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PubMed2003

Constitution and anthropometric parameters in indigenous population of Southern Altai Mountains.

Analysis of anthropometric parameters of 645 indigenous residents of Southern Altai Mountains belonging to two subethnic groups (165 Telengites and 480 Altai-Kizhi) revealed constitutional characteristics distinguishing these groups from each other and from Europeans. Differences in body length and weight, distribution by constitution types, sexual dimorphism, and AB0 blood groups were detected. The specific features of constitution together with environmental factors can determine predisposition of individuals belonging of these subethnic groups to some diseases.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2005

Phenomenological research among Canadian and United States indigenous populations: oral tradition and quintessence of time.

Researchers conducting phenomenological studies among indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada have identified a seamless link between phenomenology and indigenous oral tradition. Phenomenology is compatible with indigenous peoples, because it is synchronous with holistic indigenous cultural lifeway and values. Phenomenology, as a research method, assists indigenous people in reproducing, through narrative communication, features of the past, present, and future. In the narrative process, this method elicits significant implicit meaning of indigenous culture and assists with recording the essence of experiences and events of indigenous societies. A product of the telling of narrative stories is the capacity to reflect on change that will enhance health in a holistic and culturally acceptable manner.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2005

Associations between tobacco and cannabis use in remote indigenous populations in Northern Australia.

AIMS: To assess whether cannabis use, recently taken up by many indigenous Australians in remote communities, has reinforced tobacco use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three eastern Arnhem Land communities (Northern Territory, NT); total population = 3384, in 2001. PARTICIPANTS: From 1247 people aged 17-36 years, 190 (120 males, 70 females) were opportunistically recruited. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported life-time and current tobacco, cannabis and other substance use were confirmed by local health workers and using clinic records. Participants reported level of substance use, frequency and duration (years used). Associations with tobacco use were calculated (odds ratios: OR) using logistic regression with age, sex, alcohol use and a history of petrol sniffing as confounders. FINDINGS: In univariate analyses current tobacco users were more likely than non-users to be using cannabis (OR = 3.1, 1.5-6.2, P = 0.002) and this association remained in multivariate analyses (OR = 3.0, 1.4-6.8, P = 0.006). Tobacco use was associated with the number of years of cannabis use (P = 0.035). The likelihood that tobacco users were also cannabis users increased as quantity of cannabis used increased (P = 0.008). Current tobacco use was no more likely in those who initiated cannabis from 1998 onwards than in those who initiated cannabis before 1998 (OR = 1.1, 0.4-3.2, P = 0.881). One-third of life-time users of both tobacco and cannabis initiated their use at or near the same time, and very few of these (12%) had discontinued either cannabis or tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis appears to have influenced the continued use of tobacco in these populations with possible additional burdens for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and challenges for interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Periodontal disease status of an indigenous population of Guatemala, Central America.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the periodontal disease status of an indigenous Indian community of rural Central America (San Juan La Laguna, Guatemala), for comparison with results of similar studies in other populations, and with a view to performing future studies to address familial clustering of adult periodontitis. METHODS & RESULTS: An initial screen of 239 subjects aged 12-75 years from extended families suggested a high disease prevalence according to full-mouth pocket probing depths (PPDs), with more than 75% of subjects with one or more pockets of PPD > or =5 mm. A more detailed study was performed in 125 unrelated subjects > or =18 years, recording full-mouth PPDs and clinical attachment levels (CALs). The high prevalence of pocketing was confirmed and 90% of adults > or =35 years had at least one site with CAL > or =6 mm. However, extensive disease was restricted to a small minority, with only 10% of adults > or =35 years having 20% or more sites with CAL > or =6 mm. CONCLUSION: The study results highlight the importance of performing a detailed examination and appropriate analysis. In both studies, tooth retention was high (mean number of teeth recorded was 26.4 and 28.0 respectively), smoking unusual, and families large and localised to the village. This community thus affords several advantages over populations in developed countries when considering familial studies of adult periodontitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Physical growth and nutritional profile of the Xavánte indigenous population in Sangradouro-Volta Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil].

This study describes the physical growth and employs anthropometry to assess the nutritional status of a Xavánte indigenous community in central Brazil. Weight, stature, arm circumference, and triceps skinfold were measured in 549 individuals 0 to 90 years of age. Compared to the NCHS reference population, the children presented low height and weight for age, although maintaining body proportionality. Based on WHO criteria, 31.7% of children less than five years presented stunting, while 69.9% of adults presented some degree of overweight. Body composition measures in both genders were situated between the 25th and 50th percentiles of the NCHS reference population until adolescence, when they surpassed the medians. However the mean arm muscle area was consistently above the 50th percentile. The authors call attention to the complexity of the Xavánte epidemiological and nutritional profile, arguing that the study's findings have significant implications for the healthcare system serving this population, in addition to highlighting relevant ecological and socioeconomic issues, particularly in relation to food sustainability and nutritional transition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Development of guidelines for non-indigenous people undertaking research among the indigenous population of north-east Victoria.

The Department of Rural Health, University of Melbourne, has developed a framework for conducting research in partnership with Indigenous communities. The framework addresses past inappropriate research practices, incorporates cultural understandings, and outlines culturally appropriate protocols. The four parts of the framework are a committee to initiate, direct and oversee all research projects; a Koorie Team to guide research; a set of research guidelines; and a policy for the department. The framework has been used to develop strong relations with Koorie communities and conduct various health projects.

Ethics, Clinical↗
PubMed2006

[Tuberculin skin test to estimate the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in indigenous populations in the Americas: a literature review].

A systematic review was conducted on articles reporting tuberculin surveys to estimate the prevalence and annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARI) in indigenous peoples of the Americas. MEDLINE and LILACS databases were searched using the following combination of descriptors: "tuberculosis", "South American Indians", "North American Indians", "tuberculin skin test", "PPD", "risk assessment", and "BCG vaccine". Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies published from 1974 to 2004 were selected if the outcome was Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection defined by tuberculin reactions > 5mm or > 10mm. From a total of 54 candidate studies generated with the descriptors, 16 were selected for review. Altogether, they comprised 13,186 individuals, 50% of whom were below 15 years of age. Estimates of prevalence of tuberculosis infection ranged from 0% to 93.4%, whereas the ARI ranged from 0% to 35.4%. Analysis of heterogeneity in environmental conditions and methods of infection assessment in the studies showed that the tuberculin test is useful for clinical decisions (e.g., to initiate chemoprophylaxis), and that tuberculin surveys are useful to assess tuberculosis control measures among indigenous peoples.

Americas↗
PubMed2003

An Australian Aboriginal birth cohort: a unique resource for a life course study of an Indigenous population. A study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The global rise of Type 2 diabetes and its complications has drawn attention to the burden of non-communicable diseases on populations undergoing epidemiological transition. The life course approach of a birth cohort has the potential to increase our understanding of the development of these chronic diseases. In 1987 we sought to establish an Australian Indigenous birth cohort to be used as a resource for descriptive and analytical studies with particular attention on non-communicable diseases. The focus of this report is the methodology of recruiting and following-up an Aboriginal birth cohort of mobile subjects belonging to diverse cultural and language groups living in a large sparsely populated area in the Top End of the Northern Territory of Australia. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study of Aboriginal singletons born at the Royal Darwin Hospital 1987-1990, with second wave cross-sectional follow-up examination of subjects 1998-2001 in over 70 different locations. A multiphase protocol was used to locate and collect data on 686 subjects with different approaches for urban and rural children. Manual chart audits, faxes to remote communities, death registries and a full time subject locator with past experience of Aboriginal communities were all used. DISCUSSION: The successful recruitment of 686 Indigenous subjects followed up 14 years later with vital status determined for 95% of subjects and examination of 86% shows an Indigenous birth cohort can be established in an environment with geographic, cultural and climatic challenges. The high rates of recruitment and follow up indicate there were effective strategies of follow-up in a supportive population.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Optic nerve head parameters of an indigenous population living within Central Australia.

PURPOSE: Clinical examination of the optic disc is an essential element in the assessment of its health. Previous work has described normal optic disc appearance among different races. No such description of optic discs exists for indigenous Australians, who are at low risk of developing glaucoma. This study was designed to evaluate optic disc parameters of indigenous Australians. METHODS: A sample of 208 indigenous Australians were recruited as they presented to remote clinics in Central Australia. Each subject underwent optic disc photography using a Topcon TRC-NW100 digital fundus camera. Optic discs were measured and analysed with Topcon ImageNet 2000 software. RESULTS: Among other parameters, mean vertical disc diameter and disc area were 2.13 +/- 0.21 mm (mean +/- SD) and 3.13 +/- 0.57 mm2, respectively, for right eyes and 2.14 +/- 0.21 mm and 3.16 +/- 0.58 mm2 for left eyes. When compared with published studies, these parameters were significantly larger than Caucasians, but similar to African individuals. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that indigenous Australians have optic discs that are larger than those of Caucasians, but similar to those of Africans who are considered to at a greater risk of glaucoma. Factors other than optic disc area are likely to underlie the higher prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma among African individuals.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Determination of sex from the clavicle and scapula in a Guatemalan contemporary rural indigenous population.

The clavicle has been described as a useful bone for the metric determination of sex of human skeletal remains in a contemporary, predominantly white, North American forensic sample. In this article, measurements of clavicle and scapula are provided for a contemporary Guatemalan rural indigenous sample of forensic origin. Maximum length and circumference at midshaft of the clavicle, and height and width of the glenoid fossa of the scapula, were measured in 35 female and 62 male clavicles, and in 38 female and 65 male scapulae. Discriminant function analysis was used to study sexual dimorphism in this population with a classification purpose. Leave-one-out method (jackknife) matrices produced classification success rates ranging from 85.6% to 94.8%. A comparison with the North American forensic sample showed low percentages of correctly sexed Guatemalan male clavicles, ranging from 29.4% to 54.9%. The choice of an appropriate standard for the metric determination of sex is a crucial step in forensic anthropology.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed2024

Tobacco, nicotine, and cannabis use and exposure in an Australian Indigenous population during pregnancy: A protocol to measure parental and foetal exposure and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The Australian National Perinatal Data Collection collates all live and stillbirths from States and Territories in Australia. In that database, maternal cigarette smoking is noted twice (smoking <20 weeks gestation; smoking >20 weeks gestation). Cannabis use and other forms of nicotine use, for example vaping and nicotine replacement therapy, are nor reported. The 2021 report shows the rate of smoking for Australian Indigenous mothers was 42% compared with 11% for Australian non-Indigenous mothers. Evidence shows that Indigenous babies exposed to maternal smoking have a higher rate of adverse outcomes compared to non-Indigenous babies exposed to maternal smoking (S1 File). OBJECTIVES: The reasons for the differences in health outcome between Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnancies exposed to tobacco and nicotine is unknown but will be explored in this project through a number of activities. Firstly, the patterns of parental and household tobacco, nicotine and cannabis use and exposure will be mapped during pregnancy. Secondly, a range of biological samples will be collected to enable the first determination of Australian Indigenous people's nicotine and cannabis metabolism during pregnancy; this assessment will be informed by pharmacogenomic analysis. Thirdly, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic findings will be considered against maternal, placental, foetal and neonatal outcomes. Lastly, an assessment of population health literacy and risk perception related to tobacco, nicotine and cannabis products peri-pregnancy will be undertaken. METHODS: This is a community-driven, co-designed, prospective, mixed-method observational study with regional Queensland parents expecting an Australian Indigenous baby and their close house-hold contacts during the peri-gestational period. The research utilises a multi-pronged and multi-disciplinary approach to explore interlinked objectives. RESULTS: A sample of 80 mothers expecting an Australian Indigenous baby will be recruited. This sample size will allow estimation of at least 90% sensitivity and specificity for the screening tool which maps the patterns of tobacco and nicotine use and exposure versus urinary cotinine with 95% CI within &#xb1;7% of the point estimate. The sample size required for other aspects of the research is less (pharmacokinetic and genomic n = 50, and the placental aspects n = 40), however from all 80 mothers, all samples will be collected. CONCLUSIONS: Results will be reported using the STROBE guidelines for observational studies. FORWARD: We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians, the Butchulla people, of the lands and waters upon which this research is conducted. We acknowledge their continuing connections to country and pay our respects to Elders past, present and emerging. Notation: In this document, the terms Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Indigenous are used interchangeably for Australia's First Nations People. No disrespect is intended, and we acknowledge the rich cultural diversity of the groups of peoples that are the Traditional Custodians of the land with which they identify and with whom they share a connection and ancestry.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Strongyloides serology--useful for diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in rural Indigenous populations, but important gaps in knowledge remain.

General practitioners who care for Aboriginal patients in rural and remote communities from tropical Australia must be aware of strongyloidiasis. The prevalence of this parasitic infection is high and occasional cases can have a fatal outcome. Other groups in Australia at high risk of strongyloidiasis are immigrants from endemic countries, particularly from Southeast Asia, and military personnel who have served overseas in endemic areas. Elimination programs for enteric parasites in rural Australian Indigenous communities are so important that a nationally coordinated approach has been advocated. Wisely used, cost-effective diagnostic tests are a critical component of an elimination program. Strongyloidiasis must be confirmed by laboratory diagnosis and the strongyloides ELISA, although not ideal, is a useful test that can be used to diagnose strongyloidiasis and to monitor cure. In this article the value of the current strongyloides ELISA is discussed and a cost-benefit analysis is conducted using direct costs only. In a typical rural Aboriginal community in tropical Australia with prevalence of strongyloidiasis at 20% each true positive case detected by the strongyloides ELISA is estimated to cost approximately AU590 dollars to diagnose and manage until cure, proven by negative serology.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Reconstruction of methylmercury intakes in indigenous populations from biomarker data.

Significant amounts of methylmercury (MeHg) can bioaccumulate in fish and sea mammals. To monitor MeHg exposure in individuals, organic and inorganic mercury are often measured in blood samples or in hair strands, the latter being by far the best integrator of past exposure. With knowledge of the MeHg kinetics in humans, the levels of both biomarkers can be related to MeHg body burden and intakes. In the present study, we use the toxicokinetic model of Carrier et al. (2001) describing the distribution and excretion of MeHg in humans, to reconstruct the history of MeHg intakes of indigenous women of the Inuvik region in Canada starting from total mercury concentrations in hair segments. From these reconstructed MeHg intakes, the corresponding simulated mercury blood concentrations are found to be good predictors of the concentrations actually measured in blood samples. An important conclusion of this study is that, for almost all subjects, the reconstructed history of their MeHg intakes provides much lower intake values than intakes estimated from questionnaires on food consumption and estimated MeHg levels in these foods; the mean value of the reconstructed MeHg intakes is 0.03 microg/kg/day compared with the mean value of 0.20 microg/kg/day obtained from questionnaires. The model was also used to back-calculate the MeHg intakes from concentrations in hair strands collected from aboriginals of the Amazon region in Brazil, a population significantly more exposed than the population of the Inuvik region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Survey for tuberculosis in an indigenous population of Amazonia: the Suruí of Rondônia, Brazil.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2003 to investigate the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) among the Suruí Indians, Brazilian Amazon. A total of 736 subjects (50.7% females) were examined (80% of the total population). TB suspects underwent standardised evaluation for the presence of signs and/or symptoms of active TB, including chest radiography, PPD skin test, sputum microscopy examination for acid-fast bacilli and mycobacterial culture. A Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scar was detected in 699 individuals (95.0%). Of all the individuals examined, 120 (16.3%) had undergone previous TB treatment (46.7% females). One hundred and nine individuals were assessed as TB suspects (52.3% females). The survey identified six new cases of TB in the Suruí (three men and three women). Five of the six cases came from only two of the ten villages. Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies grew from 5 (4.6%) samples (only two of which were also smear-positive) and mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis were isolated from 14 (12.8%) samples. Diagnosis of TB based exclusively on clinical grounds was established only in the case of a 4-year-old girl. Based on this survey, the prevalence of active TB in the sampled group (N=736) was 815.2 per 100000. This study highlights the urgent need to review and strengthen control strategies directed at indigenous peoples in the country, taking into consideration their social, cultural and environmental differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in two North American indigenous populations.

Haplotypes derived from five polymorphic restriction sites were determined in 50 Carrier-Sekani and 70 Mvskoke chromosomes, and the results were integrated with those previously obtained for 11 South American Indian populations. Eleven haplotypes were identified in the Mvskokes, while five were observed in the Carrier-Sekani. As in South American natives, haplotype 2 (+----) and 6 (-++ -+) were the most prevalent among the Mvskoke (46% and 30%, respectively). In the Carrier-Sekani, haplotype 2 was also the most common, but haplotype 5 (-+ -++) was somewhat more frequent (18%) than 6 (12%). High heterozygosities, as well as genetic differentiation, were observed among these two North American and two other South American groups (Mapuche and Xavante). They could be due to non-Indian admixture in the Mvskoke and Mapuche, but the findings in the other two populations require some other type of explanation.

Gene Frequency↗