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Results for “Life Table Method”

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PubMed1991

National health objectives for the year 2000: the demographic impact of health promotion and disease prevention.

BACKGROUND: The national objectives in Healthy People 2000, drafted by health professionals aware of currently available public health interventions, represent a wealth of information about near-term future mortality and morbidity. METHODS: Life table methods were used to calculate the impact of projected changes in mortality and activity limitation rates on life expectancy and expected disability years. RESULTS: Meeting the mortality objectives would increase life expectancy at birth by 1.5 to 2.1 years, raising life expectancy to 76.6 to 77.2 years. In addition, meeting the target for disability from chronic conditions would increase the number of years of life without activity limitations from 66.8 years to 69.3-69.7 years. If the targets for coronary heart disease and unintentional injury were changed to reflect recent trends, a greater improvement in life expectancy at birth would be achieved: from 1.8 to 2.7 years to 76.9 to 77.8 years. CONCLUSION: Meeting the targets would have an important demographic impact. Including changes in the coronary heart disease and injuries targets, life expectancy in the year 2000 would be above the middle of the ranges used in current Census Bureau projections.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Driving life expectancy of persons aged 70 years and older in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: We estimated total life expectancy and driving life expectancy of US drivers aged 70 years and older. METHODS: Life table methods were applied to 4699 elderly persons who were driving in 1993 and reassessed in a 1995 survey. RESULTS: Drivers aged 70 to 74 years had a driving life expectancy of approximately 11 years. A higher risk of mortality among men as a cause of driving cessation offset a higher risk of driving cessation not related to mortality among women that resulted in similar driving life expectancies. CONCLUSIONS: Nationwide, many elderly drivers quit driving each year and must seek alternative sources of transportation. Because of differences in life expectancy, women require more years of support for transportation, on average, than men after age 70.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Is acculturation a risk factor for early smoking initiation among Chinese American minors? A comparative perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which Chinese American and white minors differ in age of smoking initiation, and to determine the effect of acculturation on smoking initiation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional telephone surveys. SETTING: Stratified random samples of the state of California, United States. SUBJECTS: 347 Chinese American and 10 129 white adolescents aged 12 through 17 years, from the California Tobacco Survey (1990-93) and the California Youth Tobacco Survey (1994-96). OUTCOME MEASURES: Hazards (risk) of smoking initiation by age, smoking initiation rate, cumulative smoking rate, mean age of smoking initiation, and acculturation status. STATISTICAL METHODS: Life table methods, proportional hazards models, and chi(2) tests. RESULTS: The risk of smoking initiation by age among Chinese American minors was about a third of that among white minors. The risk for Chinese Americans continued to rise even in later adolescence, in contrast to that for whites, which slowed after 15 years of age. Acculturation was associated significantly with smoking onset among Chinese Americans. Acculturation, smoking among social network members, attitudes toward smoking, and perceived benefits of smoking were associated with the difference in hazards of smoking onset between Chinese American minors and their white counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese American adolescents had a lower level and a different pattern of smoking onset than white adolescents. Levels of acculturation and other known risk factors were associated with the hazards of smoking initiation among Chinese American minors and with the difference in smoking initiation between the Chinese and white adolescents. Tobacco prevention policies, strategies, and programmes for ethnically diverse populations should take acculturation factors into account.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2000

Rebleeding, secondary ischemia, and timing of operation in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the time course of secondary ischemia and first rebleeding and the relation between the timing of operation and the time course of secondary ischemia in a consecutive series of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: Life table methods were used to assess the daily rates of ischemia and of rebleeding on day 0, day 1 to 3, day 4 to 10, day 11 to 14, and day 15 to 21. The authors compared the time course of secondary ischemia between patients operated within 4 days of SAH and those operated after 10 days. RESULTS: Of 346 patients included, 220 were operated, 131 within 4 days and 74 after 10 days. The rebleed rate was highest on the day of the initial hemorrhage, then diminished, and increased slightly again during the second week. The rate of secondary ischemia was highest on day 4, diminished after day 10, but peaked again from day 14 to 18 for patients who were operated later than 10 days after aneurysmal rupture. The peak rate of ischemia was much higher after early than after late operation. Although patients with early operation were in a better clinical condition on admission, with a relatively low risk of secondary ischemia, the overall rate of secondary ischemia was as high as in patients with delayed operation. From day 11 to 21 the rebleed rate was higher than the rate of secondary ischemia. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that operation is a risk factor for ischemia, especially when performed early. If operation is postponed, it should be planned soon after day 10, because of the relatively high rebleed rate from day 11 to 21.

Brain Ischemia↗
PubMed2005

On the construction of clinical life table for studying the survivability of diagnosed AIDS cases.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to estimate the various survival functions of clinically diagnosed AIDS cases by the life table method. The actuarial life table method has already been applied to clinical data for many decades. To exhibit computations for the clinical life table, we have used the clinical data gathered on diagnosed 731 male and female AIDS patients recorded from Dec.1993 up to Dec.2002 in Delhi. The method is also used to study the nature of the survival functions for the AIDS patients with different causes of death. The comparisons among various survival functions are shown with the help of the graphs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

How Fast Can the Racial Gap in Life Expectancy Between Whites and Blacks Be Eliminated?

BACKGROUND: The racial gap in life expectancy between whites and blacks fluctuated from 7.6 to 5.7 years from 1970-1996, but the causes of this gap and the years required to eliminate it remain unclear. This paper analyzes the leading causes of death and how they contribute to the racial gap in life expectancy, and estimates the number of years required to eliminate this gap. METHODS: Standard abridged life table methods and life table partitioning techniques were used to estimate the total and the cause-specific racial gap in life expectancy. Cause-specific mortality rates by age, sex, and race in the United States from 1970-1996 were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The predictions of years needed to eliminate the racial gap in life expectancy are based on international and domestic trends in life expectancy improvement. RESULTS: The racial gap in life expectancy declined before 1982, increased from 1982 to 1989, and slowly declined after 1989. In 1996, about 54% and 62% of the racial gap was attributable to cancer, heart disease, homicide, and HIV for females and males, respectively. If blacks could experience substantial improvement in life expectancy, the current racial gap in life expectancy could be eliminated in about 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: The goal of eliminating the racial gap in life expectancy is a critical national priority. Differences in life expectancy are the result of multiple health and socioeconomic determinants, which will require multiple intervention strategies. The time it will take to reduce the overall gap will depend on the speed of reduction of the leading cause-specific mortality differences, which will require intensified efforts in both prevention and treatment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

The life table. A method for analyzing longitudinal studies.

The life table is presented as the method of choice for analyzing data from longitudinal studies in which the outcome under study occurs randomly and in which patients are followed up varying lengths of time. We discuss the superiority of the life table to methods typically used, the calculation of its entries, and some of the clinical uses that can be made of its results. The method is applied to follow-up data on manic-depressive patients maintained with prophylactic lithium carbonate or with control regimens, and it is shown to disclose mathematical regularities in the parameters of longitudinal course.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Method of life table construction by level and pattern of death.

"In this paper the author has discussed a method of estimating life tables according to level and pattern of death." The model is then compared to those for calculating life tables developed by Coale and Demeny (1983) and by the United Nations (1982). The author finds that "the model in this paper...has strong applicability [and]...flexibility.... It can generate both simple life tables and integrated life tables. Our model can generate correspondingly simple or integrated life tables according to the roughness of the original information supplied by the user." The geographical scope is worldwide.

Demography↗
PubMed1997

How good is Sullivan's method for monitoring changes in population health expectancies?

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare health expectancies calculated by Sullivan's method and the multistate life table method in order to identify the magnitude of the bias in Sullivan's method and assess how seriously this limits its use for monitoring population health expectancies. DESIGN: A simulation model was used to compare health expectancies calculated using Sullivan's method and the multistate life table method under various scenarios for the evolution of disability over time in populations. The simulation model was based on abridged cohort life tables using data on French mortality from 1825-90 and disability prevalence data from the 1982 French health survey. MAIN RESULTS: The Sullivan method could not detect a sudden change in disability transition rates, but the simulations suggested that it provides a good estimate of the true multistate value if there are smooth and relatively regular changes in disability prevalence over the longer term. When disability incidence rates are increasing or decreasing smoothly over time, the absolute bias in the Sullivan estimate of disability free life expectancy is relatively constant with age. The relative bias thus increases at older ages as disability free life expectancy decreases. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between the estimates produced by the two methods was small for realistic scenarios for the evolution of population health and Sullivan's method is thus generally acceptable for monitoring relatively smooth long term trends in health expectancies for populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Contemporary patterns of Pacific Island mortality.

BACKGROUND: The Pacific Island countries are at different stages of the demographic and epidemiological transitions. The availability of accurate and current mortality data is of vital importance for priority setting in health. Available mortality data generally underestimate death rates among both children and adults. In many Pacific Island populations, little is reliably known about levels and causes of death, particularly among adults. METHODS: The results of two comprehensive approaches to obtaining mortality estimates are reported. First, a systematic review of available life expectancy and infant mortality information reported by countries from 1990 onwards was undertaken and evaluated with respect to quality, and a final "best estimate" was established. Methods were based on registered deaths and indirect demographic methods. The second approach consisted of a demographic evaluation of vital registration data for completeness, with death rates adjusted accordingly, or where vital registration was not available, the application of new model life table methods to generate life tables from estimates of child mortality, as used by the World Health Organisation (WHO). RESULTS: This analysis reveals substantial uncertainty about mortality conditions in Pacific Island populations. In some countries, life expectancy variations of 10 years or more were recorded in the 1990s, depending on the source. Best approaches suggest that life expectancy (at birth) varied considerably, from levels of around 55-60 years in some Melanesian and Micronesian states to levels above 70 years in low-mortality countries. The principal issues with regard to uncertainty around mortality levels include underenumerated vital registration data; annual stochastic fluctuations in mortality in small populations; errors in the imputation of adult mortality from infant and childhood rates; implausible results from indirect demographic methods; use of possibly inappropriate model life tables to adjust death data or for indirect methods; and inadequately described and implausible projections. The WHO model life table method based on adjusted vital registration generally yielded results similar to those suggested by an evaluation of published data, with some exceptions, which are further discussed. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the urgent need to improve infrastructure, training, and resources for routine mortality estimation in many Pacific Island countries in order to better inform and evaluate health and public policy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The value of adjunctive vein patches to improve the outcome of femorodistal polytetrafluoroethylene bypass grafts.

PURPOSE: A non-randomised comparative study was carried out to determine whether an interposition vein patch improves the long-term outcome of infrapopliteal and distal PTFE bypass grafts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study (1992-1999) was carried out between 2 groups of patients. The first group comprised 86 patients undergoing the same number of femoropopliteal or infrapopliteal bypass procedures between March 1992 and February 1999 at our institution. PTFE with modified interposition vein patch was used as bypass graft. The second group comprised 191 patients who received 216 autogenous vein bypass grafts in the same period. The third group consisted of 94 patients from a retrospective study between 1985-1992, in whom PTFE bypass procedures without interposition vein patches had been performed. The indication for surgery was critical lower limb ischemia in all groups. Primary, secondary and limb salvage rates were calculated using the life-table method. The life tables were compared with the log-rank test. RESULTS: Five-year primary, secondary and limb salvage rates for PTFE with interposition vein patches were 53.4%, 60.7% and 68% for below-knee popliteal, and 29.5%, 35.5% and 41% for infrapopliteal bypass grafts, respectively. Five-year primary, secondary and limb salvage rates for autogenous vein grafts were 78.9%, 82.3% and 84.2% for below-knee popliteal, and 51%, 54.7% and 75% for infrapopliteal bypass grafts, respectively. Five-year primary, secondary and limb salvage rates for PTFE grafts without interposition vein patches were 29.7%, 37.8% and 43.6% for below-knee popliteal, and 6.9%, 9.2% and 14.7% for infrapopliteal bypass grafts, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in primary, secondary and limb salvage rates between the groups. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that autogenous vein still remains the graft of choice for below-knee and infrapopliteal bypass reconstruction. Their long-term patency and limb salvage rates were significantly better compared with PTFE grafts, with or without interposition vein patches. When adequate autogenous vein is not available, the interposition of a vein patch considerably improves the long-term outcome of PTFE bypass grafts.

Aged↗