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PubMed2000

[Assessment of hearing impairment in workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents in the paint and lacquer industry].

Clinical and experimental studies indicate a possible harmful effect of chemicals, especially organic solvents, on the hearing system. In combined exposure to noise and solvents, very common in industry, it is most likely that a synergetic action of these factors enhances the traumatising effect of exposure to noise. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and the risk of hearing impairment in 117 paint and lacquer factory workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents. An analysis of organic solvent mixtures reveals that xylene and ethyl acetate are their major components whose concentrations depend on individual workposts. The control group consisted of 76 workers exposed to noise exceeding, Threshold Limit Value and 125 healthy subjects exposed neither to noise nor to solvents in their occupational setting. Pure tone audiometry revealed the highest hearing thresholds in workers exposed to solvents, lower thresholds in those exposed to noise, and the lowest ones in the non-exposed individuals. Hearing loss was found in 30% of workers exposed to organic solvents, in 20% of noise-exposed subjects, and in only 6% of non-exposed subjects. The comparison of relative risk values also indicated significantly enhanced probability of hearing impairment in workers of the paint and lacquer factory (9.6; 3.2-25.6), which is even more strongly pronounced than in the group of subjects exposed to noise (4.2; 1.2-13.2). An analysis of hearing impairment risk in particular frequencies suggests that organic solvents may damage the inner ear in much greater extent than noise. The results of the study show that exposure to organic solvents may create a significant risk of hearing impairment. Therefore, further steps should be taken to include the exposed population into effective preventive programmes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Investigation on comparison method of chromatographic fingerprints of lacquer coat of cars and its application].

The comparison method of fingerprints of the lacquer coat of cars (LCC) was established by using thermal desorption instrument with gas chromatography. The actual LCC samples were also analyzed. The samples were cut out to proper size and placed in the desorption furnace of the thermal desorption instrument. The volatile organic compounds in LCC were desorbed from the lacquer coat samples in the furnace under the chosen temperature, then separated in the capillary column and detected on a flame ionization detector of gas chromatography. The incipient judgment whether the two fingerprints of LCC were the same can be made from the contour and figure of the chromatograms. To make farther study of the two similar fingerprints, the overlap ratio of the peaks and relative retention values were given in the article. The two LCC samples can be regarded as the same if the overlap ratio of peaks was more than 90%, and the similarity of the ratio of relative retention times r(t2) and r(t1) and relative peak areas r(A2) and r(A1) in the two fingerprints were more than 99% and 70%, respectively. The method is good in repeatability and is easily carried out. The peaks in the fingerprint can be readily recognized. The fingerprint was characterized quantitatively. The method can be used in the department of traffic police and the comparison result can be used as material evidence in the court.

Automobiles↗
PubMed1995

[Migration of lead and cadmium from lacquered tableware].

The migration of lead and cadmium from lacquered tableware was investigated. Seven samples of bowls and five samples of chopsticks were purchased on the market. The migration test was carried out with 4% acetic acid at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Lead and cadmium in the test solution was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Release of lead was 3.4 and 4.4 ppb from two samples and release of cadmium was 1.3 ppb from one sample. Those samples were chopsticks coated with natural lacquer and colored with pattern. No other samples released lead and cadmium. Evapolation residue was less than 13 ppm in all samples.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1997

Occupational exposure in Polish paint and lacquer industry.

Evaluation of occupational exposure to solvent vapours in the production of paints and lacquers is presented. The measurements were carried out in 5 paint and lacquer producing plants of the varied level of technical and technological advancement. Evaluation of exposure was based on determination of all substances identified in the work environment. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography with MSD and FID. Standard mixtures composed of 40 substances were used for calibration. The determined levels of exposure were directly dependent on technical conditions and modernisation status in factories investigated. Measurements were carried out in the uniform analytical system, which assures comparability of the data from all the factories under study.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Optimisation of the environmental scanning electron microscope for observation of drying of matt water-based lacquers.

Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) modifies conventional SEM through the use of a partial gas pressure in the microscope specimen chamber. Like conventional SEM, it has the resolution to image structure on the submicron lengthscale, but can also tolerate hydrated specimens if water vapour is used in the specimen chamber. This ability to image aqueous specimens leaves ESEM uniquely placed to study in situ drying in polymer latexes. However, there are two key practical difficulties associated with in situ drying. First, the size of the latex particles: larger latex particles are typically around 500 nm in diameter. Although ESEM can resolve structure on this lengthscale without difficulty, the magnification required results in radiation damage of the specimen due to the electron beam. This means that a given region can be imaged only once during film formation, so the evolution of particular features cannot be followed. Second, the change from ambient temperature and pressure to the ESEM conditions of 7 degrees C and 7.5 torr (100 Pa) can subject the specimen to a very high evaporation rate, which can disrupt film formation. The inclusion of a drop of water in the specimen chamber is shown largely to alleviate this, enabling successful imaging of film formation in the lacquer. Instead of the polymer latex itself, this work concentrates on a matting lacquer with silica inclusions. The silica matting agent particles are 1-10 microm in size, allowing for a lower magnification to be used, massively reducing specimen damage. Furthermore, the contrast during drying is much enhanced in the presence of silica. The images reveal the silica as bright regions against a darker background of polymer and water. Film formation shows the transition from a uniform, featureless aqueous solution to a polymer film with silica particles present on the surface. The appearance of individual silica particles can be followed. The particles are generally revealed quite early, after a few minutes of drying time. As film formation progresses, these same particles appear larger and more distinct. Few new particles are revealed at longer film formation times.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Treatment of therapy refractory verrucae vulgares with a ciclopirox-containing lacquer].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Anti-inflammatory actions of ciclopirox, an antifungal agent, have been described previously. We assessed the effectiveness of ciclopirox in the treatment of viral warts. PATIENTS/METHODS: Twenty-three immunocompetent patients (age 9-61 years) with common warts at the hands, feet and in the face resistant to conventional therapy were treated. Following keratolysis with a salicylic acid-containing patch, an 8% ciclopirox lacquer was applied 1-2 times daily. At the beginning and the end of the treatment lesions were photographed and the time span (minimum 4 weeks) until complete resolution was documented. RESULTS: In 7 patients complete remission, and in 12 patients partial remission was achieved. Only 4 patients did not show any effect under topical ciclopirox treatment (mean duration of therapy 3.2 +/- 2.1 months). The overall response rate was 82.6%. Local side effects like erythema or pruritus were not reported. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that a ciclopirox lacquer may be helpful in the treatment of common warts. However, the data have to be confirmed in a randomized controlled trial in the future.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Lacquer crack lesions in experimental chick myopia.

BACKGROUND: Lacquer crack lesion (LCL) is a complication of human pathologic myopia, accompanied by loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and break of Bruch's membrane. The present paper describes comparable lesions occurring in prolonged experimental myopia in the chick. METHODS: Form-deprivation myopia was induced by unilateral eyelid suturing on the 1st day after hatching. Bruch's membrane in NaOH hydrolyzed preparations and vascular corrosion casts of the choroidal vasculature were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Histological changes in the retina and choroid were also examined with light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Pale and linear lesions were found in the myopic chick eyes at the age of 8 weeks. In the lesion area, Bruch's membrane was totally broken up and the network of choriocapillaries was totally ruptured with highly atrophied marginal capillaries. The retina was continuous, but was depressed to form a groove in the lesion with the apparently intact inner retina and degenerated photoreceptor cells. Attenuated fibroblasts encompassed the outer circumference of the lesion. RPE cells were scattered in the tissue space inside the fibroblastic investment and also in the choroidal stroma without their polarity. CONCLUSION: The formation of LCL was suggested to be a result of passive stretch exerted upon Bruch's membrane and the capillary network due to abnormal enlargement of the myopic eyes. These results may promote further understanding of the mechanism regarding the development of human lacquer cracks.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Lacquer crack lesions in pathologic myopia.

In evaluating the anatomic and functional status of 22 eyes of 14 patients demonstrating lacquer cracks, these lesions occurred in the eyes of young adults with posterior staphylomas and markedly increased axial lengths. Decreased visual acuity and altered visual fields were the rule; choroidal hemorrhage and focal chorioretinal atrophy were less frequently associated. Fluorescein angiography revealed early and late pseudofluorescence and late staining of the lesions. These clinical data suggest that lacquer cracks represent healed, mechanical breaks in the pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. The presence of these lesions implies a guarded prognosis for the retention of central vision.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The development of lacquer cracks in pathologic myopia.

We examined three patients with pathologic myopia who had mild visual symptoms and subretinal hemorrhages. None had subretinal neovascularization. In all three patients, lacquer crack lesions of the choroid appeared shortly after clearing of the subretinal hemorrhages. The lacquer cracks were always more extensive than the preceding hemorrhages. These findings support the theory that mechanical stretching and rupture of the Bruch's membrane-pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex is the cause of these lesions. Fluorescein angiography helped differentiate these subretinal hemorrhages from those caused by subretinal neovascularization.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The structure-anticoagulant activity relationships of sulfated lacquer polysaccharide: effect of carboxyl group and position of sulfation.

Regiospecific oxidation of the primary hydroxyl groups in lacquer polysaccharide (LPL, Mw 6.85 x 10(4)) and its NaIO4 oxidation derivatives (LPLde) to C-6 carboxy groups was achieved with NaOCl in the presence of Tempo and NaBr. Sulfate groups were incorporated into the oxidated polysaccharides using Py.SO3 complex as a reagent. Reactivity of polysaccharide hydroxyl group was C-6 > C-2 > C-4. Sulfate groups were mainly linked to the second hydroxy at C-2 in the products. The results of APTT assay showed after incorporation of carboxyl groups into lacquer polysaccharides, the intrinsic coagulation pathway was promoted, and all sulfated polysaccharides had very weak anticoagulant activity within the scope of studied DS (0.39-1.11). These indicated that carboxyl groups and sulfate groups had the synergistic action. At the same time, the anticoagulant activity increased very slowly with the DS in the second hydroxy. This indicated that 6-O-SO3- in the side chains took an important role in the anticoagulant activity.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1990

Dominant inherited tilted disc syndrome and lacquer cracks.

Three patients with the tilted disc syndrome from one family were examined. The presence of the trait in three consecutive generations suggests an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, although in these patients with variable expression. The propositus showed bilateral inferonasal retinal ectasia, with atrophic subretinal scars. Linear-like lacquer cracks, radiating from the central scars, were also present running parallel to the margin of the optic nerve head. The linear streaks were very similar to those usually seen in traumatic tears of Bruch's membrane. The mechanical stretching of the ectatic area, and its abnormal location inferonasal to the optic disc might have been responsible for the unusual pattern of the lacquer cracks in our patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region.

In view of recent advances in the development of antifungal agents, this study examined the possible synergy of two new antifungal agents, terbinafine and amorolfine. The study compared two different courses of terbinafine treatment combined with amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer. Terbinafine was given orally for 6 (AT6 group) or 12 weeks (AT12 group) and amorolfine nail lacquer applied weekly for 15 months. A control group received terbinafine alone for 12 weeks. This was a randomized, prospective, open study of severe dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis with matrix region involvement. Nail samples were taken before the start of the study, at inclusion and at the visits at 6 weeks, 3, 9, 15 and 18 months. To assess the value of such combined therapy we chose an early parameter as the principal outcome variable, which was the result of mycological examination, including direct microscopy and culture, at 3 months (allowing a margin of 15 days). The secondary parameters of success were the mycological results at the later visits, clinical evaluation and a combined mycological-clinical response. Safety and tolerance were also assessed. Adverse events were recorded and liver function tests were performed monthly during the terbinafine treatment. Of the 147 patients included in the trial, 121 attended the 3-month visit, within a time limit of 15 days of 3 months after the beginning of treatment: 40 in the AT6 group, 40 in the AT12 group and 41 in the control group. In all, 32 of 121 patients (26. 4%) had negative mycological results on direct microscopy and culture: 14 of 40 (35.0%) in the AT6 group, 11 of 40 (27.5%) in the AT12 group and seven of 41 (17.1%) in the control group. The cure rate for the global (mycological and clinical cure) response measured at 18 months in 145 patients was 44.0% (22 patients) in the AT6 group, 72.3% (34 patients) in the AT12 group and 37.5% (18 patients) in the terbinafine group. These results suggest that the combination of amorolfine and terbinafine may be of value in the treatment of severe onychomycosis. At the same time a pilot pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed demonstrating a better cost per cure ratio for the patients receiving combination treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Treatment costs of three nail lacquers used in onychomycosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the daily treatment costs and the average cost-effectiveness of three topical onychomycosis therapies - amorolfine 5% and ciclopirox 8% nail lacquers and tioconazole 28% nail solution - when used as indicated in France, the UK, Germany and Italy. METHODS: The quantity of drug required and nail size measurements were investigated and, knowing the cost per bottle of each study drug, used to calculate the average treatment cost per patient. Using the prevalence of infection data, the weighted average total treatment cost per patient and hence the weighted average daily treatment cost and cost per patient cured, were calculated. RESULTS: Amorolfine was consistently more cost-effective in terms of weighted average daily treatment cost and cost per patient cured than ciclopirox and tioconazole, when all therapies were used as indicated to treat onychomycosis. In France, for example, the weighted average daily treatment cost of amorolfine was found to be euro 0.23 and euro 0.40 when used once and twice a week, respectively; the cost per patient cured for amorolfine was euro 84. By comparison, the weighted average daily treatment cost of ciclopirox was found to be euro 0.81; the cost per patient cured was euro 252. CONCLUSIONS: When used as indicated, amorolfine 5% nail lacquer is more cost-effective than ciclopirox 8% and tioconazole 28% for onychomycosis of toenail, fingernail or both in males and females in France, UK, Germany and Italy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A miconazole lacquer in the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis.

An open randomized controlled study involving two parallel treatment groups comprising 50 patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of one application of 1 g of miconazole 55 mg/g denture lacquer in comparison with that of a commercially available miconazole 2% gel applied four times daily for 2 weeks. The results showed a pronounced reduction in the yeast scores and a reduction in the palatal erythema in both treatment groups, but there was no apparent difference between the efficacy of the two treatments. The results indicate that a single application of the denture lacquer (55 mg of miconazole) is safe and almost as effective as administration of gel four times a day for 2 weeks (3000 mg of miconazole).

Candidiasis, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks predispose to the development of choroidal neovascularisation in pathological myopia.

AIMS: To determine the incidence and predisposing findings for choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) in a large series of highly myopic patients. METHODS: The medical records of 218 consecutive patients (325 eyes) with myopic fundus changes in the macula were reviewed. The incidence of CNV during a follow up of at least 3 years of highly myopic patients and identification of predisposing findings for the development of myopic CNV were examined. RESULTS: Among 325 highly myopic eyes examined, 33 eyes (10.2%) developed myopic CNV. The incidence was higher (34.8%) among the fellow eyes of patients with pre-existing CNV than among eyes of patients without pre-existing CNV (6.1%). CNV developed in 3.7% with diffuse chorioretinal atrophy, in 20.0% with patchy atrophy, and in 29.4% with lacquer cracks. CONCLUSION: Approximately one in 10 highly myopic eyes developed myopic CNV in average 130.2 months. Patchy atrophy and lacquer cracks were shown to be important predisposing findings for CNV development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Ciclopirox nail lacquer 8%: in vivo penetration into and through nails and in vitro effect on pig skin.

This report presents original methods to assess the bioavailability of an antifungal drug from a varnish preparation in finger nails. For the studies with human volunteers a ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer was used to determine its efficacy in the treatment of onychomycoses. In vivo studies were performed on the fingernails of healthy volunteers by determining the total amount of ciclopirox penetrated per milligram of nail and the partition of the drug in the plate of the nails (technically divided into four layers). Ciclopirox concentrations were evaluated by measuring the inhibition of Candida pseudotropicalis growth in vitro. The ciclopirox concentration after 30 days treatment was determined as 3.35 +/- 0.82 micrograms/mg nail material. This is a sufficient amount to kill the fungal pathogens. In addition, in vitro penetration experiments were carried out with excised pig skin. Lacquer formulations from 0.5 to 8% were used to inhibit the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Formulations from 2 to 8% led to a strong to total inhibition of the dermatophyte after 30 min treatment time.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The dermatopharmacologic profile of ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer.

Ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer is a recently introduced topical formulation of the hydroxypyridone antimycotic ciclopirox. In vitro data indicate that ciclopirox has activity against the important pathogenic dermatophytes responsible for onychomycosis. The lacquer delivery system provides a high concentration gradient for the transfer of the antifungal agent through the nail plate. Daily application to the toenail surface of healthy subjects resulted in good penetration and distribution within all nail layers. Systemic absorption of ciclopirox in five patients with onychomycosis was minimal.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

Ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8%.

Ciclopirox nail lacquer 8% (Penlac, Aventis Pharma) was approved by the US FDA in December 1999, as a component of a comprehensive management program, for use in immunocompetent patients who have mild to moderate onychomycosis of the fingers and toes without lunula involvement due to Trichophyton rubrum. The comprehensive management program includes removal of the unattached, infected nails as frequently as once per month, by a health care professional who has special competence in the diagnosis and treatment of nail disorders, including minor nail procedures. The nail lacquer is not approved in Canada.

Administration, Topical↗