Simple field method for disinfesting lice-infested clothing with dichlorvos strips.
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Clothing↗
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Results for “Lice Infestations”
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[Swimming lice in child day care center--ABC on the treatment of lice infestations. An adequate therapy and contact tracing are successful factors].
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Animals↗
First use in North America of azamethiphos to treat Atlantic salmon for sea lice infestation: procedures and efficacy.
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Animals↗
Dermatological and parasitological evaluation of infestations with chewing lice (Werneckiella equi) on horses and treatment using imidacloprid.
Lice infestations in horses caused by the chewing louse Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi are observed worldwide. In the present study, the efficacy of 10% imidacloprid was tested on horses naturally infested with lice. Two groups of animals received a double application of 4 ml and 8 ml Advantage 10% spot-on on day 0 and 28 either. Horses, presenting dermatological signs with negative lice counts, were also included in this investigation. 40.86% of the horses presented positive lice counts and 84.21% of these animals showed clinical dermatologic signs. 65.45% of the lice-negative horses also showed clinical manifestations. Two days after treatment, lice counts dropped in both the treatment groups and on day 56, all animals were free of alive lice, and dermatological lesions decreased significantly (P<0.001) in both the lice-positive and the negative animals. No correlation (P>0.050) between lice burden and clinical signs was detected.
Animals↗
Overview: the state of head lice management and control.
Head lice infestations affect millions of people in the United States. Children become infested more often than adults and account for the largest percentage of infestations. Head lice have not been shown to transfer disease, and they are not associated with serious morbidity. The most common effect of lice infestation is pruritus of the scalp with occasional cutaneous infection caused by scratching. Nevertheless, many schools have "no-nit" policies, which require the dismissal of children from school if nits or lice are found. These policies are ineffective in preventing infestations and result in many missed days of school. Lice infestations are most effectively managed with pediculicides. Pyrethroids are the mainstay of over-the-counter products. Prescription pediculicides include OVIDE (malathion) Lotion, 0.5% and lindane (formerly marketed as Kwell). Resistance to pyrethroids due to misuse and overuse has been documented. Lindane resistance also has been reported, and serious safety issues about lindane have been raised by the Food and Drug Administration. Lindane labeling now includes warnings and several restrictions in its use. Malathion is not associated with major systemic safety issues or the development of resistance within the United States. A contributor to pediculicide resistance is misdiagnosis of lice infestations. Survey data reveal frequent misdiagnosis of infestations in children who do not have live lice. Physicians generally are more likely to misdiagnose infestations than nonhealthcare providers. Misdiagnosis contributes to resistance by causing overuse, and consequently overexposure, of pediculicides. These agents should be used only if live lice or viable nits are discovered. Head lice infestations generally do not contribute to health risks for individuals or the public. The most serious consequence is the social cost of missed school days and the associated cost of lost productivity and wages of parents who must care for children sent home from school. Better diagnosis, more appropriate use of pediculicides, and elimination of no-nit policies will improve the overall management of head lice infestations.
Animals↗
Eradication of ectoparasites in children. How to treat infestations of lice, scabies, and chiggers.
Infestations of head lice, body lice, scabies, and chiggers are common causes of rash and pruritus in children. Concern has arisen about development of resistance to often-used treatments, but a comprehensive approach to eradication is usually very effective. In this article, Dr Potts describes the presentation of ectoparasites and discusses conservative treatment and the safe use of pediculicides.
Adult↗
Field study on the insecticidal efficacy of Advantage against natural infestations of dogs with lice.
A clinical field trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid, the active ingredient of Advantage 10% Spot-On, against natural lice infestations on dogs. Imidacloprid was highly effective against both sucking (Linognathus setosus) and biting (Trichodectes canis) lice over the 6-week period of the trial. The duration of efficacy exceeded the egg-to-imago development period of both lice. Signs of remission of dermatitis and alopecia became visible to the pet owners at 2 weeks after treatment. The constant pruritus caused by the lice was seen for up to 2-4 weeks after treatment even in the absence of lice.
Animals↗
Infestations of lice on white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA.
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Animals↗
Head lice in pupils of a primary school in Australia and implications for control.
BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest that head lice infestations are a common problem in school-aged children in Australia; however, only a few data are available. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of infestation with head lice in children in an urban Australian school. METHODS: All 735 pupils from grades preschool to five of a government run primary school were invited to participate in the cross-sectional survey. Overall, 212 boys (46.5%) and 244 girls from 29 classes were examined. The main outcome measures were: (1) the detection of lice or eggs by visual examination of the child's head, and classification into 'not infested' and 'infested;' infested cases were further classified into 'active infestation' (lice or viable eggs found) or 'inactive infestation' (only unhatched eggs found); (2) for each child, a parent or guardian was asked to complete a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 456 children examined, 33.7% (95% confidence interval = 95%-CI = [26.9%, 40.4%]) had evidence of infestation with head lice, 21.0% (95%-CI = [15.2%, 26.8%]) with active infestation. The prevalence of infestation (active plus inactive) varied greatly between classes, ranging from zero to 72.2% (p < 0.001). Head lice were more prevalent in girls than boys (p < 0.001). Analysis of questionnaires showed that 47.7% (95%-CI = [43.0%, 52.4%]) of the children had been infested with head lice in the previous 6 months. For children with active pediculosis capitis on examination, 14.0% (95%-CI = [7.9%, 22.4%]) of parents or guardians had not noticed the infestation. CONCLUSIONS: In an urban primary school in Australia, head lice infestation was present at a hyperendemic level. Clustering by class indicated the classroom as a main source of infestation. Control strategies implemented in schools and including the education of teachers and parents need to be evaluated.
Animals↗
Head lice in Israeli children: parents' answers to an epidemiological questionnaire.
BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine the influence of the socioeconomic status of the family and the hygienic practices in the home on the prevalence of head lice infestation in children. METHODS: The study was carried out by analyzing the answers to a standardized epidemiological questionnaire given to parents of school children aged 4-17 in Bet Shemesh, a medium-sized urban town 25 km from Jerusalem. RESULTS: Of 3,000 questionnaires distributed, 958 (31.9%) were completed and returned. The majority of the children (72.4%) had been previously infested with lice. Half of them had other family members, mainly brothers and sisters, who had been infested in the past with lice. In 97.5% of the families the mother was responsible for examining the children for lice, and for carrying out treatment when infestation was present. An association was found between presence of lice infestation and mother's education, age of child, and frequency of shampooing, combing, and examination for lice. There was no association between infestation rates and mother's country of origin, crowding in the home, and the sharing of combs, brushes, hats, scarves, towels, and clothes. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence that the incidence of lice infestation depends on the hygienic practices in the home rather than on the socioeconomic status of the family or sharing of personal articles among family members.
Adolescent↗
Pediatric ocular phthiriasis infestation.
Although pubic lice infestation of ocular regions is relatively uncommon, the optometrist needs to be aware of the diagnosis and treatment of louse-infested patients. A case report of ocular phthiriasis is presented along with a discussion of its etiology, clinical diagnosis and management.
Blepharitis↗
Treating and managing head lice: the school nurse perspective.
School nurses often are the first healthcare professionals to diagnose lice infestations in children. Although lice do not transmit disease, many schools send children home if they detect live head lice. It is the position of the National Association of School Nurses that children who have been treated for lice infestations should not be excluded from school because of the presence of residual nits. The primary goals of the school nurse in controlling infestations are to identify children with head lice and to break the cycle of reinfestation. Routine screening of children for head lice is often part of infestation management policies in school districts. A thorough screening of a child's head can take several minutes. If a school's policy is to screen all students, the total time for examination adds significantly to the school nurse's caseload. The use of the school nurse's time for universal screening must be measured against other responsibilities, including health problem management, medication management, health assessments, and vision and hearing screening. Once a child is identified as having lice, the school nurse can play a key role in working with the child's family to eradicate the infestation. Education about treatment options and environmental cleaning are topics the nurse can address with the family. The school nurse also can function as a case manager who coordinates various aspects of treatment for an affected child. Because infestations can be very upsetting to students and to their families, the nurse can provide support and reassurance to the family as the child is treated. Participation of school nurses in developing appropriate and consistent policies and procedures within the school district is vital to the overall management of infestations. Their efforts to control and reduce infestations are necessary for the overall health of the school population.
Child↗
Efficacy of flumethrin pour-on against Damalinia caprae of goats (Capra hircus).
Goats naturally infested with Damalinia caprae lice were used to evaluate the efficacy of flumethrin pour-on. The maximum load of lice infestation was detected in the neck region. The LC50 value of flumethrin pour-on against D. caprae was found to be 119.35 ppm and the 95% confidence limits were calculated to be 104.10 and 136.85 ppm. Flumethrin at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight by pour-on application along the mid-dorsal line was found to be 100% effective in treating lice-infested goats compared with the control goats. The residual action of flumethrin was found to be at least 42 days during which period no apparent signs of any local or general adverse effects were observed. Based on these studies, it is suggested that flumethrin pour-on may be successfully used for both the prophylaxis and treatment of D. caprae infestation in goats and it is necessary to repeat the treatment after 42 days. The method of application is highly advantageous as it can be conveniently applied, even in animals with thick hair coat and during the winter months.
Animals↗
Rainfall and breed effects on the efficacy of ivermectin jetting fluid for the prevention of fly strike and treatment of infestations of lice in long-wooled sheep.
An ivermectin-based jetting fluid was assessed for its efficacy in the prevention of blowfly strike and treatment of lice in long-wooled sheep. The ivermectin concentrate was diluted to 0.03 mg/mL and applied via a standard hand jetting technique. In insectary studies, using laboratory-reared Lucilia cuprina, sheep jetted with ivermectin were protected from induced breech and body strikes for 18 weeks after treatment. Merino and Corriedale sheep were equally protected, as were sheep subjected to 25 mm simulated rainfall at 1, 3 or 6 hours after jetting. Naturally occurring infestations of lice, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis, were successfully treated with ivermectin jetting fluid in Merino and Corriedale sheep using a standard hand jetting technique. In addition, the efficacy of treatment was not affected by simulated rainfall at 1, 3 or 6 hours after treatment.
Administration, Topical↗
Seasonal changes in a population of Menacanthus eurysternus (Mallophaga, Amblycera) on the common myna Acridotheres tristis.
Seasonal variations in a population of an amblyceran louse, Menacanthus eurysternus, infesting the common myna have been studied. Incidence of infestation, lice, index, and population structure of this species have been recorded in different months of the year; reasons for the population fluctuations are discussed.
Animals↗
Treatment of pediculosis capitis with thiabendazole: a pilot study.
BACKGROUND: Despite the improvement of health standards, head lice infestation remains a problem worldwide. In addition, there is increasing evidence that head lice are becoming resistant to common pediculocides. AIM: To test the potential effectiveness of thiabendazole, a potent and broad-spectrum antiparasitic and scabicidal agent, for the treatment of pediculosis capitis. METHODS: Twenty-three female patients, aged 7-12 years, who had active head lice infestation, were treated with oral thiabendazole, 20 mg/kg twice daily for 1 day, with repeat treatment after 10 days. RESULTS: On the 11th day, meticulous hair examination showed that 21 patients had responded to treatment [91%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 71-98%], with 14 showing complete responsiveness (61%; 95% CI, 40-78%). The only adverse reactions observed were nausea and mild dizziness, which occurred in four patients, three of whom took the drug on an empty stomach. CONCLUSIONS: Thiabendazole may be a promising treatment for head lice infestation. The primary action of this drug seems to be the inhibition of parasite microtubule polymerization by binding to beta-tubulin. In addition, thiabendazole may interfere with the synaptic transmission of lice through its probable cholinergic effect. As pediculosis capitis is a very communicable disease, the unresponsiveness to thiabendazole could largely be attributed to new infestations during the drug-free interval. Therefore, massive and simultaneous rather than individual and isolated treatments should be used to achieve the epidemiologic control of this ectoparasitosis. As this is a preliminary study, the performance of double-blind, randomized controlled trials on this subject is warranted. Thiabendazole, either alone or in combination with other agents, may prove to be of particular use in areas in which head lice show resistance to common pediculocides.
Administration, Oral↗
Morphology of the leather defect light flecks and spots.
The skin histology and the scanning electron microscope morphology of the hide defect light flecks and spots after tanning were studied in 11 steers infested with biting lice (Damalinia bovis). Nine steers from herds free of lice were used as controls. Skin biopsies from 6 of the animals in the lice infested group showed mild to moderate hyperkeratosis and moderate perivascular to diffuse dermatitis with infiltration of mainly mononuclear cells and some eosinophilic granulocytes. The steers were slaughtered at an age of 18 to 23 months. Light flecks and spots occurred on all examined hides from the infested group after tanning. No examined hides from the control group demonstrated similar damage. Both light microscopic examination of sections of tanned hide with light flecks and spots and scanning electron microscopy of the same defects showed superficial grain loss and craters with a irregular fibre base encircled by smooth and intact grain. The association between louse infestation at an early age and damage of hides following slaughter 6 to 15 months later, suggested that louse infestations lead to a prolonged or lifelong weakening in the dermis. This weakening may cause superficial grain loss during the tanning process.
Animals↗
Dispelling the common myths about pediculosis.
Pediculosis, the condition of being infested by head lice, is a major community health problem in the United States. Head lice, the most common species in humans, occupy considerable amounts of time and energy both within schools and the medical community. The condition creates school and family disturbances and personal embarrassment--consequences far exceeding its medical effects. Because parents are often embarrassed when they are informed about a head lice infestation, they often do not approach the subject with their health care providers. Pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) need to incorporate education relating the diagnosis and management of pediculosis in the well child visit. PNPs can dispel the common myths that have existed for so long to help open communication with parents and children to promote safe and proper treatment. Early detection is vital in preventing epidemics.
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