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PubMed2005

Understanding the foundation: the state of generalist search education in library schools as related to the needs of expert searchers in medical libraries.

PURPOSE: The paper explores the current state of generalist search education in library schools and considers that foundation in respect to the Medical Library Association's statement on expert searching. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Syllabi from courses with significant searching components were examined from ten of the top library schools, as determined by the U.S. News & World Report rankings. METHODOLOGY: Mixed methods were used, but primarily quantitative bibliometric methods were used. RESULTS: The educational focus in these searching components was on understanding the generalist searching resources and typical users and on performing a reflective search through application of search strategies, controlled vocabulary, and logic appropriate to the search tool. There is a growing emphasis on Web-based search tools and a movement away from traditional set-based searching and toward free-text search strategies. While a core set of authors is used in these courses, no core set of readings is used. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: While library schools provide a strong foundation, future medical librarians still need to take courses that introduce them to the resources, settings, and users associated with medical libraries. In addition, as more emphasis is placed on Web-based search tools and free-text searching, instructors of the specialist medical informatics courses will need to focus on teaching traditional search methods appropriate for common tools in the medical domain.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1990

Book availability as a performance measure of a library: an analysis of the effectiveness of a health sciences library.

User satisfaction as a measure of library effectiveness has been studied by using Kantor's branching technique. Cleveland Health Sciences Library, Cleveland, Ohio, was used as the center of this study. The study measured independently the user bibliographic information performance, collection development policy performance, acquisition policy performance, user catalog performance, circulation performance, library operation/functioning performance, and the user search performance. Each of these categories represented one or more of the factors of library performance that could account for the possibility of users' failure. The sample size consisted of 1000 requests for book titles. The book availability rates were 59.60% without the help of the librarian and 63.50% with the help of the librarian. The results indicate that a dynamic study of library policies at regular intervals by using the Kantor's method, which is easily reproducible, can maximize library resources for the most effective fulfillment of user demand.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1998

A gridded genomic library of the honeybee (Apis mellifera): a reference library system for basic and comparative genetic studies of a hymenopteran genome.

We present a gridded genomic library of the honey-bee (Apis mellifera) for comparative and basic genetic study of the honeybee genome. The library will be established as a "Reference Library" system, and clones as well as data will be shared with the entire scientific community. This will accelerate the molecular level of honeybee genetics, combining the efforts of different laboratories. Because of male haploidy and the high rate of recombination, the honeybee is becoming a model organism for genomic studies of naturally occurring traits and behavioral genetics. The library consists of about 110,000 clones spotted at high density onto four filter membranes, representing 22 genome equivalents. Preliminary analysis using single-copy sequences revealed a positive clone number of the same order. The techniques for library generation and preliminary analysis as well as library access are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The value of information supplied to clinicians by health libraries: devising an outcomes-based assessment of the contribution of libraries to clinical decision-making.

The Value project, a study funded by the British Library Research and Development Department and a group of postgraduate medical deans, has examined the effectiveness of NHS library and information services. Clinicians at 11 hospital library sites were asked to describe the purposes for which they needed information, the steps they took to obtain it, and to assess the value of the information obtained from interlibrary loan requests, database searches and end-user searches. A sample of non-library users and of users of the BMA Dial-Up MEDLINE service were also asked similar questions. Results show that information did, or would in the future, assist in personal clinical decision-making and which kinds of decisions were most supported. Information new to clinicians was often provided. Follow-up interviews provided illustrations of the ways in which developments aimed at more cost-effective patient care were supported by information obtained from the library. Results are being used to guide the production of a quality assurance toolkit to help libraries audit their services and improve the delivery of information to clinicians.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1999

Construction of two ordered cDNA libraries enriched in genes encoding plasmalemma and tonoplast proteins from a high-efficiency expression library.

We constructed a high-efficiency expression library from Arabidopsis cDNA clones by introducing a poly (dC) stretch at the 5' end of the clones. This library enables the synthesis of proteins from all the cDNA clones present. We have screened the high-efficiency expression library with antibodies raised against total proteins from Arabidopsis plasmalemma and tonoplast. With the positive clones, we have constructed two cDNA ordered libraries enriched in genes encoding plasmalemma (522 clones) and tonoplast proteins (594 clones). Partial sequencing of both libraries shows that a high proportion (47%) of the clones encoded putative membrane proteins, or membrane-associated proteins. When sequenced, 55% of the cDNAs were new EST sequences for Arabidopsis, 26% were similar to genes present in other plants or organisms, and 29% were not referenced in any databank. Immunoscreening of the two cDNA ordered libraries with antibodies raised against proteins from Arabidopsis cells submitted to osmotic stress allows the selection of genes over- and under-expressed in stress conditions.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1991

Construction, arraying, and high-density screening of large insert libraries of human chromosomes X and 21: their potential use as reference libraries.

We have constructed cosmid libraries from flow-sorted human chromosomes X and 21, each of which contains greater than 30 genome equivalents, and have developed systems allowing permanent storage of primary clones, easy screening of libraries in high-density filter formats, and the simultaneous generation of fingerprinting and mapping data on the same set of cosmid clones. Clones are picked into microtiter plate wells and stored at -70 degrees C. A semiautomatic robot system allows the generation of filter replicas containing up to 10,000 clones per membrane. Sets of membranes containing 15-20 chromosome equivalents of both chromosomes will be used for the construction of ordered clone libraries by hybridization fingerprinting protocols. In addition, multiple sets of two membranes containing 4 chromosome equivalents of the human X chromosome, and one membrane containing 3 chromosome equivalents of chromosome 21, have been distributed to other interested laboratories as part of a system of reference libraries. This system allows other groups easy access to the clones and offers an efficient protocol to combine results generated in different laboratories using these libraries. Here we describe the construction of the libraries and demonstrate the use of high-density screening filters in oligonucleotide probe hybridizations and the isolation of cosmids by hybridization with probes from the X chromosome.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21↗
PubMed2000

A human genomic library enriched in transcriptionally active sequences (aDNA library).

Core histone hyperacetylation, in particular of H4, is concentrated in the promoter-upstream regions of active genes and in certain cases is locuswide. Antibodies to hyperacetylated H4 were used to immunoprecipitate dinucleosomal chromatin derived from K562 human erythroleukemic cells by micrococcal nuclease digestion. The extracted DNA was made into a genomic library and was expected to contain sequences from genes active in K562 cells (an active, 'aDNA' library). Clones (180) were randomly selected from the library; 24 of 103 tested (23%) contained highly repeated sequences, as determined by their hybridization to total genomic DNA, and were not analyzed further. An additional 10 clones (6%) were shown to contain no insert DNA. The remaining 146 were sequenced and compared with the nucleic acid databases and in all six frames to the protein databases: Sixeen clones could be assigned to known genes, the majority of which (12) were tissue specific. All but 2 of these 16 corresponded to segments 5' of the coding sequences, as expected if H4 acetylation is concentrated at promoter regions. Thirty-three clones (23%) displayed high sequence identity to cDNAs in the expressed sequence tag database (dbEST). Northern blots and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR were used to determine the proportion of clones representing sequences expressed in K562 cells: Although only 1 of 34 tested clones showed a band in Northern hybridization, RT-PCR demonstrated that at least 12 of 40 tested clones (30%) were present in the mRNA population. Because a further 8 of these 40 clones were identified as gene fragments by database sequence comparisons, it follows that about half of this subset of 40 clones is derived from genes. The aDNA library is thus very gene rich and not skewed toward the most highly expressed sequences, as in mRNA libraries. The aDNA library is also rich in promoters and could be a valuable source of such sequences, particularly those that lack CpG islands or other features that allow their specific selection.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed1979

New library buildings: the Health Sciences Library, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's.

The new Health Sciences Library of Memorial University of Newfoundland is described and illustrated. A library facility that forms part of a larger health sciences center, this is a medium-sized academic health sciences library built on a single level. Along with a physical description of the library and its features, the concepts of single-level libraries, phased occupancy, and the project management approach to building a large health center library are discussed in detail.

Facility Design and Construction↗
PubMed1983

The Georgetown University Library Information System (LIS): a minicomputer-based integrated library system.

Georgetown University's Library Information System (LIS), an integrated library system designed and implemented at the Dahlgren Memorial Library, is broadly described from an administrative point of view. LIS' functional components consist of eight "user-friendly" modules: catalog, circulation, serials, bibliographic management (including Mini-MEDLINE), acquisitions, accounting, networking, and computer-assisted instruction. This article touches on emerging library services, user education, and computer information services, which are also changing the role of staff librarians. The computer's networking capability brings the library directly to users through personal or institutional computers at remote sites. The proposed Integrated Medical Center Information System at Georgetown University will include interface with LIS through a network mechanism. LIS is being replicated at other libraries, and a microcomputer version is being tested for use in a hospital setting.

Computers↗
PubMed1977

New library buildings. Health Sciences Library, University of Cininnati.

The new Health Sciences Library at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio is described. The library is a self-contained unit within the Medical Sciences Building. The Health Sciences Library contains a total of 90,000 gross square feet, 56,000 of which are assignable. The total project cost was $5,490,000, or $61.00 per square foot. Seating capacity is over 800. The library has a Media Resources Center equipped with a cable television system that is used to project information from the library to patient care areas in the Cincinnati community. The library was first occupied in June 1974; its dedication was held in the fall of 1974.

Facility Design and Construction↗
PubMed1997

A library for the twenty-first century: the Galter Health Sciences Library's renovation and expansion project.

A renovation and expansion project at the Galter Health Sciences Library of Northwestern University strikes a balance between traditional and future libraries, library ambiance and high technology, old and new. When guided by a vision of future building use, renovation projects can succeed in meeting many institutional goals as a viable alternative to new library buildings. Issues addressed include planning considerations, architectural history, library design, building features, information technology considerations, and ideal library space design when new construction is not possible.

Chicago↗
PubMed2005

Towards a full reference library of MS(n) spectra. Testing of a library containing 3126 MS2 spectra of 1743 compounds.

A library consisting of 3766 MS(n) spectra of 1743 compounds, including 3126 MS2 spectra acquired mainly using ion trap (IT) and triple-quadrupole (QqQ) instruments, was composed of numerous collections/sources. Ionization techniques were mainly electrospray ionization and also atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and chemical ionization. The library was tested for the performance in identification of unknowns, and in this context this work is believed to be the largest of all known tests of product-ion mass spectral libraries. The MS2 spectra of the same compounds from different collections were in turn divided into spectra of 'unknown' and reference compounds. For each particular compound, library searches were performed resulting in selection by taking into account the best matches for each spectral collection/source. Within each collection/source, replicate MS2 spectra differed in the collision energy used. Overall, there were up to 950 search results giving the best match factors and their ranks in corresponding hit lists. In general, the correct answers were obtained as the 1st rank in up to 60% of the search results when retrieved with (on average) 2.2 'unknown' and 6.2 reference replicates per compound. With two or more replicates of both 'unknown' and reference spectra (the average numbers of replicates were 4.0 and 7.8, respectively), the fraction of correct answers in the 1st rank increased to 77%. This value is close to the performance of established electron ionization mass spectra libraries (up to 79%) found by other workers. The hypothesis that MS2 spectra better match reference spectra acquired using the same type of tandem mass spectrometer (IT or QqQ) was neither strongly proved nor rejected here. The present work shows that MS2 spectral libraries containing sufficiently numerous different entries for each compound are sufficiently efficient for identification of unknowns and suitable for use with different tandem mass spectrometers.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed1995

A general route to fingerprint analyses of peptide-antibody interactions using a clustered amino acid peptide library: comparison with a phage display library.

We provide a general route to fingerprint analyses of peptide-antibody interactions using a novel chemically synthesized peptide library. A combinatorial clustered amino acid peptide library XO1O2O3O4X (O = one of six amino acid clusters [APG], [DE], [HKR], [NQST], [FYW] and [ILVM]; X = randomized position) bound to a continuous cellulose membrane support was designed to overcome the problem of combinatorial explosion in the synthesis of peptide libraries. This library served as the starting point for the identification and detailed characterization of a TGF alpha peptide epitope recognized by the antibody Tab2. By analysing 1728 hexapeptide mixtures and 1600 single hexapeptides we identified a large number of structurally different high affinity Tab2 binding molecules. Our data provide a detailed picture of the structural basis of this antibody-peptide interaction. In addition to the detection of key amino acids involved in Tab2 binding we observed a high variability of Tab2 binding sequences supporting an induced fit mechanism in antibody-peptide recognition. In contrast, a phage display hexapeptide library led to the detection of only one dominant Tab2 binding peptide. The data obtained also demonstrate the influence of phage proteins on the interaction between the antibody and the displayed peptide. Comparing both approaches with regard to ease of handling and identified sequences, the chemical libraries are clearly favored to study antibody-peptide interactions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Can't get to the library? Then we'll come to you. A survey of library services to people in their own homes in the United Kingdom.

AIMS: To determine the current level of library service to people in their own homes in the United Kingdom and to compare it with results from previous surveys. It is many years since a similar survey has been undertaken or guidelines produced and it is hoped that this work will help fill the gap. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent in January 2004 to all public library authorities in the UK, a total of 208; 72% (149) were returned in the timescale allowed. The questionnaire covered the criteria for eligibility to receive a home library service; service structure and delivery: who delivers the service (specialist librarians or specialist non-professional staff, branch library staff or volunteers); training; range of material and services provided; reading aids; materials for reminiscence; information provision; transporting people to the library; services to people in residential homes, sheltered accommodation, nursing homes and day centres; reader development; lifelong learning; and publicity and promotion. The focus of the survey was on quality issues and good practice wherever possible. RESULTS: The number of customers receiving a service to 'housebound' readers in the UK in 2001/2 was 123 407. In 1984 it was 43 807 people in England. This still bears little relation to the number of people who should be receiving the service. The majority used paid staff (88%). Volunteers supported 52% of the services, with most having links with staff. There were opportunities to improve and develop services under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. The service was publicized and promoted by only 62% of the respondents. Of those that use paid staff and that answered this question, 73% provide disability equality training for staff. Only 21% provide disability equality training for volunteers. Only 36% are involved in reader development or lifelong learning and only 23% provide a newsletter in print, 11% on tape and 3% in Braille; 12% take laptops into people's homes. CONCLUSIONS: Many authorities were still providing a tokenistic service and were reluctant to publicize for fear of not coping with demand, which makes them vulnerable legally under the DDA. However, there were some excellent examples of good practice where the full range of services are provided to a high standard.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The role of the British Library for medical and health information. Standing Conference of National and University Libraries (SCONUL).

This paper examines the role of the British Library in the provision of medical and health information in the U.K. Medicine--in both the public and private sector--is big business. The British Library is already heavily involved in the provision of information to the medical community but there is little planning for the most cost-effective allocation of resources for medical information across the nation. There is no focus for research and development in medical information policy and medical librarians do not readily identify with the British Library. This paper suggests that the British Library could help to develop a focus for medical information policy in the way the National Library of Medicine does for the USA.

Health Education↗
PubMed2003

Developing an academic medical library core journal collection in the (almost) post-print era: the Florida State University College of Medicine Medical Library experience.

The Florida State University (FSU) College of Medicine Medical Library is the first academic medical library to be established since the Web's dramatic appearance during the 1990s. A large customer base for electronic medical information resources is both comfortable with and eager to migrate to the electronic format completely, and vendors are designing radical pricing models that make print journal cancellations economically advantageous. In this (almost) post-print environment, the new FSU Medical Library is being created and will continue to evolve. By analyzing print journal subscription lists of eighteen academic medical libraries with similar missions to the community-based FSU College of Medicine and by entering these and selected quality indicators into a Microsoft Access database, a core list was created. This list serves as a selection guide, as a point for discussion with faculty and curriculum leaders when creating budgets, and for financial negotiations in a broader university environment. After journal titles specific to allied health sciences, veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, library science, and nursing were eliminated from the list, 4,225 unique journal titles emerged. Based on a ten-point scale including SERHOLD holdings and DOCLINE borrowing activity, a list of 449 core titles is identified. The core list has been saved in spreadsheet format for easy sorting by a number of parameters.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2003

The Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries' collaboration with the Association of American Medical Colleges, Medical Library Association, and other organizations.

The Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries has made collaboration with other organizations a fundamental success strategy throughout its twenty-five year history. From the beginning its relationships with Association of American Medical Colleges and with the Medical Library Association have shaped its mission and influenced its success at promoting academic health sciences libraries' roles in their institutions. This article describes and evaluates those relationships. It also describes evolving relationships with other organizations including the National Library of Medicine and the Association of Research Libraries.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2003

Transition from in library use of resources to outside library use: the impact of the Internet on information seeking behavior of medical students and faculty.

Advances in information technology have introduced both new capabilities and interesting challenges in accessing medical literature. More and more information resources exist in electronic format, such as online databases, journals, books, etc. instead of the traditional print format. In late 1998, there were thirty-five journal titles available online; in 2001, the number rose to over 4,000.1 Desk-top access to online resources is changing library use patterns, which challenges libraries to adjust to this transformed information access environment. Studies of the impact of the internet on information seeking behavior of users in medical environments could provide very valuable information for medical libraries seeking to adapt to this rapid and great evolution. This study aims to explore the impact of the Internet on information seeking behavior of medical students and faculty and their medical library use, to address the possible reasons for this change of information seeking behavior, and to identify the measures essential to the transition from traditional in-library use of resources to remote access. This study is conducted in two phases.

Behavior↗