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PubMed1980

[The larval development of Dipetalonema rugosicauda (syn. Wehrdikmansia rugosicauda) in the tick Ixodes ricinus. II. The development of Dipetalonema rugosicauda in Ixodes ricinus and investigations about the occurrence of the microfilariae in the roe deer (C. capreolus) (author's transl)].

Microfilariae of D. rugosicauda, which were taken up by nymphs of I. ricinus during their attachment on roe deers, developed in those ticks to infective larvae after two moults. The larval development lasted 56-67 days at 20-22 degrees C and occurred similar to other species of Dipetalonema inclusive a sausage stage. During this time the nymphs moulted to adult ticks. Adult females and males of I. ricinus collected in the area of Biberach/Riss, Southern-Germany, contained up to 12 infective larvae of D. rugosicauda per tick. The occurrence of those infective larvae and of microfilariae in roe deers depended on the season. The highest rate of infected ticks was 4.3% in spring, whereas the maximum rate of infected roe deers was 46.8% in autumn. Based on investigations of fawns of roe deers the prepatent period of D. rugosicauda can be estimated as approximately 6 months. Compared with microfilariae of Onchocerca tarsicola from red deers the microfilariae of D. rugosicauda prefered deeper layers of the ear skin of their hosts. Besides D. rugosicauda microfilariae of a further hitherto unknown species were detected in the ear skin of roe deers additionally. They resembled microfilariae of O. tarsicola.

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PubMed1999

Molecular genetic key for the identification of 17 Ixodes species of the United States (Acari:Ixodidae): a methods model.

A taxonomic key, based on restriction enzyme analysis of the second internal-transcribed spacer (ITS-2) in the nuclear ribosomal DNA gene, was developed for identification of 17 Ixodes tick species in the United States. This key includes: Ixodes affinis Neumann, Ixodes angustus Neumann, Ixodes baergi Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes brunneus Koch, Ixodes cookei Packard, Ixodes dentatus Marx, Ixodes jellisoni Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes kingi Bishopp, Ixodes minor Neumann, Ixodes muris Bishopp and Smith, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes scapularis Say, Ixodes sculpularis Neumann, I. spinipalpis Hadwen and Nuttall, Ixodes texanus Banks, Ixodes uriae White, and Ixodes woodi Bishopp. A 900-bp fragment of the ITS-2 was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. This fragment was then digested with the restriction enzymes MspI and CfoI, and the digested fragments were size fractionated on a 2.5% high-resolution agarose gel. A dichotomous key was developed based on digested fragment sizes relative to a standard set of size markers. Little intraspecific variation in restriction fragment banding patterns was detected.

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PubMedDate not supplied

Epizootiology of Borrelia in Ixodes tick vectors and reservoir hosts.

Four North American and two European species of Ixodes ticks harbor borreliae. Three of the North American species--Ixodes dammini, Ixodes scapularis, and Ixodes pacificus--and two Old World species--Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus--feed on a wide range of hosts, including humans; the North American Ixodes dentatus has a predilection for cottontail rabbits and rarely parasitizes humans. In Lyme disease foci in North America where I. dammini is common, Borrelia burgdorferi or similar types of spirochetes have been cultured from 10 species of wild or domestic mammals and from one species of songbird. The prevalence of infected rodents is remarkably high (greater than or equal to 75%) in these foci. Several different antigenic variants of B. burgdorferi have been cultured. Initial isolates of B. burgdorferi in North America were remarkably homogeneous, but documentation of different variants is increasing. The association of different antigenic variants with diseases in humans and domestic animals needs to be clarified.

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PubMed2003

Ixodes hexagonus is the main candidate as vector of Theileria annae in northwest Spain.

Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni have, until recently, been considered the only piroplasms that parasitise dogs. However, recent reports indicate that "small" Babesia infections in Spanish dogs are surprisingly frequent and molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the infecting agent is closely related to Babesia microti. Because the 18SrDNA sequence was not completely identical to that of B. microti, the new name "Theileria annae" was assigned to the canine agent. No information is available regarding the possible vector of the new piroplasm, T. annae. As part of an effort to identify the tick that may transmit T. annae in northwest Spain we asked veterinary surgeons practising in the region to collect and send to our laboratory ticks from dogs visiting their clinics. Seven hundred and twenty ticks collected from dogs of unknown clinical status during 1998 and 636 ticks collected between November 2001 and March 2002 from 38 dogs infected with T. annae and 131 uninfected dogs were identified. Results from the first study indicated that among the Ixodidae, Ixodes hexagonus clearly predominates over Ixodes ricinus (26.11% versus 6.67%). This observation was consistent with results of the second study, in which I. hexagonus was detected in all infected dogs and 71.8% of non-infected dogs and I. ricinus was not detected in either the infected or non-infected dogs. Results from the 2001-2002 study also indicate that the presence of Dermacentor reticulatus adult females is significantly less frequent among infected than non-infected dogs (OR=0.44; 95% CI: 0.21-0.92). On the other hand, I. hexagonus adult females and males are 6.75 and 4.24 times more likely to be detected among infected than non-infected dogs, respectively, with the association being, in both cases, statistically significant (95% CI: 1.97-23.12 and 1.92-9.36, respectively). I. hexagonus emerges as the main candidate as vector of T. annae because it feeds on dogs more frequently than other ticks and because B. microti is transmitted by Ixodes ticks, both in North America and Europe. In the absence of definitive confirmation of this hypothesis, our observations suggest that I. hexagonus might serve the same role as does Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini), the vector of B. microti in eastern North America.

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PubMed2006

Confirmation of tick bite by detection of antibody to Ixodes calreticulin salivary protein.

Ticks introduce a variety of pharmacologically active molecules into their host during attachment and feeding in order to obtain a blood meal. People who are repeatedly exposed to ticks may develop an immune response to tick salivary proteins. Despite this response, people usually are unaware of having been bitten, especially if they are not repeatedly exposed to ticks. In order to develop a laboratory marker of tick exposure that would be useful in understanding the epidemiology of tick-borne infection and the immune response to tick bite, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibody to a recombinant form of calreticulin protein found in the salivary glands of Ixodes scapularis, a member of a complex of Ixodes ticks that serve as the vectors for Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Using this assay, we tested sera obtained from C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice before and after experimental deer tick infestation. These mice developed antibody to Ixodes calreticulin antigen after infestation. We then used the same assay to test sera obtained from people before and after they experienced deer tick bite(s). People experiencing deer tick bite(s) developed Ixodes calreticulin-specific antibody responses that persisted for up to 17 months. This Ixodes recombinant calreticulin ELISA provides objective evidence of deer tick exposure in people.

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PubMed2005

Migratory songbirds disperse ticks across Canada, and first isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, from the avian tick, Ixodes auritulus.

During a 3-yr comprehensive study, 196 ixodid ticks (9 species) were collected from 89 passerine birds (32 species) from 25 localities across Canada to determine the distribution of avian-associated tick species and endogenous Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner. We report the following first records of tick parasitism on avian hosts: the rabbit-associated tick, Ixodes dentatus Marx, from Manitoba and Ontario; the mouse tick, Ixodes muris Bishopp and Smith, from British Columbia; and the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, from New Brunswick. Moreover, we provide the first record of the Neotropical tick, Amblyomma humerale Koch (1 nymph), in Canada and its parasitism of any bird. This tick was compared morphologically with nymphs of other Neotropical Amblyomma spp., and genetically, using a 344-bp fragment of the 12S rDNA sequence of 41 New World Amblyomma species. The first collections of the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, from passerine species in Alberta and British Columbia, are also reported. Notably, we further report the first isolation of B. burgdorferi from the bird tick, Ixodes auritulus Neumann, collected from an American robin, Turdus migratorius L., on Vancouver Island. Furthermore, B. burgdorferi-positive I. auritulus larvae were collected from a reservoir-competent fox sparrow, Passerella iliaca (Merrem). Our findings indicate that ground-dwelling passerines, in particular, are parasitized by certain ixodid ticks and play an important role across Canada in the wide dispersal of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks and increased risk of Lyme disease exposure.

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PubMed1993

Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae).

Reciprocal crosses between Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin from Massachusetts and Ixodes scapularis Say from Georgia produced offspring through the F3 generation when the experiment was discontinued. Reciprocal I. dammini x Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (California) and I. scapularis x I. pacificus crosses produced F1 progeny; however, all progeny were sterile. Assortative mating experiments between I. dammini and I. scapularis indicated that males and females of both species mated with the opposite sex of heterospecific or conspecific ticks when there was a choice. Conventional discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements of ticks from Georgia, North Carolina, Maryland, Massachusetts, and two populations of F1 hybrids indicated that there were recognizable differences. However, size-free (sheared) discriminant analysis indicated that these differences were largely size-dependent, with much overlap of the four eastern and two hybrid populations but no overlap with I. pacificus from California. Analysis of chromosomes (morphology and C band) indicated no differences between the Georgia and Massachusetts populations but showed a difference between them and the California population of I. pacificus. Analysis of isozymes showed that the genetic identity value for the Georgia and Massachusetts populations was within the normal range for conspecific populations, whereas the California population indicated congeneric but not conspecific relatedness to the Georgia and Massachusetts populations. Life cycle data collected under similar laboratory conditions showed no differences in length of feeding and molting periods among Georgia, Massachusetts, and California populations. These data and results of the work of other authors on tick host preferences and vector competence indicate that I. dammini is not a valid species separate from I. scapularis. Because the name Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821, has priority over the name Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin, 1979, I. dammini is relegated to a junior subjective synonym of I. scapularis (based on Article 23 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).

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