The sample consisted of 166 African Americans ranging in age from 65 to 88 years. There were 87 males and 79 females. Included as predictors of Life Satisfaction were self-rated health, self-perceived adequacy of income, weekly hours of participation in church activities, and family role involvement. The results of the study confirmed that family role involvement and participation in church activities were significant predictors of Life Satisfaction among African American elderly in general. Results also indicated significant sex differences. Females tended to manifest greater life satisfaction than males. Females also had higher mean scores on hours of church participation per week, scored higher on family role involvement, and were more likely than males to consider their incomes adequate. Therefore, separate correlation and regression analyses were run for male and female respondents. These analyses indicated that among males, family role involvement and hours of church participation were related significantly to life satisfaction, as were self-perceived adequacy of income, actual household income, educational level, and self-rated religiosity. Among females, only self-rated religiosity was a significant predictor of life satisfaction. This finding was attributed to the generally high levels of family role involvement and church participation among female respondents.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1995

[Life satisfaction and its related factors among institutionalized patients at a Hansen's disease sanatorium].

We conducted a questionnaire survey on life styles and health status for 293 patients with Hansen's disease. They were admitted to the wards for disabled and physically able patients of Ohshima Seishoen, in Kagawa prefecture, in 1991. This institution is one of Japan's national leprosy sanitarians. We measured patients' life satisfaction with the Delighted-Terrible Scale. In this report, the distribution of life satisfaction and its associated factors were examined for 210(71.7%) respondents. Factors examined were length of treatment, physical health, and social aspects of life at the sanatorium. The major findings were as follows; 1. The patients aged under 60 had lower proportions of being satisfied with life than those aged 60 or older. The proportions of life satisfaction of the 40-59 age group were 17% for men and 22% for women, while for the 60 or older age groups were 33-44% for men and 41-45% for women. The proportions of life satisfaction in the 60 or older age groups were lower than those of community dwelling elderly persons. 2. We examined factors associated with life satisfaction for the respondents aged 60 or older. Dependence on activities of daily living (ADL) was associated with life satisfaction in some ADL items. Care and aid provided by the staff of the sanatorium may modify the relationship between ADL impairment and life satisfaction. For social aspects of life at the sanatorium, both having networks with family members and having resources other than family were associated with life satisfaction. Going out and positively spending their daily lives were associated with life satisfaction, too. These associations were significant for men. Similar patterns of association were observed for women, but were insignificant. This finding suggests that it is important for the health and medical care staff to pay attention to the social aspects of the life of elderly patients with Hansen's disease.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlates of life satisfaction in middle age].

A sample of 104 men and 114 women aged 42;8 to 56;6 years was interviewed about their life satisfaction, responded to a life satisfaction questionnaire and gave informations about biographical experiences in the areas "experiences of loss", "indicators of aging", "experiences of bodily vulnerability" and "death-related experiences". A negative relationship was found between satisfaction with one's past and experiences of loss as well as between satisfaction with one's presence and indicators of aging. Life satisfaction which is directed to the presence is stronger in men between 43 and 46 years than in men between 53 and 56 years. Life satisfaction which is directed to the past is stronger in men between 53 and 56 years. Subjects with a small number of negative life experiences (the "psychologically young") had a higher life satisfaction than subjects with a great deal of negative life experiences (the "psychologically old"). Results were discussed in respect to age-dependent changes in life satisfaction and in respect to a more relative view of the age variable.

Adult↗