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PubMedDate not supplied

AIDS seminars for senior grades in secondary schools.

AIDS seminars lasting 70 minutes, consisting of an oral presentation, a videotape and time for discussion, were offered to students in grades 11, 12 and 13 in secondary schools in the Hamilton Board of Education. Specially chosen teacher and public health nurse facilitators were assigned to sessions. 19 secondary school principals and 1,898 students in 10 schools completed questionnaires about the usefulness of the seminars. Students and principals viewed the seminars. Students and principals viewed the seminar as highly valuable for obtaining new information in sessions with either public health nurse or teacher facilitators. The oral presentation was rated most valuable but students rated the videotape and the discussion components highly as well. The students strongly agreed that the seminar assisted in understanding how STDs could be prevented, and made them aware of the community groups or agencies they could go to for help. A substantially greater number of females than males indicated they wished to attend other seminars.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Measurement method for the assessment of transmission properties of implantable hearing aids.

Over the last five years the Symphonix Vibrant soundbridge (VSB), an implantable hearing device, has proven an effective alternative treatment modality for patients suffering from moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss. The results from the majority of our 40 patients are very encouraging but reveal clinical variations in benefit influenced by the coupling of the transducer to the ossicular chain. This study describes a set-up for measuring the sound pressure level in the external auditory canal when the middle ear implant is activated. The reverse transfer function allows the transducer performance to be determined both intra- and postoperatively. The sound pressure level shows a strong correlation with the stapes footplate displacement and free-field audiometry.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Inhaled foreign bodies: first aid].

In the last 30 years 1,484,576 patients with traumatic lesions of different kind of seriousness were observed and managed. By mean of retrospective investigation, the authors selected and statistically analysed a sample of 95 patients treated for accidental tracheobronchial foreign bodies inhalation: authors' aim was to punctually determinate--step by step--diagnosis and treatment procedure in a "time-saving" frame. Inhalation of foreign bodies is a very dangerous event, particularly in children. In authors' experience, in 60% of cases they were children under 3 years; in 25% of cases children under 10; in 10% patients from 10 to 60 and in 4.5% over 60. As regards the gender of the patients, the male/female ratio has been 2 to 1 in favour of male. Since 85% of the study population was represented by children under 10, its clear that male children in this range of age has a greater statistical risk for accidental tracheobronchial foreign bodies inhalation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dramatic improvement in survival among adult Brazilian AIDS patients.

BACKGROUND: Since the last study of survival time among Brazilian AIDS patients, care has improved steadily, culminating in a controversial policy of universal free access to triple antiretroviral treatment since 1996. This large, national study examined how these changes have impacted survival. METHODS: Using national data for cases diagnosed in 1995 and 1996, we randomly selected 3930 adult AIDS cases from 18 cities in seven states representing all regions of Brazil. Trained abstracters reviewed medical records, determining dates of diagnosis and death or last contact, exposure category, treatment, and demographics. After review, 2821 cases met the inclusion criteria and were available for Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazards analysis. Data from the earlier study were re-analyzed for comparison. RESULTS: Median survival was 5 months for cases diagnosed in the 1980s, 18 months for those diagnosed in 1995, and 58 months for those diagnosed in 1996. Predictors of longer survival in univariate analysis included antiretroviral treatment, year of diagnosis, higher education, sexual exposure category, female sex, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. In multivariate analysis, the predictive value of most of these was attenuated or disappeared, leaving antiretroviral treatment as the main predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS: Survival time has increased substantially for adult Brazilian AIDS patients. The timing of these gains and analysis of the predictors of survival both indicate antiretroviral treatment as the cause. These findings demonstrate that universal access to antiretroviral treatment in a developing country can produce benefits on the same scale as in richer countries.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

AIDS behind bars. Epidemiology of New York State prison inmate cases, 1980-1988.

During the last five years, AIDS has become the preeminent health care problem in New York State correctional facilities. Through December 31, 1988, 915 cases of AIDS had been diagnosed among inmates. This represented approximately 1% of the cumulative AIDS cases in the United States, 4% of those in New York State, and 40% of those reported in state correctional systems nationwide. An analysis of epidemiologic data on these cases showed an annual increase in cases from 3 in 1981 to 227 in 1988, with an incidence greater than 400 per 100,000 inmates per year over the past four years. While most cases occurred in males (96%), females had the same high incidence rates (compared to the general population, in which female rates are one-eight of males). Forty-seven percent of infected inmates were Hispanic, 38% black, and 13% white. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (65%), while Kaposi's sarcoma was rare (3%). Previous intravenous drug use has been the major risk factor, seen in 95% of cases. A comparison of 54 inmate AIDS cases with 107 matched and 196 unmatched controls showed that inmates in whom AIDS developed had significantly lower white blood cell counts on entry into prison, lower hematocrits and serum albumin levels, and higher serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and globulin counts. Through July 1989, 643 (70%) of these 915 inmates had died of AIDS, and HIV infection and AIDS account for 68% of recent inmate deaths.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Factors affecting condom use among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate factors affecting condom use among senior secondary school pupils in South Africa. Objectives were to identify the sociodemographic characteristics and sexual history, knowledge about correct condom use, source of condom information, AIDS health beliefs, self efficacy of condom use, correlates and predictors of condom use in Grade 12 students. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. SETTING: 460 Grade 12 secondary school pupils from three rural schools. SUBJECTS: The sample included 460 Grade 12 secondary school pupils, 170 (37%) males and 290 (63%) females in the age range of 16 to 30 years (mean age 19.7 yrs, SD = 2.5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported sexual activity and condom use (12 items); source of 'condom' information (12 items); knowledge of correct condom use (10 items); a 16 item AIDS Health Belief Scale and a 28 item Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale. RESULTS: About half of those sexually active (52.6% males and 40.5% females) reported never having used condoms. About 90% levels of correct answers on condom knowledge were found for the items of "protection against AIDS" and "expire date of condoms". Knowing someone with HIV/AIDS was related to current condom use and a history of STD with lifetime condom use. The four AIDS beliefs sub-scales were all related to self efficacy of condom use. Behavioural norm to use condoms, attitudes towards condom use, normative beliefs to use of condoms and subjective norm to use condoms were all related to condom use intention. Normative beliefs and subjective norms to use condoms were both negatively related with lifetime condom use, current condom use, and self efficacy in condom use. Normative beliefs, attitudes and subjective norms about condoms predicted condom use intention, AIDS susceptibility and AIDS benefits predicted condom use with last sexual partner, and AIDS benefits and AIDS barriers predicted condom use intention. CONCLUSION: Findings have relevant implications and are discussed in the context of developing an educational or intervention programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hospital care for patients with AIDS at "Lazzaro Spallanzani" Institute in the last decade.

We reviewed data on hospital care of HIV/AIDS patients at Lazzaro Spallazani Institute between 1991 and 1999. The number of newly diagnosed AIDS cases increased until 1995 and decreased constantly thereafter. The proportion of AIDS cases diagnosed at our institution over the total number of cases reported in our region and in our country increased from 31.2 to 59.8% and from 3.9 to 8.7% respectively (p<0.001). In the entire study period, 10044 out of 18,434 (54.5%) of patients admitted to acute care wards were diagnosed with HIV related pathologies. The number of admission of HIV/AIDS patients to acute-care wards increased until 1995 and remained constant thereafter. Our data suggest that a consistent need for inpatient hospital care remains even in the era of HAART.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

End-of-life care in a nursing home: a study of family, nurse and healthcare aide perspectives.

AIM: To examine the perspectives of family members, registered nurses and healthcare aides regarding the last 72 hours of Canadian nursing home residents' lives. STUDY DESIGN: Exploratory, descriptive design using semistructured interviews. SAMPLE: Consisted of 14 registered nurses and eight healthcare aides who had provided care within the last 72 hours before a resident's death and four family members who had visited within the same time frame. SETTING: A 220-bed nursing home located within a larger long-term care facility in Canada. METHODS: Thematic analysis was conducted independently and through consensus identified themes and subthemes emerging from the interviews. FINDINGS: Dyspnea was a more common end-of-life (EoL) symptom for nursing home residents in this sample than was pain. Caring behaviours of staff were central to the resident's dying process and involved assessment, coordination of care, physical care, family education and nurture. Family members' ambivalence about the resident's death and fear of the resident dying alone were frequently noted. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate and timely symptom management and a range of caring behaviours of staff are critical elements in the dying experience of nursing home residents. Additional education and support for personnel involved with caring for this group will enhance end-of-life care.

Aged↗