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PubMed1996

Menstrual cycle, arousal-induction, and intelligence test performance.

Regularly menstruating students (aged 19 to 25 yr.) were tested in the morning under high and low arousal-induction conditions (with time-pressure instructions vs without time-pressure instructions) during either midcycle (n = 16 or menstruation phase (n = 16) to study the interactive effects of menstrual phases and time-pressure stress-induced arousal on intelligence test scores on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Hundal's General Mental Ability Test. A crossover interactive effect of menstrual phase and stress-induced arousal was found on performance of the Hundal test, suggesting that performance of subjects who were tested during the midcycle phase (putatively High Basal Arousal) was impaired under the time-pressure instructions condition (High-induced Arousal) as compared to performance under the without time-pressure instructions condition (Low-induced Arousal), with the reverse pattern of effects being true for subjects who were tested during the menstruation phase. Scores on Hundal's test conform to the Yerkes-Dodson (1908) law which relates arousal to task performance and suggests that the menstrual cycle and performance on the intelligence test was arousal-based. No effects, however, were observed for Raven's Matrices, raising the possibility that task characteristics may mediate the relationship between arousal and performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Toward phonetic intelligibility testing in dysarthria.

The measurement of intelligibility in dysarthric individuals is a major concern in clinical assessment and management and in research on dysarthria. The measurement objective is complicated by the fact that intelligibility is not an absolute quantity but rather a relative quantity that depends on variables such as test material, personnel, training, test procedures, and state of the speaker. This paper reviews scaling procedures and item identification tests as they have been applied to dysarthric speech. Based in part on previous studies of speech of the hearing impaired, a profile has been designed to direct research on the acoustic or physiologic correlates of dysarthric intelligibility impairment. In addition, a word intelligibility test is proposed for use with dysarthric speakers. This test is designed to examine 19 acoustic-phonetic contrasts that are likely to (a) be sensitive to dysarthric impairment and (b) contribute significantly to speech intelligibility. Preliminary data from a sample of subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are presented to illustrate the use of this test in the phonetic interpretation of intelligibility impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test with young adolescents.

This study examined the factor structure of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) in 375 11- to 14-year-olds (normative sample) and 60 sixth- and eighth-graders (cross-validation sample). Previous exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the KAIT have included optional subtests, which are often not administered in practice, and have not tested oblique versus orthogonal two-factor models. In this study, three factor models were tested via confirmatory factor analysis for the six core subtests of the KAIT: a one-factor general intelligence (g) model, an orthogonal fluid intelligence (Gf)-crystallized intelligence (Gc) model, and an oblique Gf-Gc model. The orthogonal Gf-Gc model fit poorly in both samples. The g model fit only the cross-validation sample. The oblique Gf-Gc model fit both samples and fit significantly better than the g model in both samples. Additional tests of factor structure, path coefficients, and covariance between Gf and Gc indicated that the data from both samples fit even the most restrictive oblique Gf-Gc model tested. KAIT users can be confident that the Fluid and Crystallized IQs from the KAIT are adequate representations of a robust and interpretable factor structure when only the core subtests are administered to young adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The effects of verbal and nonverbal contingent reinforcement upon the intelligence test performance of black adults.

This study examined the effects of contingent verbal and nonverbal reinforcement upon the intelligence test performance of bladk adults. Thirty-six Ss (half male and half female) were pretested on the Quick Test and then administered the complete WAIS under one of three treatment conditions: verbal reinforcement, nonverbal reinforcement or no reinforcement (control condition). Verbal reinforcement was administered as statements of "good" or "fine" by the E, while nonverbal reinforcement took the form of a nod of the head or a statement of "Mmhm." The primary analysis of the data indicated no significant differences between the treatment conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Concurrent validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and the Kaufman brief intelligence test among psychiatric inpatients.

This study examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test for 85 psychiatric inpatients. The correlation between the WASI Full Scale and K-BIT Composite IQ scores was significant (r = .89, p < .001). Multitrait-multimethod analysis of the subtest scores showed that the K-BIT had higher internal consistency for its two subtests but, therefore, less differentiation of cognitive functioning than the brief Wechsler scale, as would be expected due to the larger number and diversity of the latter subtests. Correlations among the Wechsler scale subtests were lower than among those for the K-BIT, so the former may tap different cognitive functions and yield more clinically useful information than the latter. This brief Wechsler scale appears to be a valid screening measure of verbal, performance. and general intellectual ability for use with an inpatient psychiatric population when considerations of the setting or patient preclude administration of a longer measure of intellectual ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Verification of normative values for the Swiss version of the Freiburg speech intelligibility test].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the Swiss version of the Freiburg speech intelligibility test five test words from the original German recording which are rarely used in Switzerland have been exchanged. Furthermore, differences in the transfer functions between headphone and loudspeaker presentation are not taken into account during calibration. New settings for the levels of the individual test words in the recommended recording and small changes in calibration procedures led us to make a verification of the currently used normative values. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Speech intelligibility was measured in 20 subjects with normal hearing using monosyllabic words and numbers via headphones and loudspeakers. RESULTS: On average, 50% speech intelligibility was reached at levels which were 7.5 dB lower under free-field conditions than for headphone presentation. The average difference between numbers and monosyllabic words was found to be 9.6 dB, which is considerably lower than the 14 dB of the current normative curves. CONCLUSIONS: There is a good agreement between our measurements and the normative values for tests using monosyllabic words and headphones, but not for numbers or free-field measurements.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Academic achievement and intelligence test performance in children with cancer at diagnosis and one year later.

Recent investigations have found significant test-retest decline in certain academic achievement and intelligence test scores in children diagnosed as having acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) before 8 years of age. No such effect was observed in children diagnosed at or later than age 8 years. The current study, using a sample of 77 children with ALL, failed to support these findings. No significant differences were found between groups at test or retest nor were significant declines seen for either group from test to retest 1 year later. Reasons for differences in findings between studies, including methodological and samples size differences, are discussed along with implications for future research in this area.

Achievement↗
PubMed1994

Relation of performance on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised among preschool children.

58 children enrolled in a university preschool or kindergarten program were administered the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test--Revised (PPVT--R). The PPVT--R correlated .75 with the K-BIT composite IQ, .69 with the K-BIT Vocabulary standard score, and .57 with the K-BIT Matrices score. The instruments also showed significant agreement (83%) in classifying children into average versus above average categories based upon a 110 standard score on either instrument. Analysis of K-BIT Vocabulary-Matrices differences showed a mean difference of 6 points favoring Vocabulary. Differences ranged from -32 points to 43 points. 64% of the subjects scored higher on the Vocabulary than on the Matrices subtest of the K-BIT. 48% of the sample showed differences between scores on Vocabulary and Matrices of 10 points or more disregarding the direction of the difference. Implications for the concurrent validity of the instrument and interpretation of subscale differences for preschool children were discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

[The intelligence test of the patients with chronic renal insufficiency].

Thirty patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRF) and twenty-six normal subjects were tested with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scal (WALS). The verbal intelligence quotients (VIQ), performance intelligence quotients (PIQ), and full intelligence quotients (FIQ) of the patients were lower than those of the normal group (P < 0.01). Among them the mild and moderate intelligence damages were accounted 13.33%. Further analysis indicates that uremic posionous materials damage on the cerebral function was dose dependant. But the disease course was independant with the intelligence damage (P > 0.05). The results suggest that the plasma concentrations of uremia poisonous materials (BuN, Scr, etc.) in CRF patients should be lowered as early as possible in order to keep the normal function of the cerebrum.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Intelligence structure of hyperkinetic children: comparative study of 2,229 profiles of the Hamburg Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children].

A retrospective evaluation of the HAWIK (Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children) test profiles of 2229 children with hyperkinetic syndrome and/or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) was used in a group comparison in order to contribute to the question whether the hyperkinetic syndrome can be regarded as an autonomous syndrome apart from MBD or not. A total collective of 3 groups were compared: a) hyperkinetic children without MBD, b) hyperkinetic children who were found to suffer from MBD, c) children admitted with the diagnosis of MBD with no symptoms of hyperactivity. The mean values and graphics showed differences in the test profiles of groups a) and c). As for the boys, there were clear differences between hyperkinetic boys with MBD, and boys with MBD without hyperactivity; the mean values were significantly lower in this group. The test results confirm the supposition that hyperkinesis does not increase the disabilities ("Leistungsschwäche") caused by MBD but to a certain extent rather affords a certain means of compensation- at least in the test situation. We can also assume that the incidence of minimal brain dysfunction differs in boys and girls.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2000

Validity of brief intelligence tests for patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The validity of two kinds of brief intelligence tests for patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated. In study 1, five short forms of the Japanese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (JWAIS-R) were administered to 102 AD patients. The results showed that the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) between IQ estimated with the short forms and those obtained by administration of the full JWAIS-R were satisfactory, ranging from 0.82 to 0.98, and that the abbreviated forms took a shorter time to execute. In study 2, the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered to 67 AD patients. The ICC between the IQ estimated with these tests and the full-scale IQ of the JWAIS-R were both acceptable at 0.57, and each test could be carried out in a very short time. It was concluded that these brief tests, particularly the WAIS-R short forms, are highly practical for quick measurement of intelligence in AD patients, although they have their respective limitations.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

A comparison of three intelligence tests for the assessment of mental retardation.

Thirty-six mentally retarded adolescents were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) to determine reliability and comparable performance among the three intelligence tests. Correlations as a function of IQ and MA, by sex, were computed among the three tests. All were significant (p less than .01), but the WISC and SIT had consistently higher relationships than any other comparisons on both IQ and MA. Analyses also indicated that the PPVT produced higher IQ scores than the WISC or SIT and that MA in the PPVT was influenced by the previous administration of the SIT. It was concluded that, as a screening device, the SIT is more reliable and approximates WISC scores more consistently than the PPVT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Vienna version for clinical application of the Multiple Choice Vocabulary Intelligence Test].

A deterministic reliability analysis of the Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest, Lehrl (MWT-A, MWT-B), a very economical device for the assessment of crystallized intelligence and the most frequently administered intelligence test by physicians in Germany, was performed on the test data of n = 300 in- and outpatients (University Clinic for Psychiatry, Vienna). Numerical outcomes showed a substantial lack of satisfying test properties, which are further also discussed under non-numerical aspects. For the clinical application of the MWT in Eastern Austria three alternative versions of the MWT (each consisting of 37 items and having better scale characteristics in the analysed sample than the original scales) were developed from the original item pool and presented as MWT-PIRIT, MWT-RIT, and MWT-PI. All five MWT scales were standardized for the present with the patient sample for clinical application. Correlational analyses with a measure for fluid intelligence (Standard Progressive Matrices) suggested only moderate associations between crystallized and fluid intelligence, as well as a differential validity for the MWT in our sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Correlation between spectral EEG parameters and intelligence test variables in school-age children.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between the degree of intelligence and spectral electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters and to find out which EEG variables are relevant for this correlation. METHODS: Bipolar 1 min EEG recordings were derived for the fronto-central and parieto-occipital leads from 155 clinically healthy 10-year-old children in vigilance state awake with eyes closed. Relative spectral power parameters were calculated by Fast Fourier Transform. Two-group t tests according to the score values of the 'WISC-R' intelligence test as well as univariate and multiple correlation analyses between spectral and intelligence test variables were carried out. RESULTS: A statistically significant positive correlation of the intelligence test variables with the spectral alpha power and a significant negative correlation with the spectral power of lower frequency bands was observed. Predicting the spectral parameters by means of intelligence test variables, significant multiple correlation coefficients were revealed in the frequency ranges: 0.5-1.5, 3.0-5.0 and 9.0-10.5 Hz. The highest significance (P<0.0001) was found for the spectral value at 9.0 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: The results of t tests and correlation analyses confirm the strong relationship between spectral EEG parameters and the degree of intelligence indicating that the 'EEG recordings do reflect intellectual abilities'. It may be supposed that the amount of the intelligence quotient is correlated with the degree of EEG maturation and thus reflects the active number of synapses and the degree of differentiation of the neuronal controlling system.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1994

Correlations of scores on the Gifted Evaluation Scale with those on WISC-III and Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test for students referred for Gifted Evaluation.

29 students (M age of 8.0 yr.) who were referred for evaluation were administered the Gifted Evaluation Scale, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, and the WISC-III. Paired t tests comparing the mean GES Quotient with the K-BIT mean IQ and WISC-III Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs yielded no statistically significant differences (range of IQs = 120.6 to 122.9). While the significant correlation of the GES Quotient and WISC-III Performance IQ was .42, r = -.37 for the GES Quotient and WISC-III Verbal IQ. No significant correlation was found between the GES Quotient and the WISC-III Full Scale or K-BIT IQs. The limitations and implications of the study, with regard to the use of the Gifted Evaluation Scale, are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Ethnic differences in children's intelligence test scores: role of economic deprivation, home environment, and maternal characteristics.

We examine differences in intelligence test scores of black and white 5-year-olds. The Infant Health and Development Program data set includes 483 low birthweight premature children who were assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. These children had been followed from birth, with data on neighborhood and family poverty, family structure, family resources, maternal characteristics, and home environment collected over the first 5 years of life. Black children's IQ scores were 1 SD lower than those of white children. Adjustments for ethnic differences in poverty reduced the ethnic differential by 52%. Adjustments for maternal education and whether the head of household was female did not reduce the ethnic difference further. However, differences in home environment reduced the ethnic differential by an additional 28%. Adjustments for economic and social differences in the lives of black and white children all but eliminate differences in the IQ scores between these two groups.

Black or African American↗