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PubMed2002

Reassortment between genetically distinct Japanese and US strains of Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus: RNA1 from a Japanese strain and RNA2 from a US strain make a pseudorecombinant virus.

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), the type species of the genus Furovirus, has a plus-sense bipartite RNA genome. Japanese and US strains of SBWMV are genetically distantly related, despite their biologically identical properties. Here we report formation of a pseudorecombinant virus consisting of RNA1 from a Japanese strain and RNA2 from a US strain, using infectious in vitro transcripts for both strains. Full-length infectious cDNA clones for a Japanese strain were previously constructed (Yamamiya and Shirako [38]). For RNA1 of a US strain, due to instability of full-length cDNA clones in Escherichia coli cells, it was necessary to prepare a full-length template DNA for in vitro transcription by combining overlapping 5'-terminal and 3'-terminal cDNAs individually cloned in two plasmids, whereas for RNA2 a full-length cDNA clone was the template. For infectivity assays, Chenopodium quinoa, a local lesion host, and wheat, a systemic host, were used. A mixture of Japanese RNA1 transcripts and US RNA2 transcripts caused formation of local lesions on C. quinoa leaves and systemic infection to wheat plants. The nucleotide sequence of the progeny viral RNA2 was identical to that of the US RNA2. The reciprocal combination was not infectious to either host. These results confirm that the Japanese and US SBWMV are genetically distantly related strains belonging to a single species.

Chenopodium quinoa↗

PubMed1994

Visual pigments in the pineal complex of the Japanese quail, Japanese grass lizard and bullfrog: immunocytochemistry and HPLC analysis.

We investigated localization of visual pigments in the pineal complex of Japanese quail, Japanese grass lizards and bullfrogs immunocytochemically by use of the antiserum against bovine rhodopsin (Rh-As) and monoclonal antibodies against chicken iodopsin (Io-mAb). We also analyzed retinoids, chromophores of visual pigments, by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The outer segments and cell membranes of some photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of the Japanese quail exhibited immunoreactivity to Rh-As, but there are also many immunonegative cells. The number of immunoreactive cells among individuals varied. Immunoreactivity to Io-mAb was weak or did not exist. The HPLC analysis revealed peaks of 11-cis and all-trans isomers of retinal in the oxime extracts of the pineal organ of Japanese quail and chickens. In the pineal of Japanese grass lizards, the outer segments of some cells were immunopositive to Io-mAb, but there were no cells immunoreactive to Rh-As. The parietal eye exhibited a well-developed lens and photoreceptor cells, but the outer segments of photoreceptor cells were immunonegative to both Rh-As and Io-mAb. In bullfrogs, three types of cells were identified in both the pineal and frontal organ; (1) immunopositive to Rh-As, (2) immunopositive to Io-mAb and (3) immunonegative to either of the antibodies. In the pineal organ of bullfrogs, 11-cis and all-trans retinal and 11-cis 3-dehydroretinal were detected, and 11-cis and all-trans retinal were also detected in the frontal organ. We detected 11-cis and all-trans retinal in the ventral part of diencephalon including the hypothalamus. Thus, the chromophore is the same between the retinal and pineal visual pigments, but the expression of opsins is different between the retina and pineal complex, which probably reflects the different function of each organ.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

The super-elastic Japanese NiTi alloy wire for use in orthodontics. Part III. Studies on the Japanese NiTi alloy coil springs.

Closed and open Japanese nickel titanium (NiTi) alloy coil springs were fabricated from the Japanese NiTi alloy wire. The closed coil springs were subjected to a tensile test and the open coil springs were subjected to a compression test to evaluate the mechanical properties. At the same time, a test with the commercially available steel coil springs also was done. It was clearly established that the Japanese NiTi alloy coil springs exhibited superior springback and super-elastic properties similar to the properties of the Japanese NiTi alloy arch wires. In addition, it was shown that the load value of super-elastic activity can be effectively controlled by changing the diameter of the wire, the size of lumen, the martensite transformation temperature, and the pitch of the open coil spring. The most important characteristic of the Japanese NiTi alloy coil springs is the ability to exert a very long range of constant light, continuous force. It is possible to use this coil selectively to obtain optimal tooth movement.

Dental Alloys↗

PubMed2003

Differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors between Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii: the INTERLIPID study.

Despite increase in serum total cholesterol, high smoking rate, and frequency of adverse blood pressure levels in Japan, coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and mortality apparently remain substantially lower at all ages in Japan than in the US and other Western societies. To better understand these differences, we compared CHD biomedical risk factors and dietary variables in Japanese living in Japan and 3rd and 4th generation Japanese emigrants living a primarily Western lifestyle in Hawaii, in an ancillary study of the INTERMAP. Men and women aged 40-59 years were examined by common standardized methods-four samples in Japan (574 men, 571 women) and a Japanese-American sample in Hawaii (136 men, 131 women). Average systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were significantly higher in men in Japan than in Hawaii; there were no significant differences in women. The treatment rate of hypertension was much lower in Japan than Hawaii. Smoking prevalence was higher, markedly so for men, in Japan than Hawaii. Body mass index, serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c, and fibrinogen were significantly lower in Japan than in Hawaii; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in Japan. Total fat, saturated fatty acid intake, and Keys dietary lipid score were lower in Japan than in Hawaii. Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and omega-3 fatty acid intake were higher in Japan than in Hawaii. In conclusion, levels of several, especially lipid, CHD risk factors were generally lower in Japanese in Japan than in Japanese in Hawaii. These differences were smaller for women than men between Japan and Hawaii. They may partly explain lower CHD incidence and mortality in Japan than Western industrialized countries.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

A comparison of hip fracture incidence among native Japanese, Japanese Americans, and American Caucasians.

Hip fracture incidence rates among men and women of Japanese ancestry living on Oahu, Hawaii, from 1979 to 1981 were compared with rates for Japanese living on Okinawa, Japan, from 1984 to 1985. Both rates were further compared with those for various American Caucasian populations, including that of Rochester, Minnesota, from 1978 to 1982. Age-specific and cumulative (age 50-84 years) hip fracture rates among persons of Japanese ancestry were approximately half that of Caucasians for both sexes. Although diet and other cultural attributes of the Oahu group have become more westernized than the Okinawan population, there were no detectable differences in hip fracture rates between Oahu and Okinawa Japanese. Additional studies are needed to determine whether the observed differences in fracture rates between Caucasians and Japanese might be related to differences in bone mass, body size, frequency of falls, or other factors.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Case report: fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese woman: a case report and review of Japanese cases.

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is an entity distinct from ordinary hepatocellular carcinoma and is very rare in Oriental countries. We present here a Japanese case of FLHCC in a 25 year old woman, and review Japanese cases of FLHCC. The patient had mild abdominal pain when the hepatic tumour was revealed by ultrasonography. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C antibody were negative and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was within the normal limit. Ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy was performed and the tumour was histologically diagnosed as FLHCC. A right lobectomy of the liver was then performed. Macroscopically, the tumour (10 x 10 x 8 cm) was circumscribed, rather hard and yellowish white. Microscopically, neoplastic hepatocytes were polygonal and large with eosinophilic cytoplasm, which contained pale bodies. A number of fibrous stroma were arranged in thin parallel bands. Consequently, the case was diagnosed as FLHCC. In Japan, approximately 18,000 people die of ordinary hepatocellular carcinoma annually, while only nine cases (including the present case; six males, three females) of FLHCC in Japanese subjects have been reported previously. The mean age of the Japanese cases of FLHCC is 20.9 years old. One case with positive HBsAg, liver cirrhosis and high level of AFP was observed of nine cases. The nature of FLHCC in Japanese subjects may not be significantly different from that in Caucasians, except for male predominance.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

McGurk effect in non-English listeners: few visual effects for Japanese subjects hearing Japanese syllables of high auditory intelligibility.

The McGurk effect is a phenomenon that demonstrates a perceptual fusion between auditory and visual (lip-read) information in speech perception under the condition of audio-visual discrepancy, created by dubbed video tapes. This paper investigated whether or not the McGurk effect could be extended to Japanese subjects listening to Japanese syllables of different auditory intelligibility. The audio and video signal of a female talker's speech for ten Japanese syllables (/ba/, /pa/, /ma/, /wa/, /da/, /ta/, /na/, /ra/, /ga/, /ka/) was combined on videotapes, giving 100 audio-visual stimuli. These stimuli were presented to ten Japanese subjects who were required to identify the stimuli as heard speech in both noise-added and noise-free conditions. For both conditions, the intelligibility of the auditory stimuli was measured, by presenting the audio-alone stimuli. The results showed that, in the noise-free condition, the McGurk effect was small and almost limited to auditory stimuli of which the intelligibility was less than 100%. In the noise-added condition, the McGurk effect was very strong and widespread. These results indicate that the "Japanese McGurk effect" is less easily induced than the English one, and that it depends on the auditory intelligibility of the speech signal.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

AIDS, HIV and STD among Japanese and Japanese-Americans in San Francisco, California, USA.

In affluent countries, some people may go abroad specifically for HIV testing or care for greater anonymity, better treatment, and less discrimination. A secondary analysis of data from the San Francisco Department of Public Health was conducted to characterize trends in AIDS incidence, AIDS care, sexually transmitted disease (STD) incidence, and HIV counselling and testing among Japanese in San Francisco. A total of 96 AIDS cases were diagnosed among ethnic Japanese, of whom 32 were born in Japan. From 1985 to 2000, 144 gonorrhoea and chlamydia cases were identified among Japanese. Of 368 self-identified Japanese seeking HIV counselling from 1995 to 1997, three (0.9%) were HIV-positive. The HIV/AIDS and STD epidemics among Japanese in San Francisco temporally parallels, but lags behind in magnitude, the epidemics for San Francisco's population as a whole. Some persons from Japan actively seek HIV/STD services while abroad. Our study points to several areas needing further research and improvements.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Nasalance score variation in normal adult Japanese speakers of Mid-West Japanese dialect.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine nasalance score variation for normal adult Japanese speakers of Mid-West dialect and the gender difference in average mean nasalance score. DESIGN: Nasalance scores were obtained using a nasometer model 6200. The sample stimulus "Kitsutsuki passage," constructed of four sentences containing no Japanese nasal sounds, was used three times by each subject. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred normal adult speakers (50 women and 50 men) of Japanese served as subjects. The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 35 years of age (24.0 +/- 3.2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A mean nasalance score as well as an overall average nasalance value across speakers was calculated for each subject. The average mean nasalance scores between men and women were compared. RESULTS: The average mean nasalance score for the normal Japanese speakers was 9.1% (+/- 3.9). There was no statistically significant sex difference (p < .01). Average mean scores of 9.8% (+/- 3.5) and 8.3% (+/- 4.0) were obtained for the female and male speakers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide important information concerning criteria to evaluate hypernasal speech due to velopharyngeal inadequacy of Japanese speakers with cleft palate using the nasometer.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The Japanese adaptation of the STAI Form Y in Japanese working adults--the presence or absence of anxiety.

Symptom endorsements and response patterns of 1,862 Japanese adult workers (1,509 males and 353 females) to the Japanese adaptation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-JY) items, were examined in this study. The mean STAI-JY State and Trait anxiety scores of Japanese workers were substantially higher than those of American workers reported in the Manual, due primarily to the much higher scores of Japanese workers in responding to the anxiety-absent items. The correlations between the State and Trait anxiety-present scales and those of their anxiety-absent scales' counterparts were higher than those between the State anxiety-present and -absent scales and those of their Trait scales' counterparts. These findings suggested that responses to anxiety-present and -absent items should be considered independently in scoring the STAI-JY scales in Japanese working adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Molecular-genetic study of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies: deletion analyses of 45 Japanese patients and segregation analyses in their families with RFLPs based on the data from normal Japanese females.

This study consisted of 1) molecular deletion analyses in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) using the entire cDNA for the DMD gene as hybridization probes, 2) RFLP analyses in a large number of Japanese normal women using 11 DMD-linked cloned DNAs as probes, and 3) segregation analyses with these RFLP data in 17 DMD families in which prenatal or carrier diagnosis was required. The deletion study showed that 18 (43%) of 42 male DMD patients had a deletion within the DMD gene, while no detectable deletion was found in 3 BMD patients. These deletions were preferentially observed at the 5' end of the DMD gene, while no deletion was found in the 3' portion of the gene. Of a total of 15 RFLPs detected with the 11 probes, one was a new RFLP (probe/enzyme: P20/MspI). In 6 RFLPs, the allele frequencies in the Japanese were statistically different from those in the Caucasian. Based on the RFLP data combined with the result of the deletion study, an estimated diagnostic rate for prenatal diagnosis and/or carrier detection in the Japanese DMD families was 63%. The real diagnostic rate obtained from the prenatal and carrier diagnoses, which were practically performed in 17 families, corresponded to the estimation. A protocol useful for the diagnosis in Japanese DMD families is presented.

Chromosome Deletion↗

PubMed2006

Risk factors of acute pulmonary thromboembolism in Japanese patients hospitalized for medical illness: results of a multicenter registry in the Japanese society of pulmonary embolism research.

BACKGROUND: Although the prophylaxis of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE) in hospitalized patients has been improving in Japan, there is no report concerning APTE of Japanese medical patients. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the characteristics of APTE in Japanese patients hospitalized for medical illness, through a retrospective study. METHODS: In a total of 1,438 registry patients with pulmonary thromboembolism for recent 10 years, 1,027 patients with APTE were analyzed with respect to underlying diseases or predisposing factors, and clinical course. RESULTS: A hundred thirty three patients hospitalized for medical illness developed APTE, among 433 in-hospital APTE patients. The prevalence of APTE in women was more than in men. The mean age of the patients at diagnosis was 61 +/- 17 years. Main risk factors were a prolonged immobilization, stroke, cancer, indwelling central venous catheter. Fifty-four patients had 3 or more risk factors. In-hospital mortality rate was 23%. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese patients in this registry had almost the same findings as in western patients, except for some points that had the possibility of demonstrating a difference between westerners and Japanese in the development of APTE. Our results will be available for establishing the prevention of APTE in medical patients in Japan.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Detection of specific IgE antibodies to Japanese cypress pollen in patients with nasal allergy: a comparative study with Japanese cedar.

Japanese cypress pollinosis has recently attracted attention and its clinical relationship with Japanese cedar pollinosis has been pointed out. To compare the two kinds of pollinosis, we retrospectively examined specific IgE antibodies to both pollen of Japanese cypress and cedar in the sera of 150 patients with nasal allergy using AlaSTAT assay. During the season in which the pollens of these two species are dispersed, the positive rates for Japanese cypress and cedar increased to 51.4 and 75.0%, respectively. The percentage of patients positive for both of cypress and cedar was elevated to 51.4%, corresponding to 68.5% of the total patient group positive for cedar. Almost all the cases positive for cypress had IgE antibodies to cedar, the value of which was considerably higher than that of cases positive only for cedar. Furthermore, increases in titers of specific IgE antibodies to cypress was observed in four of six cases, compared between specific IgE antibodies to cypress in pre- and post-dispersion of cypress pollen. These findings suggest the following possibility: (i) there is cross-antigenicity between the two pollen species, and (ii) patients are immunologically affected by cypress pollen to express higher levels of specific IgE antibodies after pollen dispersion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

The incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis and sensitization to the pollen allergens among Japanese monkeys in a troop.

The natural occurrence of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica; CJ) pollinosis has been reported in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), an appropriate animal model for developing antipollinosis therapies. However, there has been no study on the incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in monkeys. To evaluate the incidence of CJ pollinosis in Japanese monkeys, we investigated the presence of pollinosis symptoms among monkeys in a troop, and the response to CJ allergens in pollinosis monkeys. We examined the presence of pollinosis symptoms in 272 monkeys in a troop throughout the CJ pollination season (February to April). Of the 272 monkeys, 21 (7.7%) showed pollinosis symptoms during the CJ pollen season. Blood samples were taken from the 21 monkeys that showed pollinosis symptoms and were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody for CJ allergens. All 21 monkeys with CJ pollinosis had anti-CJ IgE. Of the 21 monkeys, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) could be taken from 12, all of which showed CJ allergen-specific PBMC proliferation. The incidence of CJ pollinosis in a troop was 7.7%. The monkeys with CJ pollinosis demonstrated specific IgE and PBMC proliferation for CJ allergens.

Allergens↗

PubMed1999

The incidence of japanese cedar pollinosis and sensitization to the pollen allergens among Japanese monkeys in a troop.

Allergens↗

PubMed2000

Common antigenicity between Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) pollen, I. H-2 complex affects cross responsiveness to Cry j 1 and Cha o 1 at the T- and B-cell level in mice.

Common antigenicity among two purified Japanese cedar pollen allergens (Cry j 1 and Cry j 2) and one Japanese cypress pollen allergen (Cha o 1) was explored at the T-cell and B-cell level in mice of different H-2 haplotypes. Cry j 2 did not show any common antigenicity with Cry j 1 or Cha o 1. B10.S (H-2S) mice immunized with Cry j 1 or Cha o 1 generated T cells and antibodies reactive to both antigens, indicating the common antigenicity of these antigens. C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were non-responders to Cry j 1. BALB/c (H-2d) mice immunized with Cry j 1 or Cha o 1 and C57BL/6 mice immunized with Cha o 1 generated T cells that were only reactive with the respective immunogen, but produced antibody reactive to both Cry j 1 and Cha o 1, indicating that Cry j 1 and Cha o 1 share their B-cell epitope but not their T-cell epitope. This finding may provide a clue for the clarification of the T-cell and B-cell epitopes of Cry j 1 and Cha o 1, even though the data are influenced by H-2 complex restriction in mice. Considering that H-2 complex restriction affects cross responsiveness to Cry j 1 and Cha o 1 at the T- and B-cell level in mice, we assessed the possible situation in humans exposed sequentially to Japanese cedar pollen and Japanese cypress pollen.

Allergens↗

PubMed2000

Clinical-pathological comparison of clinical prostate cancer between Japanese Americans in Hawaii and Japanese living in Japan.

In an attempt to determine the role of environmental factors in the etiology of prostate cancer, we compared the clinical-pathological findings of prostate cancer among Japanese Americans in Hawaii and Japanese living in Japan. Our study showed that prostate cancer in Japanese living in Japan is more advanced than in Japanese Americans. The findings indicate that screening for prostate cancer in Japan is far behind that in the USA. The difference in level of cancer screening also precluded our attempt to analyse environmental factors contributing to prostate cancer progression in the two groups. The variation in method of clinical detection of prostate cancer between the USA and Japan is also likely to contribute to the apparent difference in the incidence of the disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Biological and lifestyle factors, and lipid and lipoprotein levels among Japanese Americans in Seattle and Japanese men in Japan.

BACKGROUND: It has been previously shown that Japanese Americans in Seattle have significantly higher cholesterol levels than native Japanese. The present study examines the association of biological and lifestyle factors with plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels among Japanese Americans (JA) and native Japanese (NJ) to determine if these associations are consistent between these high and low cholesterol populations. METHODS: Study samples consisted of 710 JA male and 728 JA female volunteers living in the Seattle area and a random sample of 3833 NJ male urban workers who participated in parallel cardiovascular disease screening and lifestyle surveys for 1989-1994. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of lifestyle and biological factors with lipid and lipoprotein levels. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption was positively and linearly associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and negatively associated with both low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the ratio of total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) among JA males and JA females and NJ males. Current smoking habit was observed to be negatively associated with HDL-C levels and positively with TC/HDL-C ratio and log TG levels (logarithmic transformation of triglyceride values) (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) among all three groups. Body mass index (BMI) was negatively associated with HDL-C levels and positively associated with log TG and TC/HDL-C ratio among all three groups (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Moderate alcohol consumption was negatively associated with log TG levels among JA males and females (P < 0.05), whereas heavy alcohol consumption was positively associated with log TG levels in NJ males (P < 0.001). Smoking was positively associated with TC and LDL-C levels (P < 0.05) among JA males, whereas a negative association (P < 0.05) was observed in NJ males. CONCLUSION: Overall, the fitted models were consistent between JA males and females and NJ males with the exception of smoking on TC and LDL-C. The results suggest that moderate alcohol consumption favourably influences lipid profiles in both high and low cholesterol populations. The results also indicate that light alcohol consumption is associated with decreased triglyceride levels, whereas heavy alcohol consumption is associated with increased triglyceride levels.

Adult↗