Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “LABYRINTH”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Fluid and cellular pathways of rat lymph nodes in relation to lymphatic labyrinths and Aquaporin-1 expression.

The aim of the present study was to examine the organization of lymph fluid and cellular pathways and distribution of the membrane water channel Aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) in rat lymph nodes. Lymph fluid and cellular pathways within lymph nodes were examined by fluorescent protein tracer/confocal microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), While the distribution of AQP-1 was studied immunohistochemically. Tracer studies showed the subcapsular sinuses continued directly at the hilum or via the intermediate sinuses to the medullary sinuses, and lymphatic labyrinths originating with blind-ends in the deep cortex drained into medullary sinuses. Afferent lymph tracers were also observed in node cortex interstitium. By SEM, lymphatic labyrinths appeared densely filled with lymphocytes and had few intraluminal sinus reticular cells, while medullary sinuses possessed well-developed networks of sinus reticular cells. The presence of many lymphocytes wedged in the walls of the lymphatic labyrinth suggested that lymphocytes migrate between the node parenchyma and lymphatic labyrinths. AQP-1 was distributed on the membrane of lymphatic endothelium and reticular cells as well as on both luminal and abluminal cell membranes of high endothelial venules (HEVs). Our SEM findings support the concept that lymphocytes migrate from the node parenchyma into lymphatic labyrinths in the deep cortex. The nodal distribution of AQP-1 plus the presence of a polarized distribution of ion pumps and/or ion channels in the HEV endothelium hypothesized in our discussion could explain the mechanism of the reported lymph-to-plasma fluid flux in lymph nodes and also facilitate the entry of afferent lymph antigens into the node cortex interstitium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Morphological changes of stria vascularis in congenital hearing impairment due to membranous labyrinth underdevelopment.

Congenital malformations of the inner ear may involve either the bone and membranous labyrinth or the membranous labyrinth alone. The same labyrinth structures can be affected with an acquired disease, toxaemia or viral labyrinthitis, for instance, with the same or very similar histologic findings. So far, there have been no studies examining the possible morphological changes of stria vascularis in different diseases with sensorineural anomalies. We examined the temporal bones of 16 patients, from whom audiograms and history data on hearing impairments present at birth or later were obtained previously. When malformation of the membranous labyrinth was caused by a congenital anomaly, three groups of typical changes of stria vascularis were observed: i) pseudocystic formation which replaced the strial tissue, with dark-stained deposits: ii) accumulation of endothelial cells or irregularly shaped cells in the basal coil of the cochlea: and iii) atrophy of the stria vascularis tissue in all coils. These findings may prove important for accurate diagnostic procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Use PCR technique to detect mitochondrial DNA in rat membranous labyrinth].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a sensitive and reliable method of mtDNA detection in the membranous labyrinth of rat inner ear. METHOD: A mtDNA segment of 601 bp containing the genes which encode ND1 subunit 16S rRNA in rat inner ear membranous labyrinth was detected by PCR method. The method is compared with Edris's mtDNA isolation method. RESULT: A 601 bp PCR product of mtDNA in the membranous labyrinth of rat ear inner can be obtained by the two methods. But the requirement of the sample quantities was different for the two methods. The extraction of mtDNA need two of inner ears membranous labyrinth to get reliably result by the method adapted from Seidman. However, the mtDNA extraction procedure from Edris's method need six of inner ears of the in order to get reliably result. CONCLUSION: The method of mtDNA isolation, amplification and detection membranous labyrinth of rat inner ear by PCR method adapted from seidman is more sersitive.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of microcirculatory disorders of inner ear on blood-labyrinth barrier permeability in guinea pigs].

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of blood-labyrinth barrier permeability during cochlea microcirculatory disorders in guinea pigs. METHODS: Using modified method of Evan's blue fluorescence, the changes of permeability of blood-labyrinth barrier were observed in the animal model of cochlea microcirculatory disorders which was induced by photochemical reaction. RESULTS: Amount of Evan's blue passing through the blood-labyrinth barrier was (1.709 +/- 0.769) microgram per guinea pig after 2 hours and (2.849 +/- 0.653) microgram per guinea pig after 4 hours when the cochlea was in microcirculatory disorder. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the permeability of blood-labyrinth barrier increased when cochlea microcirculatory disorders occurred and the increase of blood-labyrinth barrier permeability may be one of the important mechanisms which causes the cochlear ischemic lesions.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Intracellular "labyrinths" in acute leukaemia. Do they indicate the maturational ability of leukaemic cells?

The occurrence and ultrastructure of the so-called "labyrinths" were investigated in the bone marrow cells from 13 patients with preleukaemia and acute leukaemia. Except for one patient, labyrinths were found in the myeloid cells from patients with preleukaemia and acute myelogenous leukaemia. Labyrinths could not be detected in lymphoblasts from patients suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or in plasma cells from a patient with plasma cell leukaemia. In patients with preleukaemia and smoldering leukaemia, labyrinths could be detected in all differentiation forms, from myeloblasts to mature polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Since it is improbable that labyrinths develop in consequence of exogenous effects, their presence in the mature granulocytes points to the in vivo maturational ability of leukaemic precursors in certain cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia and preleukaemia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of bony and membranous labyrinth.

We used three methods to reconstruct a same bony and membranous labyrinth by an image processing work station (IPWS). Three dimensional (3-D) models of the bony and membranous labyrinth were thus obtained. Different parts of the labyrinth were measured and the spatial relationship between the bony and membranous labyrinth was observed. Many 3-D parameters such as cochlear length, volume of different parts of the labyrinth, angles among the three semicircular canals were measured. The results of this experiment are useful in the study of the cochlear and vestibular function.

Ear, Inner↗
PubMed1996

[Computed tomography of the ethmoid labyrinth and adjacent structures].

In order to study the relation of ethmoid labyrinth to the adjacent structures, continuous axial CT scan of the ethmoid labyrinth was performed on 9 normal subjects. Meanwhile, coronal and axial CT scans of ethmoid labyrinth were obtained in 20 normal subjects. On an average, 22 scan sections were done on each subject. The relation of ethmoid labyrinth to adjacent structures was observed and the remarkable intersubject variations in this anatomic area were noted. The relation of posterior ethmoid cells or sphenoid sinus to the optic canal, and the relation of internal carotid artery to the sphenoid sinus were clearly demonstrated on axial scans. The detailed anatomic structure of the ostiomeatal complex and the anatomic relation of ethmoid labyrinth to orbit and anterior skull base were revealed by coronal CT scans. CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was of great importance in clinical practice for the purpose of etiological analysis of sinusitis, design of endoscopic sinus surgery and prevention of complication.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Experimental viral labyrinthitis--an immunohistochemical investigation of the cochlear lesion].

Pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis is still poorly understood despite the dimension of clinical problem. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis by the immunohistochemical investigations of infected cochleas. HVJ (Sendai virus) and mumps virus have been used to create an animal model of viral labyrinthitis. The cochleas of adult guinea pigs with intralabyrinthine inoculation of virus through the round window membrane and with intravascular injection of virus were investigated by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques (immunofluorescent and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex method). Control animal received only the culture medium. Histopathologically, fibrosis of scala tympani, vacuolization of stria vascularis, cell infiltration in perilymph were observed in the animals with intralabyrinthine inoculation, whereas no significant changes were observed in those with intravascular injection. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (6/11), Reissner's membrane (5/11), Organ of Corti (2/11) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (3/11), Reissner's membrane (1/11), Organ of Corti (1/11) in inoculated side of cochlea. In animal with intravascular injection, viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (4/6), Organ of Corti (1/6) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (5/18), Organ of Corti (2/18). Cochleas of control animal showed no evidence of viral antigen. Viral antigen of both viruses were found in stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, and Organ of Corti. Of these, Stria vascularis showed stronger affinity to these viruses. The results of intravascular injection indicate that endolymphatic labyrinthitis may ensure as a result of viremia.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Acute labyrinthitis associated with systemic Candida albicans infection in ageing mice.

The yeast Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with disease of the inner ear. This study describes the histopathology of acute labyrinthitis caused by systemic infection with C. albicans in aging inbred mice. Within four days after infection, yeast and hyphal forms of C.albicans were found in the membranous labyrinth. The utricle and the adjacent parts of the ampullary regions of the semicircular canals were most severely affected, but damage was also seen in the scala media, the scala tympani, the saccule, and the scala vestibuli. In the utricle, the lining epithelium of the membranous labyrinth was disrupted, and the lining cells of the vestibular membrane showed foci in which the membrane was disrupted. The data suggest that age may represent a risk factor for fungal labyrinthitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Chronology of labyrinthitis ossificans induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis.

OBJECTIVE: Labyrinthitis ossificans consists of novel osteogenesis that fills the normally patent cochlear and vestibular lumen as an end-stage sequelae to various pathologies. This study was designed to establish the sequence of events and chronology of the osteoneogenesis and calcification. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomized double-blind study. METHODS: By using serial application of different colored fluorochromes, which deposit in newly forming bone, the timing of bone deposition and bone remodeling can be established. Labyrinthitis ossificans was induced in six groups (n = 5) of gerbils by an intrathecal injection of live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Group 1 received no fluorochrome labels, group 2 received one label, group 3 received three labels, and groups 4, 5, and 6 received four labels. The temporal bones were harvested after 2 weeks (group 1), 1 month (group 2), 3 months (group 3), 4 months (group 4), 6 months (group 5), and 12 months (group 6). RESULTS: Sixteen of the 25 animals that received labels developed ossification, demonstrated with fluorescent microscopy. In the animals that developed labyrinthitis ossificans, newly formed disorganized bone began calcifying as early as 3 weeks (label 1) after S. pneumoniae injection. Osteoneogenesis continued as evidenced by the presence of the other labels when first applied at 6 weeks (label 2), and 10 weeks (label 3). Ossification, calcification, and remodeling proceeded through a 12-month course, wherein a reduction of labels was present at 6 months and total disappearance by 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The use of fluorescent stains in this animal model provides a means to establish a timeline of the ossification seen in labyrinthitis ossificans.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Labyrinth dysfunction 8 months after cochlear implantation: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate whether the cochleostomy is a possible port of entry for pneumolabyrinth and a resulting vertigo in patients provided with a cochlear implant. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Hospital Grosshadern. PATIENT: 62-year-old patient who underwent implantation of a HiFocus II cochlear implant with positioner from Advanced Bionics (CLARION). Eight months postoperatively, the patient reported rotatory vertigo and right-side tinnitus after he had blown his nose harder than usual during an episode of rhinitis. INTERVENTIONS: Preoperative and postoperative testing of both the petrosal bone with a CT scan and of balance function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Air inclusion in the labyrinth. RESULTS: In contrast to the preoperative high resolution computed tomography (CT) scan, air inclusion was seen in the labyrinth during the episode of vertigo. At the same time, balance function tests with Frenzel glasses revealed both spontaneous and provoked horizontal nystagmus to the right side. At follow-up 8 weeks later, the level of vertigo had significantly decreased. Twelve months later, the control CT showed the cochlear implant positioned correctly and no visible air in the labyrinth. CONCLUSION: It is known that placement of the HiFocus II with Positioner from CLARION requires a relatively large cochleostomy of 1.5 mm. Moreover, in the connective tissue seal between the electrode and the positioner, the latter reaches into the tympanic cavity, and this is possibly the weak point. Further investigation will be needed to determine whether the large cochleostomy with the HiFocus II with positioner increases the predisposition to labyrinth dysfunction.

Cochlear Implantation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HSV-1 not only in human vestibular ganglia but also in the vestibular labyrinth.

Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the vestibular ganglion (VG) is the suspected cause of vestibular neuritis (VN). Recent studies reported the presence of HSV-1 DNA not only in human VGs but also in vestibular nuclei, a finding that indicates the possibility of viral migration to the human vestibular labyrinth. Distribution of HSV-1 DNA was determined in geniculate ganglia, VGs, semicircular canals, and macula organs of 21 randomly obtained human temporal bones by nested PCR. Viral DNA was detected in 48% of the labyrinths, 62% of the VGs, and 57% of the geniculate ganglia. The potential significance of this finding is twofold: (1) Inflammation in VN could also involve the labyrinth and thereby cause acute unilateral vestibular deafferentation. (2) As benign paroxysmal positional vertigo often occurs in patients who have had VN, it could also be a sequel of viral labyrinthitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparative perilymph permeability of cephalosporins and its significance in the treatment and prevention of suppurative labyrinthitis.

Cephalosporins are nonototoxic antibiotics that provide excellent coverage for almost all bacteria that can cause suppurative labyrinthitis. In this study we performed comparative perilymph permeability determinations of the three cephalosporins that we deemed to have the most clinical potential in these varied situations. Perilymph pharmacokinetic profiles were established for ceftazidime, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime in 36 guinea pigs by using the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after intravenous administration of the three cephalosporins at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight, ceftazidime consistently exhibited the highest perilymph concentration. Desacetylcefotaxime showed the next highest capacity for penetration into perilymph. Keeping in mind that the choice of drug for the treatment of suppurative labyrinthitis should be based foremost on culture and sensitivity studies, we consider ceftazidime to be the first-line agent for treatment and prevention of both meningogenic labyrinthitis and labyrinthitis complicating acute or chronic otitis media.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Quantitive studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. II. head-turning reflexes in animals with a supernumerary pair of labyrinths.

In axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanun) the labyrinths and the associated parts of the medulla were doubled artificially. In these so-called tandem-heads the vestibular afferent fibres from both labyrinths on one side united within the medulla to form common bundles. The head-turning reflexes following impulse acceleration and during long-lasting acceleration were measured quantitatively and compared with those for normal animals. The form and the time-course of the reactions were almost identical in both groups. Tandem-heads showed a linear relationship between stimulus intensity and reaction strength, parallel to that in normal animals but with a greater reaction for a given stimulus. Consequent to this shift in the relationship, there was a significant decrease in the reaction threshold. The removal of one horizontal semicircular canal in tandem-heads proved that both pairs of labyrinths were functionally connected with the brain. It was suggested that during ontogenesis there exists a kind of specificity in the connexion of vestibular fibres. From the parallel shift of the intensity functions it was concluded that the input from both pairs of labyrinths in tandem-heads is not simply accumulate but compared with a reference parameter, which is also double in tandem-heads.

Ambystoma↗
PubMed1990

The vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in man.

1. A survey of the literature on the vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in Man is presented, and the methods of investigation used to visualize the vessels are evaluated. A generally correct picture of the subject is provided by the various studies published since Siebenmann's monograph. There are, however, some conflicting points as well as some lack of data with regard to the course and relationships of the large vessels and the capillary areas of the cristae and maculae. 2. This study presents a systematic description of the vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in Man, from the main arterial and venous stems to the capillary areas, with particular attention to the relationships between the vessels and the osseous walls, neural, and membranous structures. The vessels were visualized by a composite method including the selective injection of the internal auditory artery with coloured silicone or India ink; the counterstaining of the labyrinth with osmic acid; the cutting of the petrous bone in 1-mm thick, serial sections that were cleared with methylsalicylate. The sections were studied by stereomicroscopy, using mainly reflected light. Photos and drawings were made to illustrate the findings. New names were introduced for vessels hitherto unnamed, and some traditional names were modified in order to give a more precise and descriptive terminology. 3. The description followed the two main arteries, the capillary areas and the three main veins. The vestibular labyrinth is supplied by the superior vestibular artery and by the inferior vestibular artery which is a branch of the vestibulo-cochlear artery. The superior vestibular artery runs along the anterior aspect of the vestibule from the utricular nerve up to the cristae of the superior and lateral canals. It supplies the macula of the utricle, the cristae and ampullar crures of the superior and lateral canals. The inferior vestibular artery runs mainly along the medial wall of the vestibule. It supplies the last tract of the scala media and the vestibular caecum with a peculiar pattern which appears to be an adaptation of the common cochlear arrangement to the different spatial condition. It also supplies the macula of the saccule, the crista and ampullar crus of the posterior canal as well as the simple crures of the three canals. The vascular arrangement of the maculae and cristae has a similar three-layered architecture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arteries↗
PubMed1991

[Labyrinthitis ossificans after pneumococcal meningitis].

In labyrinthitis ossificans the membranous labyrinth and the endosteum are obliterated by pathological ossification. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and radiological findings of a case of labyrinthitis ossificans caused by pneumococcal meningitis are described. The destructive process in the membranous labyrinth can be shown by radiology. The importance of early diagnosis for rehabilitation of hearing loss after treatment is demonstrated.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
PubMed1993

Factors influencing results with streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth.

Streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth is the logical choice of treatment for the third stage of Meniere's disease with intractable vertigo. The results of streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth are comparable to those of other treatments, including endolymphatic shunt and vestibular nerve section. Refinements must be made in the process of selecting candidates for the operation. To study the factors influencing the results of streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth, 144 patients who had streptomycin perfusion of the labyrinth and were followed for 1 year were studied using the 1972 AAOO classification of results. The findings of this study indicate that only a low dosage of streptomycin and a small volume of perfusate are required to obtain good results. Patients who have long lasting severe endolymphatic hydrops with poor hearing preoperatively are less likely to achieve good results.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Viral labyrinthitis: early pathology in the human.

The histologic findings in the temporal bones of three patients who died from viral encephalopathy are presented. Pathology was restricted to the scala media, vestibular labyrinth, and internal auditory canal and was considered to be expressions of viral labyrinthitis. The changes were different degrees of degeneration of the organ of Corti, early encapsulation of the tectorial membrane, degeneration of the stria vascularis, and round cell infiltration of the modiolus and contents of the internal auditory canal. A new finding in the organ of Corti and early stages of cystic degeneration of the stria vascularis are documented. In all cases, the saccule was degenerated with sloughing of the otolithic membrane and vestibular labyrinth was involved in varying degrees.

Adolescent↗