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PubMed2005

Determination of fluorescent whitening agents in laundry detergents and surface waters by solid-phase extraction and ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simple method was developed to detect four stilbene-type disulfonate and one distyrylbiphenyl-type fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in household laundry detergents and surface waters by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. The FWA concentrations in detergents were measured directly. The contents of FWAs in water samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (C18-SPE) with ion-pairing reagent, and were then determined by an isocratic ion-pair chromatography (IPC) using a C18 column, applying tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate (TBA) as the ion-pairing reagent in mobile phase, and equipped with fluorescence detection. Water samples at various pH conditions for SPE were evaluated. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is precise and sensitive in analyzing FWAs, and enables quantitation of 0.01-0.1 microg/l in 100 ml water samples. The recovery rates of FWAs in spiked water samples were between 73 and 89%, and the precision (RSD) ranged from 2.6 to 8.9%. Over 7200 microg/g of 4,4'-bis(2-sulfostryl)-biphenyl (DSBP) and 2320 microg/g of 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-amino]stilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DAS1) were detected in household laundry detergents. Trace amounts of DSBP were detected in surface water samples ranging from 0.2 to 3.7 microg/l.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1982

Training and generalization of laundry skills: a multiple probe evaluation with handicapped persons.

An instructional procedure composed of a graded sequence of prompts and token reinforcement was used to train a complex chain of behaviors which included sorting, washing, and drying clothes. A multiple probe design with sequential instruction across seven major components of the laundering routine was used to demonstrate experimental control. Students were taught to launder clothing using machines located in their school and generalization was assessed later on machines located in the public laundromat. A comparison of students' laundry skills with those of normal peers indicated similar levels of proficiency. Follow-up probes demonstrated maintenance of laundry skills over a 10-month period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Primary liver cancer among women in laundry and dry-cleaning work in Denmark.

Tetrachloroethylene has been the most commonly used solvent in dry cleaning in Denmark since the late 1950s. A cohort of laundry and dry-cleaning workers was identified from the Danish Occupational Cancer Register for the study of cancer incidence of persons exposed to tetrachloroethylene. The Register includes cancer incidence data for a 10-year period for 8567 women and 2033 men employed in laundry and dry-cleaning in 1970. A significant excess risk was found for primary liver cancer among the women, with 7 observed and 2.1 expected cases (standardized incidence ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.4-7.0). No case of primary liver cancer was observed among the men, for whom the expected value was 1.1. The excess risk of primary liver cancer among the women is unlikely to be explained exclusively by excess alcohol consumption.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1991

American Laundry Digest Buyer's Guide. Manufacturers directory.

The following is the annual American Laundry Digest Buyer's Guide which is being circulated to all segments of the laundry industry. The Guide contains a list of manufacturers who responded to our questionnaire. This is followed by a list of product categories and the various manufacturers who make these products. You may contact these companies directly or by using the reader service card in this issue.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1992

OSHA gets into dirty laundry.

Second of a three-part series on the new bloodborne pathogens rule, this article covers exposure control plans, personal protective equipment for laundry workers, and compliance monitoring. In short, the rule mandates more record keeping for employers and less exposure for employees. By May 5, every laundry with employees who could "reasonably anticipate" coming into contact with blood-soiled linen and needles or sharps must establish a written exposure control plan. Turn to page 60 for information to help you get into compliance.

HIV Infections↗
PubMed1981

Laundries of yesterday: a home for ancient irons...

Eyhorne Manor, a 15th century yeoman's house at Hollingbourne in Kent, houses one of the largest collections of antique laundry equipment in the country. Joyce Galley visited the museum and describes part of the 'remarkable collection of laundry impedimenta' open to the public from Easter.

Equipment and Supplies↗
PubMed1975

Skin irritancy and sensitivity to laundry detergents containing proteolytic enzymes. Part I.

In the present study the contact irritative--eczematogenic--effect of alkaline protease enzymes (PE) contained in syndet laundry detergents has been investigated. The method employed was the occlusive epicutaneous test (ET) involving the use of increasing serial dilutions of PE and various times of exposure. The tests were made on sympton-free skin, on skin showing premorbid or slight irritative changes, on skin previously acid- or base-treated, in the presence of increased skin permeability and following the skin stripping method. The results obtained in the 912 test series indicate that the PEs tested ("Tenzym prilled" Grindstedvoerkek, and "Maxatase" Gist-Brocases) caused no irritation or other damage to the intact or slightly lesioned skin even in response to close contact lasting several days. When as a result of increased irritation, or for other reasons, the PEs may be assumed to penetrate into the subcorneal layers, they may exert a proteolytic effect, as manifested in the increasing number of positive ETs. In such cases the PE concentrations exceeded by far those employed in the commercial detergents. It is most likely that the skin changes noted in connection with the use of bioactive laundry detergents are due not to the PE content of these detergents, but to other factors.

Detergents↗
PubMed1987

[Occupational health-related organization of work in large laundry facilities].

In the ergonomic assessment of work in 14 large laundries, it is primarily constrained posture due to working conditions and uniform overstrain that are highlighted objectively. Accordingly common are complaints about back problems, leg pain, severe fatigue, headache and nervousness (42-70%). The added work difficulties most objected to include heat (rate of mention in flatwork operations 80%), dust, dirt, odors (in sorting operations 75%), constant standing and walking (in several areas of work 70-80%), too great exertion of the arms (in sorting and folding operations 50-67%), and noise (depending on area of work 33-73%). On the basis of these results, attempts at resolving these problems to improve the organization of work in large laundries were developed. These include for example, an adequate capacity to adjust the working surfaces, suitable seats and aids for standing, installation of platforms, and further measures to reduce overstrain.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Cost containment in laundry and linen service.

One major problem looms among all others in the area of laundry and linen service, whether a hospital has an in-house operation, is part of a shared or central laundry, or uses a commercial service. That is the costly problem of controling linen consumption and replacement. A recent seminar offers some insight into reasons for the problem and some possible solutions.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed1978

Costly materials retrieved from laundry chutes.

About +47,000 in replacement costs have been saved since the hospital instituted a plan to retrieve materials that are inadvertantly deposited in laundry chutes with soiled linens. Scissors, hot-water bottles, and rubber pillows, as well as a variety of expensive surgical instruments and clamps, are now placed in boxes at sorting sites at the hospital's laundry.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1978

Equipment selection for inhouse laundry demands careful planning.

Laundry equipment has become increasingly sophisticated in recent years, and, as a result, equipment selection decisions have become extremely complex. Whether installing an in-house laundry or modernizing an existing one, equipment selection demands knowledgeable consideration of several key factors.

Equipment and Supplies, Hospital↗
PubMed1992

"Let's Talk Back": a program to empower laundry workers.

Laundry workers have traditionally been offered little input into the ergonomic and health and safety aspects of their jobs. The "Let's Talk Back" program was developed in response to worker demands, in order to empower them to effectively address some of these concerns. The program, endorsed by the union and administered by a hospital ergonomist, provided formal educational sessions, physical demand analyses, and a forum in which to communicate concerns and suggestions for improvements. Language and/or literacy barriers required innovative educational approaches. Management's reluctance to allow the program to interfere with production schedules hindered the efficiency of the program, but probably contributed to the sense of empowerment in the workforce. Through active participation in ergonomic assessments as well as the educational program, workers were able to demonstrate to management that changes were needed.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1980

The laparotomy pad, the laundry and intestinal adhesions.

Uncoated laparotomy pads and pads coated with Hydron were put through an ordinary laundry procedure. A long-chain quaternary detergent remained in the pads and was not removed in the final rinse. In addition, Hydron was found, as expected. Implications of the presence of detergent in the peritoneal cavity are considered.

Detergents↗
PubMed1994

How hospital linen and laundry services are provided.

Hospitals provide clean linen for patients and staff. This article describes the laundering process, laundry equipment, how used hospital linen differs from that of other large organizations and the Department of Health guidance on handling and laundering hospital linen. It reviews how hospital linen contracts are awarded and the responsibilities of the team which evaluates them. Methods of microbiological testing of laundered linen and the interpretation of the results are considered. The properties of different fabrics available for use in operating theatres are summarized. Measures to prevent infection and injury to staff handling used linen are given.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed2005

Rotaviral RNA found in wastewaters from hospital laundry.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the presence of rotaviral RNA in water from a hospital laundry. Since rotaviruses are known as major causal agents of diarrhoea in humans, it is necessary that laundering hospital textiles results in efficient chemo-thermal disinfection, thus minimizing the possibility of transmission of rotaviruses to immune-compromised patients in hospitals. RT-PCR and second round PCR for gene amplification using specific primers, succeeding ultra-filtration and RNA isolation, was used to determine the presence of rotaviral RNA in water samples. The results show that rotaviral RNA was found in wastewater after the washing process, thus confirming an inadequate disinfecting effect of the examined laundering procedures.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed1983

Bacteriological quality of fabrics washed at lower-than-standard temperatures in a hospital laundry facility.

We determined whether the bacteriological quality of fabrics cleaned in a hospital laundry could be maintained at wash temperatures lower than 75 degrees C by the use of economically reasonable formulas and wash conditions. Three groups of bacteria were examined to determine bacteriological quality: aerobic, nonexacting chemoorganotrophs, staphylococci, and total coliforms. The distribution of bacteria on soiled fabric was patchy, with staphylococci and total coliforms ranging from less than 0.1 to greater than 4 X 10(3) CFU/cm2 and chemoorganotrophs ranging from less than 0.1 to greater than 5 X 10(5) CFU/cm2. The washing process routinely produced fabric containing less than 1 CFU/cm2. Low-temperature (47.8 to 60.0 degrees C) wash procedures eliminated all bacterial groups at least as effectively as did high-temperature procedures. The effectiveness of bacterial density reduction at low temperature was augmented by increased concentrations of bleach. Successful low-temperature washing such as that shown here may save both energy and money for hospitals.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1991

Optimizing the service of contracted hospital laundries.

Linen processing is a significant but essential expense to hospitals. To minimize this expense, it may benefit may hospitals to consider processing laundry by either an outside commercial vendor or cooperative association. A comprehensive bid package is the cornerstone to such a relationship and will help ensure acceptable and cost-beneficial quality service to the hospital.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMed1992

A cost-accounting system used in a hospital-related laundry facility.

A laundry facility supplying linen to several hospitals needs to keep a good account of the numbers of different types of linen which enter and leave its premises so as to allocate the costs fairly and equitably among member hospitals. This task is made difficult by the problem of errors in counting due to high volume, different sizes and shapes of linen pieces, and human error in sorting. An electronic counting system has been installed in the premises to facilitate the process of counting, and this paper describes an approach for correcting the counting errors by applying factors that account for the inherent error in the system. These factors are estimated from sampling the contents of the sorted linen and statistical analysis of the resulting data. An efficient sampling scheme is proposed.

Accounting↗