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PubMed2004

Self-concept and self-efficacy: a test of the internal/external frame of reference model and predictions of subsequent motivation and achievement.

We examined how final grades in mathematics and verbal arts in the first year of high school (Grade 11) were predicted in a Norwegian population by sex, previous grades in middle school (Grade 10), self-concept, self-efficacy at a domain-specific level, and intrinsic motivation. Direct and indirect relations were examined by means of a series of regression analyses. Participants were 483 students from six Norwegian high schools. End of term grades in high school correlated positively with grades in middle school in both mathematics (r = .62) and verbal arts (r = .55). The relation between grades at the two points of time was to a large extent mediated through mathematics, verbal self-concept, and self-efficacy. Intrinsic motivation also correlated positively with subsequent achievement (r = .63 and .42 in mathematics and verbal arts, respectively). However, intrinsic motivation had little predictive value for subsequent grades over and above the prediction made by self-concept and self-efficacy. Thus, self-concept and self-efficacy were the strongest predictors of subsequent grades. Predictions from the Internal/External frame of reference model were supported for self-concept but not for domain-specific self-efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Paper or screen, mother tongue or English: which is better? A randomized trial.

CONTEXT: To compare family physicians' ability to retain information when reading a review article on paper vs on screen, and in their mother tongue vs in English. METHODS: Randomized trial of 114 Scandinavian family physicians who read a review article in October or November 2000 from the Journal of Trauma for 10 minutes either on paper and in English, on screen and in English, on paper in their mother tongue, or on screen in their mother tongue. To assess comprehension, they immediately completed a questionnaire with 6 open questions about 13 key facts from the review article. Sum score was on a scale from 0 (no correct answers) to 13 points (all questions answered correctly). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between readers of paper vs screen versions, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 4 (2-6) vs 4 (2-5), respectively (P =.97). Physicians who read in their mother tongue scored significantly higher than those who read in English, with a median (IQR) of 4 (3-6) vs 3 (2-4) (P =.01). CONCLUSION: The medium (paper vs screen) did not influence the ability of family physicians to retain medical information. They best retained medical information when reading in their mother tongue.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Bilateral medial temporal lobe damage does not affect lexical or grammatical processing: evidence from amnesic patient H.M.

In the most extensive investigation to date of language in global amnesia, we acquired data from experimental measures and examined longitudinal data from standardized tests, to determine whether language function was preserved in the amnesic patient H.M. The experimental measures indicated that H.M. performed normally on tests of lexical memory and grammatical function, relative to age- and education-matched control participants. Longitudinal data from four Wechsler subtests (Information, Comprehension, Similarities, and Vocabulary), that H.M. had taken 20 times between 1953 (preoperatively) and 2000, indicated consistent performance across time, and provided no evidence of a lexical memory decrement. We conclude that medial temporal lobe structures are not critical for retention and use of already acquired lexical information or for grammatical processing. They are, however, required for acquisition of lexical information, as evidenced in previous studies revealing H.M.'s profound impairment at learning new words.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The Oswestry index for low back pain translated into Arabic and validated in a Arab population].

OBJECTIVE: To translate into Arabic and validate the Oswestry index for low back pain in an Arab population. BACKGROUND: No functional disability index to assess low back pain written in the Arabic language and validated in an Arab population is available. DESIGN: Arabic translation of the Oswestry index was obtained by the "forward translation/backward translation" method. Adaptations were made after a pilot study involving ten patients aged 18 to 65 years old. Impairment outcome measures (pain as measured on a visual analog scale [VAS], Schober-McRae, index, duration of morning stiffness and number of night awakenings), disability (Quebec index, Waddell index), handicap (as measured on a VAS) and Beck depression scale scores were recorded. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by use of the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland and Altman method. Construct validity was investigated with use of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (convergent and divergent validity), and factor analysis was performed. Internal consistency was assessed by use of the Cronbach alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Eighty Tunisian patients with low back pain were included in the validation study. Two items were excluded. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.98). Expected divergent and convergent validity results suggested good construct validity. Two main factors were extracted by factor analysis and explained 58.19% of the cumulative variance: the first factor represented discomfort in dynamic activities, the second discomfort in static activities. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.76 for factor 1 and 0.70 for factor 2. CONCLUSION: We translated into and adapted the Oswestry index for the Arabic language in a population of Tunisian women? with low back pain. The 8-item version is reliable and valid. Although the scale was validated in a Tunisian population, we expect that it is suitable for other Arab populations, especially North Africans. Further study is needed to confirm such a hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Korean version of the diagnostic interview for genetic studies: Validity and reliability.

The Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), developed in 1994 by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), was translated into Korean and tested for reliability and diagnostic validity. Concurrent validity was tested using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and clinical diagnoses in 53 patients, most of whom had either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Inter-rater reliability was tested in 24 patients. Test-retest reliability was also tested in 17 patients. Overall and specific diagnostic validity for the Korean version of DIGS (DIGS-K) was excellent for most diagnoses. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability for overall and specific diagnoses also ranged from fair to excellent. For schizoaffective disorder, the test-retest reliability of DIGS-K was in a fair range, although the level was lower than that of other diagnoses. However, its diagnostic validity and inter-rater reliability was below fair range. In conclusion, DIGS-K appears to be a reliable interview for major psychiatric disorders.

Genetic Testing↗
PubMed2005

Identifying the cutoff score for the PCL-R scale (psychopathy checklist-revised) in a Brazilian forensic population.

This study introduces a Portuguese-language version of psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R) [Harv. Mental Health Lett. 12 (1995) 4] in the Brazilian penitentiary system. Hare's scale is used extensively in many other countries. In a forensic population sample of 56 male subjects classified as psychopaths and non-psychopaths [Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, Multi-Health System, Toronto, 1991], 33 correlated to global personality disorder (GPD) and 23 to partial personality disorder (PPD), respectively, subtypes of antisocial personality disorder [Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, Multi-Health System, Toronto, 1991]. Subjects were evaluated through psychiatric and neurological examinations, review of judicial records, Rorschach and PCL-R. A control group of 30 subjects without criminological or psychiatric history was also evaluated with the same instruments. PCL-R validation and identification of cutoff score for Psychopathy (GPD group) was assessed through the concurrent use of the Rorschach. PCL-R cutoff score for the Brazilian population was set at 23. Sensitivity was determined at 84.8%, and reliability was high (Kappa index = 0.87). GPD individuals were characterized as clearly psychopathic according to PCL-R criteria while PPD individuals can only be considered mildly psychopathic, with better chance of rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Validation of the French version of the Princess Margaret Hospital Patient Satisfaction with their Doctor Questionnaire].

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of patient satisfaction receives increasing attention partly due to pressure from state agencies involved in the administration of health care. Outpatients' satisfaction with their doctor is a major component of total patient satisfaction. However, a validated instrument for assessing this has not previously been available in French. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Princess Margaret Hospital Patient Satisfaction with Doctor Questionnaire (PMH/PSQ-MD) is a recently validated tool available in English for this purpose. A three-step procedure was conducted to obtain a validated French translation of the PMH/PSQ-MD. Subsequently, outpatients receiving chemotherapy, symptomatic treatment or attending a follow-up clinic were approached to participate in the study and complete the questionnaire. Acceptability and reliability (Cronbach's alpha score), as well as internal and external (Pearson correlation coefficient with the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire IV) validities were studied. RESULTS: 137 patients were approached and 116 fully completed the study. The PMH/PSQ-MD's acceptability was high (<10% of non-responders). Internal validity was also high (Cronbach's alpha score > 0.7 for each dimension). External validity in comparison with the PSQ IV was high as well. Women demonstrated higher satisfaction scores, while age had no influence on patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The F-PMH/PSQ-MD is a questionnaire which addresses outpatients' satisfaction with their doctor, and is now available for research purpose as well as for daily practice.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Form and content: dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension.

The distinction between syntax (sentence form) and semantics (sentence meaning) is fundamental to our thinking about language. Whether and where this distinction is represented at the neural level is still a matter of considerable debate. In the present fMRI study, we examined the neural correlates of syntactic and semantic functions using an innovative activation paradigm specifically designed to unequivocally disentangle syntactic from lexicosemantic aspects of sentence processing. Our findings strongly indicate that a part of Broca's area (BA 44, pars opercularis) is critically implicated in processing syntactic information, whereas the lower portion of the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47, pars orbitalis) is selectively involved in processing the semantic aspects of a sentence.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Aging on the input versus output side: theoretical implications of age-linked asymmetries between detecting versus retrieving orthographic information.

This experiment tested for age-linked asymmetries predicted under Node Structure theory (NST; D. G. MacKay & D. M. Burke, 1990) between detecting versus retrieving orthographic information. Older adults detected that briefly presented words were correctly spelled (e.g., endeavor) or misspelled (e.g., endeavuor) as readily as did young adults. However, they were less able than young adults to retrieve the correctly and incorrectly spelled words that they had seen. These age-linked asymmetries were not due to educational factors, stimulus characteristics, sensory-level factors, task complexity, floor or ceiling effects, general slowing, or cohort-related activities, but they were consistent with NST predictions and with similar asymmetries in a wide range of other studies. By contrast, repetition deficits in detecting and retrieving repeated- versus unrepeated-letter misspellings (e.g., elderdly vs. elderkly) were symmetrical or equivalent in magnitude for young and older adults. Implications for a wide range of theories of cognitive aging and of repetition deficits are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Strategy development and learning to spell new words: generalization of a process.

The authors used microgenetic methods in 2 experiments to examine children's and adults' progress from initial attempts at spelling nonwords to later direct memory retrieval of the spellings. Participants repeatedly spelled nonwords presented in computerized, dictated-word spelling tests over several weeks. Following each spelling, participants provided retrospective strategy reports. Half of the children showed a gradual shift from spelling words with effortful backup strategies to fast retrieval; half of the children continued using backup strategies that were fast and effective for them. Relatively more adults shifted from backup strategies to retrieval, but otherwise their patterns of spelling development were quite similar to those of the children. This research provides support for the generalizability of the overlapping waves model to nonalgorithmic domains. It also demonstrates parallels between children and adults in learning to spell new words.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetics education in a culturally diverse population--lessons learnt, future directions.

To provide equitable genetics education services, the needs of a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) population must be addressed. The mission of the Centre for Genetics Education (CGE) in Australia articulates a commitment to fostering community partnerships, implementing educational strategies and evaluating the impact of genetics information and technology on society. The aim of this report is to review the ways in which CALD groups have been partners in the planning and implementation of genetics educational strategies of the Centre. Responding to the community and respecting its contribution has helped forge these partnerships and implement appropriate and relevant educational strategies. The partnerships have been effective in modulating both the protocols used in producing resources, the resource content itself, and the provision of more appropriately targeted resources for these community groups.

Adolescent↗