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PubMed1994

Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders.

Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

The biopsychosocial domains and the functions of the medical interview in primary care: construct validity of the Verona Medical Interview Classification System.

Factor analysis (FA) is a powerful method of testing the construct validity of coding systems of the medical interview. The study uses FA to test the underlying assumptions of the Verona Medical Interview Classification System (VR-MICS). The relationship between factor scores and patient characteristics was also examined. The VR-MICS coding categories consider the three domains of the biopsychosocial model and the main functions of the medical interview-data gathering, relationship building and patient education. FA was performed on the frequencies of the VR-MICS categories based on 238 medical interviews. Seven factors (62.5% of variance explained) distinguished different strategies patients and physicians use to exchange information, build a relationship and negotiate treatment within the domains of the biopsychosocial model. Three factors, Psychological, Social Inquiry and Management of Patient Agenda, were related to patient data: sociodemographic (female gender, age and employment), social (stressful events), clinical (GHQ-12 score), personality (chance external health locus of control) and clinical characteristics (psychiatric history, chronic illness, attributed presence of emotional distress).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Interviewer predictions of applicant qualifications and interviewer validity: aggregate and individual analyses.

The relative effects of varied interviewee cues on line managers' hiring decisions were examined, as was the relative predictability of various criteria by line managers' interview impressions. Aggregate and individual regression analyses revealed that 3 nursing directors' impressions of 186 nursing applicants shaped their hiring recommendations more than did the applicants' resume credentials. Moreover, managers' interview impressions significantly predicted employees' job attitudes, though predictions of attitudes did not exceed predictions of performance. Finally, individual managers based hiring decisions on different interview impressions, and these impressions forecast employees' job attitudes with differential validity. Implications for future interviewing research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Interviews with anti-HIV-positive individuals detected through the systematic screening of blood donations: consequences on predonation medical interview.

This study is based upon interviews with 74 individuals found to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive through the screening of blood donations between January 1988 and December 1990. The donation history and the risk factor of HIV infection were established. Questions about the use of blood donation as a diagnostic test and on the notion of a predonation medical interview evoking the risk factor were asked. The majority of the individuals had a risk factor of HIV infection and had given their blood for serological testing. This data can help to adapt the predonation medical interview to the present epidemiological context of HIV infection. The improvement of this interview will contribute to the decrease of the residual transfusional risk of HIV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Impact of in-depth interviews on the interviewer: roller coaster ride.

The authors investigated the experiences of parents with children/adult children in metropolitan Sydney, Australia who were living with, or had recovered from, an eating disorder. During regular team meetings, the research assistant who conducted the interviews had described her reactions which led the research team to investigate her experience in more depth. The aim of the present paper was to explore the impact on the research assistant who conducted 22 in-depth interviews with the parents. One of the members of the research team interviewed the research assistant to elicit her reactions. The interview was content analyzed and the following themes were identified: (i). appreciation of an egalitarian model of research; (ii). the emotions expressed by the research assistant; (iii). making sense of the inexplicable and (iv). reflections and comparison to her own life role. The research team would like to advance the theory that the adoption of a formal debriefing mechanism be integrated into the qualitative research process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Interviewing children with the cognitive interview: assessing the reliability of statements based on observed and imagined events.

This paper investigated whether criteria stemming from the Reality Monitoring (RM) framework could be trusted to assess the reliability of statements obtained by the use of a cognitive interview (CI). Fifty-eight children, aged 10-11, participated. One-third watched a film about a fakir and were then interviewed according to a CI (n= 19). The remaining two-thirds made up a story about a fakir and were then interviewed according to either a CI (n= 21), or a structured interview (SI) (n= 18). The CI statements based on observed events contained more visual, affective, spatial and temporal information compared to CI statements based on imagined events. The CI statements based on imagined events did not differ from the SI statements based on imagined events. Considerable developmental work is recommended to turn the RM technique to a reliable test that could be used by practitioners.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Interviewing deaf children, the interviewer effect: a research note.

A highly structured diagnostic interview, the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS), was used to investigate the influence of the interviewer's signing ability and cultural status on the outcome of psychiatric assessments of signing deaf children and adolescents. Preliminary findings suggest that linguistic competence of the interviewer had a significant effect on the range of symptoms elicited at interview. In particular that poor competence leads to the masking of a child's emotional difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparison of computer- and interviewer-administered versions of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.

A group of 150 psychiatric patients were administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) on two occasions, once by a trained layperson and once using a computerized interview format in which the patient interacted directly with the computer. Agreement between the two methods on 15 diagnoses was relatively modest, as indicated by a mean kappa score of .51, but was similar to agreement rates reported in other studies of the DIS. The discrepancies may have been due to the high number of acutely ill inpatients studied, patients' reporting more symptoms in one of the interviews, and difficulty translating some of the DIS questions to the computer. Patients had positive feelings about both methods, but a significant majority liked the computer interview better and found it less embarrassing. The authors conclude that computerized administration of the DIS is as reliable as other methods but that exclusive reliance on the DIS for clinical diagnosis is inappropriate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Test-retest reliability of psychoactive substance abuse and dependence diagnoses in telephone interviews using a modified Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Substance Abuse Module.

The test-retest reliability of lifetime substance abuse and dependence diagnoses obtained by telephone interviewers was investigated. Trained personnel administered two identical interviews based on a modified Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Substance Abuse Module (DISSAM) approximately a week apart for 100 respondents, of whom 55 were receiving alcohol or other drug treatment and 45 and randomly selected from residential households in one Michigan county. The uncorrected agreement for all lifetime dependence diagnoses exceeded 93% for all six categories assessed and the more conservative chance corrected agreement (Cohen's Kappa coefficient kappa) was .92 (alcohol),.76 (marijuana),.87 (cocaine), and .71 (other opiates). Kappa coefficients for hallucinogens and heroin dependence could not be calculated due to low (i.e., 5% or less) base rates. Likewise, kappa was calculated only for a single abuse diagnosis, alcohol, with kappa = .42 and 95% agreement. In the interpretation of kappa, the standard applied was: kappa ranging from .41 to .60 represented moderate agreement, kappa ranging from .61 to .80 represented substantial agreement, and kappa ranging from .81 to 1.00 represented excellent agreement. Thus, test-retest reliability was excellent for lifetime alcohol and cocaine dependence and was substantial for lifetime marijuana and other opiates dependence. These results indicate that lifetime psychoactive substance abuse diagnoses can be obtained fairly reliably over the telephone using trained lay interviewers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Assessment of a brief interviewing course using the Helping Relationship Inventory: an interviewing course assessment.

A brief second year interviewing course consisting of 9 hours of small group meetings was evaluated by administering the Helping Relationship Inventory (HRI). Other studies have used the HRI to assess longer interviewing courses that included both small groups and large class lectures. The purpose of this study was to use the HRI to see if objective improvement in communication skills could be found in this relatively brief interviewing course. One hundred and nine students, representing an 80% return rate, completed all questions on the HRI pre- and post-tests. Analysis of pre- and post-test data showed that students became significantly more understanding (p less than 0.0001) and significantly less 'supportive' or pacifying (p less than 0.0001) by the end of the course. There were no differences found on pre- and post-test HRI scores comparing males (n = 71) and females (n = 38). This study demonstrates that even brief small group interviewing courses can effect a positive change in students' communication skills.

Communication↗
PubMed1997

Mode of interview and reporting of sensitive issues: design and implementation of audio computer-assisted self-interviewing.

Substantial underreporting is typical in interviewing respondents on their drug use and other sensitive behaviors. This chapter reviews established strategies, self-administered questionnaires and indirect questioning techniques, for increasing the willingness of respondents to report stigmatizing behaviors. While these methods improve reporting, each has shortcomings and burdens which limit their effectiveness. A new computer-based self-interviewing approach which incorporates recorded audio playback of questions offers improved self-administered interviewing. The chapter discusses this technology, audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI), describing its features and positive results from the early research tests of the method.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validity of psychiatric diagnoses in patients with substance use disorders: is the interview more important than the interviewer?

Although structured diagnostic interviews are increasingly being used in substance abuse treatment settings, there has been limited systematic evaluation of their ability to enhance reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnoses. The present report provides data on the concurrent, discriminant, and predictive validity of current substance use disorders and common comorbid diagnoses in a sample of 100 substance abuse patients. Diagnoses formulated primarily by master's-level clinicians in the usual course of their duties were compared with diagnoses formulated by research technicians using a semistructured interview. Results indicated that the validity of clinician diagnoses was good for substance use disorders, moderate for personality disorders, and poor for anxiety disorders and major depression. Greater validity was observed for substance abuse diagnoses formulated by research technicians using the semistructured interview. Based on these findings, we conclude that psychiatric diagnosis in substance abuse patients may be improved by adding elements of structured interviews to the clinician's usual assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The standardized diagnosis of autism, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: interrater reliability of the German form of the interview.

The feasibility and reliability of the German form of the revised parental interview to diagnose autism (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, ADI-R) was investigated in this study. Brief examples of the description of formerly and currently used diagnostic guidelines are given and the outline of the interview algorithm which establishes thresholds for inclusion criteria. An excellent-to-good reliability could be demonstrated for the main symptoms according to the classification rules of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV for a sample of autistic subjects at different ages and intellectual levels. The results approve the use of this interview for research and clinical purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Psychiatric-psychotherapeutic teaching interview as experienced by the patient and interview-conducting students. An empirical study].

After the exploration of the psychiatric patient by a medical student in the context of a small psychiatric teaching-group (Psychiatric Clinic, University of Münster) was finished, both medical students and patients (n = 94 each) were asked about their experiences during that interview by means of a special questionnaire: Most patients reported about positive effects of the educational interview. 60% of the patients spoke about a positive prove of regained strength, 35% gained new or deeper insights. On the other hand 10% of the patients made worrying and unpleasant experiences. Students diminished their anxiety to hurt patients by asking too intimate questions. 30 to 40% of the students reported about difficulties in structuring a clinical interview, especially with patients who refused to talk or didn't answer the students' questions correctly. 60% of the students made also emotional learning experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

A flowchart-oriented interview language (FOIL) and its application to a low-back pain interview system.

The flowchart-oriented interview language (FOIL) is a computer programme that converts flowchart information into C programming language code. The programme was written to simplify development and maintenance of the Birmingham Back Pain Interview System. In addition FOIL gives the user of the interview system the flexibility of changing the questionnaires to suit their local needs. FOIL may be used for any flowchart-oriented problem. The flowchart specification and the questions are defined in ASCII character files.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Interview guide: joint interview and test-retest methods for interrater reliability.

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) is the most widely used semistructured assessment scale in treatment outcome studies of anxiety. Interrater reliability coefficients for the HARS have been previously reported. However, differences in the way clinicians assess symptom severity may reduce reliability. A structured interview guide--The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Interview Guide (HARS-IG)--was developed to standardize clinical probe questions and to minimize interrater variance. Joint-interview and test-retest methods of interrater reliability assessment were used in a group of 30 inpatients. Intraclass coefficient calculations revealed improved interrater agreement with the HARS-IG versus the HARS. The findings of this study demonstrate that the HARS-IG is a more reliable assessment instrument than the semistructured HARS and that it meets established standards of reliability assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Attrition in a population-based cohort eight years after baseline interview: The Cornella Health Interview Survey Follow-up (CHIS.FU) Study.

PURPOSE: To examine how response at follow-up varied from baseline sociodemographic data in a Spanish population-based cohort after 8 years of follow-up. METHODS: The Cornella Health Interview Survey Follow-up (CHIS.FU) Study is a population-based cohort study on lifestyle risk factors and their consequences on health status with 2500 participants at baseline. We have compared the distribution of baseline characteristics according to the results at follow-up (interview, decease, migration, or refusal). RESULTS: Almost two-thirds of the subjects who did not respond to the follow-up interview had died or moved to another town. Sex was a determinant of attrition in deceased and non-traced participants. Refusal appeared to be associated with working status and place of birth. Self-perceived health was one of the characteristics associated with mortality; subjects who perceived their health as poor were 2.6 times more likely to die than those who felt they were in good health. Disabled and retired subjects together with housewives showed a higher risk of dying than individuals still working. The determinants of attrition among emigrated subjects were civil status, age, level of studies, working status, and birth place. CONCLUSION: Although the attrition was non-random, there was no serious bias in estimates of change and in determinants of change due to attrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Are computerized interviews equivalent to human interviewers? CIDI-Auto versus CIDI in anxiety and depressive disorders.

BACKGROUND: The equivalency of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview delivered by human interviewers (CIDI) and its computerized version (CIDI-Auto) was examined for anxiety and depressive disorders. METHODS: Subjects were 40 patients at an Anxiety Disorders Clinic and 40 general medical practice attenders. The CIDI-Auto and CIDI were administered in counterbalanced order on the same day and measures of computer attitudes and the acceptability of the two interview formats were also taken. RESULTS: The CIDI-Auto and the CIDI were found to be equally acceptable to subjects on the dimensions of comfort and preference, while the CIDI-Auto was rated as less embarrassing but too long in comparison with the CIDI. The agreement between the two formats was acceptable with kappa values for ICD-10 diagnoses being above 0.65 and for DSM-III-R diagnoses above 0.5 except for two diagnoses (generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia). Discrepancies between the two formats were predicted by computer attitudes and not by computer experiences or the tendency to respond in a socially desirable fashion. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the CIDI-Auto in its self-administered form is an acceptable substitute for the CIDI for suitable subjects.

Adult↗