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PubMed1997

Effects of anxiety on attentional allocation and task performance: an information processing analysis.

An information processing signal detection methodology was employed to examine attentional allocation and its correlates in both normal comparison (NC) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) participants. In particular, the impact of neutral distractor and negative feedback cues on performance of an attention vigilance task was investigated. Individuals with GAD (N = 15) evidenced impaired performance on an attention vigilance task relative to NC participants (N = 15) when neutral distractor cues were presented. Contrary to prediction, no group differences in performance were detected under conditions in which participants were presented negative feedback cues they were told were relevant to their performance. Instead, GAD participants exhibited improvement during the experimental task such that their performance was equivalent to NC participants. Across trials, the clinically anxious group endorsed significantly higher levels of worry and negative affectivity; however, they failed to respond with concomitant physical arousal (e.g. increased muscle tension). These data are discussed within the context of Eysenck and Calvo's (1992, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434) processing efficiency theory. Additionally, the results of this investigation provide support for Barlow's (1988, Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic) conceptualization of anxiety as requiring the interaction of cognitive schema and physiological arousal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Prospects for single-molecule information-processing devices for the next paradigm.

Present information technologies use semiconductor devices and magnetic/optical disks; however, they are all foreseen to face fundamental limitations within a decade. Therefore, superceding devices are required for the next paradigm of high-performance information technologies. The paper first describes architectures suitable for single-molecule information processing, in which it is claimed that the performance of information processing is higher if speed and element number product is larger in almost all known architectures. Thus, single-molecule information-processing devices should be the most appropriate approach for the next paradigm. Then, prospects for single-molecule devices suitable for future information-processing technologies are described. Four possible milestones for realizing the Peta/Exa-floating operations per second (FLOPS) personal molecular supercomputer are proposed. Current status and necessary technologies of the first milestone are described, and necessary technologies for the next three milestones are also discussed.

Computers↗
PubMed1993

Information processing and gene expression.

The process by which information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein accommodates the further editing and altering of information, particularly in messenger RNA. From one gene, a cell may derive different protein products by altering the information content of mRNA to accommodate the very specialized functions of the cell. Information processing in the form of posttranscriptional RNA processing allows for incredible complexity and differentiation of tissue and tissue function. Most importantly, the posttranscriptional processing of mRNA does not alter the indelible information stored in the DNA which must be maintained and passed on from one generation to the next. Rather, the alteration of information occurs during the transient flow of information from DNA to RNA at the level of messenger RNA. Developmental and differentiation processes are dependent on this information processing which endows the cell with another level of control in gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Gaze behavior in infancy as an indicator of information processing].

Many studies on perceptual development in infancy use visual attention behaviour as an indicator of intellectual capacities. Decrement of attention with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus (habituation) and recovery of attention to a novel stimulus (dishabituation) are interpreted as reflecting the infant's processing of stimulus information. This information processing interpretation as well as the main empirical habituation-dishabituation procedures are explained. Furthermore, sensory adaptation arguments for habituation and dishabituation are discussed and refuted. Following this critical discussion, empirical evidence for the information processing point of view is given. In this context, investigations are mentioned which indicate substantial correlations between early habituation and dishabituation and later intelligence. These studies support a continuity perspective of mental development from infancy.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

EEG frequency and phase coupling during human information processing.

Neuronal activity during information processing is represented by oscillations within local or widespread neuronal networks. These oscillations may be recorded by the EEG (electroencephalogram). The oscillatory interaction between neuronal ensembles may be at one single frequency or at different frequencies due to non-linear coupling. The investigation of momentary coherence and phase enables the examination of synchronized oscillatory network activity during fast-changing cognitive processes. On this basis information transfer from occipital areas towards frontal areas could be described during processing of visual presented words. Non-linear phase coupling between oscillations with different frequencies during memory processing was detected by means of cross-bicoherence.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of circadian orientation, time of day, and arousal on consumers' depth of information processing of advertising.

Since depth of information processing, as defined by MacInnis and Jaworski in 1989 has been shown to influence the strength of the relation between the intent to purchase and the attitudes toward the advertisement, this paper focused on the interactive effects of three antecedents of information processing, arousal, circadian orientation, and time of day (Morning vs Evening). Analysis indicated that deeper information processing is reached by 65 morning-oriented consumers who are exposed to advertisements in the morning and by 52 relaxed consumers who are exposed to advertisements in the evening. Theoretical explanations and managerial implications are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Evidence of a specific vulnerability for deficient sequential cognitive information processing in epilepsy.

The aim was to study sequential versus simultaneous cognitive information processing and their relation to acquired intellectual abilities in children with epilepsy. A total of 175 children with epilepsy (mean age 8.7 years; SD 2.9) were neuropsychologically examined on the basis of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). To avoid confoundation with factors other than epilepsy, patients with underlying metabolic disorders or patients who were incapable of neuropsychologic testing because of severe mental retardation were excluded. We found significantly reduced cognitive processing, especially in sequential information processing compared with simultaneous information processing (mean score 85.9 versus 91.0). This selective impairment in sequential cognitive processing turned out to be a good statistical predictor for acquired abilities in the group of idiopathic epilepsy (beta = 0.53; P < .01), indicating a specific epileptic neuropsychologic association. Our findings provide evidence of a specific vulnerability for deficient sequential information processing presumably impairing academic achievement in childhood epilepsy.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Intelligence as an information-processing concept.

Attempts to relate information-processing capacities to intelligence test scores have had modest success when normal subjects are used but have been very successful in showing differences between extreme groups in information-processing capacity. This is illustrated by reviewing studies relating memory to verbal comprehension. The reason for these disparate results may be that in normal subjects individual competence may depend largely on differences in choice of a problem-solving strategy. Using sentence verification as an example, it is shown that information-processing and psychometric measures are in much closer correspondence when account is taken of one's problem-solving strategy. This, however, still leaves us with the problem of explaining positive manifold, i.e. the psychometric evidence for a concept of general intelligence. The relation between g and the idea of attentional resources is explored, by applying the dual task methodology to memory and reasoning tests. The results support the notion that g can be related to attentional resources.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

The information-processing approach.

The information-processing (IP) approach to perception and cognition arose as a reaction to behaviourism. This reaction mainly concerned the nature of explanation in scientific psychology. The "standard" account of behaviour, phrased in strictly external terms, was replaced by a "realist" account, phrased in terms of internal entities and processes. An analysis of the theoretical language used in IP psychology shows an undisciplined state of affairs. A great number of languages is simultaneously in use; no level of analysis is unambiguously referred to; and basic concepts such as information and processing remain largely undefined. Nevertheless, over the past 25 years the IP approach has developed into a disciplined and sophisticated experimental science. A look at actual practice hints at the basic reason for its success. The approach is not so much concerned with absolute or intrinsic properties of the human information processor, but with what can be called its relative or differential properties. A further analysis of this feature of the IP approach in terms of the formal language of a logical system makes explicit the basis of its success. The IP approach can be regarded as developing an empirical difference calculus on an unspecified class of objects, phrased in terms of a simulated "theory-neutral" observation language, and with operators that are structurally analogous to logical operators. This reinterpretation of what the IP approach is about brings a number of advantages. It strengthens its position as an independent science, clarifies its relation with other approaches within psychology and other sciences within the cognitive science group, and makes it independent of philosophical subtleties.

Cognition↗
PubMed1995

Information processing and social competence in chronic schizophrenia.

The relationship between social competence and information processing among individuals with chronic schizophrenia was investigated. Thirty-eight inpatients participated in a role play test of social competence and completed a battery of information-processing tasks. Information processing was found to be significantly related to social competence, even after controlling for patient demographics, chronicity, and symptomatology. Higher global social competence was related to more efficient early information processing on a continuous performance/span of apprehension task. Composite indices of specific social competence (i.e., paralinguistic and nonverbal skills) were related to other aspects of information processing (e.g., reaction time). Implications for behavioral assessment and cognitive rehabilitation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A corporate strategy for the control of information processing.

Although the use of information processing has become widespread, many organizations have developed systems that are basically independent of the firm's strategy. However, the authors in this article argue that the greatest benefits come when information technology is merged with strategy formulation. The article includes examples of how this has been done and presents a framework for top management direction and control of information processing.

Computers↗
PubMed1995

An integrated approach for mobile information processing in hospitals.

Computer-based mobile information processing in hospitals is at a turning point of becoming a substantial and integral part of hospital information systems. Its necessity and potential require a comprehensive systematic approach to support the needs of health care professionals and thus to contribute to high quality patient care and medical research. From the authors' point of view, standardized digital documents could become an appropriate basis for distributed mobile information processing in hospitals. An architecture for the integrated co-operative use of conventional, stationary, and mobile information tools is a major research topic at Heidelberg University. The objective of this paper is to present a departmental prototype design to establish mobile information processing as an integral part of hospital information systems through the use of standardized digital documents.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1994

A formal analysis of stressor and stress-proneness effects on simple information processing.

This study examined visual information processing under a stressor of recurring loud sound among groups divided according to psychometrically identified stress susceptibility. Formal models of task performance were employed to address several issues concerning stress effects on cognitive functioning. Examined were effects on parallel versus serial processing structure, task-wise processing capacity, strategies of allocating processing resources to task components, and curtailment of processing of relevant task elements. Contrary to prediction, stressor presence generated slightly more rather than less evidence of a parallel versus serial processing structure. There was some suggestion of central-task capacity depletion among more susceptible subjects, in line with certain theoretical positions. Evidence of curtailed exhaustive processing of relevant stimulus items was negative. Most notable was the disruption by stress among susceptible subjects of performance-enhancing strategies of deploying processing resources across the different task components (elements of the visual display and within-trial stages of processing). Such effects have received relatively little attention in this research domain; their investigation is shown to be made tractable, however, through the application of selected formal models of information processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol impairs speed of information processing and simple and choice reaction time and differentially impairs higher-order cognitive abilities.

Previous research has demonstrated that alcohol impairs information processing. However, it is unknown whether this impairment is on all stages of information processing, or on the early, rather than on the later, stages of information processing. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of orally administered alcohol on both the early and the later stages of information processing. The present study assessed inspection time (IT), simple reaction time, choice reaction time and cognitive ability (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised) in 16 adult participants in both alcohol and placebo conditions. IT (a measure of the early stages of information processing) was used as a predictor variable in a linear regression to examine whether a disruption of the early stages of information processing accounted for changes in total information processing after alcohol administration. Results indicated that alcohol significantly slowed total information processing, independently of the early stages of information processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Information processing efficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Reduced information processing efficiency, consequent to impaired neural transmission, has been proposed as underlying various cognitive problems in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This study employed two measures developed from experimental psychology that control for the potential confound of perceptual-motor abnormalities (Salthouse, Babcock, & Shaw, 1991; Sternberg, 1966, 1969) to assess the speed of information processing and working memory capacity in patients with mild to moderate MS. Although patients had significantly more cognitive complaints than neurologically intact matched controls, their performance on standard tests of immediate memory span did not differ from control participants and their word list learning was within normal limits. On the experimental measures, both relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive patients exhibited significantly slowed information processing speed relative to controls. However, only the secondary-progressive patients had an additional decrement in working memory capacity. Depression, fatigue, or neurologic disability did not account for performance differences on these measures. While speed of information processing may be slowed early in the disease process, deficits in working memory capacity may appear only as there is progression of MS. It is these latter deficits, however, that may underlie the impairment of new learning that patients with MS demonstrate.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the "beauty is good" stereotype on children's information processing.

The authors tested schematic information processing as a function of attractiveness stereotyping in two studies. An adult experimenter read children (ages 3 to 7 years) eight different stories in which a child narrator encountered two characters who varied in level of attractiveness and displayed positive or negative traits that were either consistent or inconsistent with the "beauty is good" stereotype. Following the story, the experimenter showed each child a photograph of the two characters' faces and asked the child to point to the character who displayed the positive trait. In Experiment 1, children made more errors in identifying female characters with stereotype inconsistent traits but did just the opposite with male characters. Experiment 2 replicated the findings with female characters but found no difference in errors with male characters. The findings have implications for how attractiveness and gender stereotypes affect children's information processing, how attractiveness schemata may be organized, and why physical attractiveness stereotypes are maintained.

Beauty↗
PubMed2000

Stressful events and information processing dispositions moderate the relationship between positive and negative affect: implications for pain patients.

Relationships between positive affect, negative affect, and pain were analyzed as a prospective function of stressful events in a sample of rheumatoid arthritis patients and as a cross-sectional function of an information processing disposition in persons with fibromyalgia. Positive affect and negative affect were statistically separate factors overall in both samples. In addition, negative affect and pain were related across all conditions. However, positive affect and negative affect were more negatively correlated during stressful periods and more negatively correlated for patients who processed information in a more simplistic fashion. Also, positive affect predicted pain during stressful times and did so for patients who processed information more simplistically as well. These data suggest positive affect and negative affect are unique factors whose interrelation and external correlates are not static.

Affect↗