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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Analysis of a vertical compliance prosthetic foot.

Mechanical testing of the Re-Flex VSP Foot was conducted on the pylon alone and on the pylon and forefoot system. Values for spring and damping correspond well to values reported in the literature for spring and damping of physiological limbs. Pylon stiffness was 49.4 kN/m for a 600 N subject and 91.4 kN/m for an 800 N subject. The vertical stiffness of the pylon and forefoot together was 31.9 kN/m and 37.8 kN/m, respectively. Gait parameters of two persons with transtibial amputation who used vertically compliant feet for walking, jogging in place, and curb descent were investigated. Ground reaction forces, vertical trunk movement, event timing, and pylon compression were observed. The spring-loaded telescoping pylon was immobilized for half the trials. The trials were repeated the following week with the vertical compliance feature mobilized. Significant differences in vertical trunk motion and timing were found between the prosthetic limb and normal limb, as might be expected. Vertical compliance appeared to cause little change in gait parameters during normal walking. The largest differences appeared during the higher impact events such as fast walking and jogging in place.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Accumulation of respiratory diseases among employees at a recently established refuse sorting plant].

An increasing number of plants for re-use of refuse have been constructed in Denmark in recent years. The Kaastrup Plant near Skive was opened in spring 1986. The plant accepts household rubbish and industrial refuse separately. The refuse is sorted by machine (industrial refuse is sorted partially manually) and in a large partially open machine plant, refuse is converted into fuel pellets. During a period of eight months, eight out of 15 employees developed respiratory symptoms. In seven, bronchial asthma was diagnosed and chronic bronchitis in one person. Four had initial symptoms of the organic dust toxic syndrome. After further six months, another case of occupationally-conditioned asthma occurred in the plant. Only two out of nine had previously had asthma or atopic disease. The investigation did not reveal any evidence of type-I allergy. Six out of nine had specific precipitating antibodies to refuse while all had negative RAST tests to this. In spring 1989, from six to eighteen months after the onset of the symptoms, six had still dyspnoea on exertion and three had positive histamine-provocation tests and seven out of nine had left the plant. Occupational medical measurements revealed dust concentrations of 8.1 mg/cubic millimeter in September 1986 and total germs of up to 3 x 10(9) cfu/cubic meter. Construction of the plant involved considerable contact with the refuse on account of the cleansing processes and open systems and it was reconstructed in the course of 1987/1988 so that the hygienic conditions are now acceptable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Seasonal changes in morphology and function of the gastrointestinal tract of free-living alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota).

The gastrointestinal tracts of 76 free-living alpine marmots ( Marmota marmota) shot during a population control program in Switzerland were collected and analysed for patterns of change in morphology and function over the period from emergence from hibernation in April to just before re-entry into hibernation in September. Between first emergence and mid-summer (July) the fresh tissue mass of the stomach increased by 105%, the small intestine by 259% (among the largest recorded for a mammal), caecum by 185%, proximal colon by 138%, and distal colon by 144%. Mitotic activity was greatest in the small intestine; the mitotic index was high (40%) compared with indexes in the stomach and hindgut (approximately 4%) even at emergence, and increased to approximately 60% by mid-summer. Microbial activity in the caecum was also significant at emergence. The stomach (length) and caecum (length and fresh mass) increased in response to ingested food earlier than did the small intestine. Between mid-summer and September there were decreases in small intestinal tissue mass and mitotic activity. It is concluded that the gastrointestinal tract of alpine marmots probably continues to function throughout hibernation at a low level, with a mid-winter trough as part of an endogenous circannual rhythm. However, after emergence in spring, increases in size and activity of the tract appear to be a response to ingested food rather than to an endogenous signal. The early signs of down-regulation of the small intestine before re-entry into hibernation, together with its delayed up-regulation in response to food in spring, are consistent with the high costs of maintaining this section of the digestive system.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Spring viremia of carp (SVC).

Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is an important disease affecting cyprinids, mainly common carp Cyprinus carpio. The disease is widespread in European carp culture, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Designated a notifiable disease by the Office International des Epizooties, SVC is caused by a rhabdovirus, spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Affected fish show destruction of tissues in the kidney, spleen and liver, leading to hemorrhage, loss of water-salt balance and impairment of immune response. High mortality occurs at water temperatures of 10 to 17 degrees C, typically in spring. At higher temperatures, infected carp develop humoral antibodies that can neutralize the spread of virus and such carp are protected against re-infection by solid immunity. The virus is shed mostly with the feces and urine of clinically infected fish and by carriers. Waterborne transmission is believed to be the primary route of infection, but bloodsucking parasites like leeches and the carp louse may serve as mechanical vectors of SVCV. The genome of SVCV is composed of a single molecule of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA containing 5 genes in the order 3'-NPMGL-5' coding for the viral nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, and polymerase, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral proteins, and sequence homologies between the genes and gene junctions of SVCV and vesicular stomatitis viruses, have led to the placement of the virus as a tentative member of the genus Vesiculovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. These methods also revealed that SVCV is not related to fish rhabdoviruses of the genus Novirhabdovirus. In vitro replication of SVCV takes place in the cytoplasm of cultured cells of fish, bird and mammalian origin at temperatures of 4 to 31 degrees C, with an optimum of about 20 degrees C. Spring viremia of carp can be diagnosed by clinical signs, isolation of virus in cell culture and molecular methods. Antibodies directed against SVCV react with the homologous virus in serum neutralization, immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, but they cross-react to various degrees with the pike fry rhabdovirus (PFR), suggesting the 2 viruses are closely related. However, SVCV and PFR can be distinguished by certain serological tests and molecular methods such as the ribonuclease protection assay.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The role of androstenedione and testosterone in the reproduction and antler growth of a male white-tailed deer.

Seasonal levels of androstenedione and testosterone were investigated in plasma of mature intact and castrated male white-tailed deer. In four intact bucks, androstenedione concentrations were low in February and March (around 1 nmol/l) and then increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from April to November (peak 2.34 nmol/l). Testosterone remained low (below 3.5 nmol/l) from February to August and then rose significantly (P less than 0.01) till November (peak 36.78 nmol/l). Both hormones declined from November to February. In three castrates, androstenedione levels remained virtually unchanged (averaging around 0.5 nmol/l) between January and September. After a rapid significant increase (P less than 0.05) till November (peak value 2.45 nmol/l), androstenedione concentrations declined quickly to a baseline level. Testosterone in castrates remained around 0.3 to 0.7 nmol/l for most of the year with a non-significant peak (1.45 nmol/l) in October. These data indicate that the spring and summer increase in androstenedione in the intact deer is of testicular origin; the fall peak, however, may be a result of increased production in the adrenal glands. It can be speculated that the increase in androstenedione in the blood of the male deer during the spring may be responsible for the seasonal initiation and support of antler growth as well as being supportive to the re-activation of the reproductive system.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiology of shingles.

One thousand and nineteen patients with acute varicella zoster viral infection were referred to the physiotherapy department for treatment between 1978 and 1986. Sixty per cent were women and 40% were men with a mean age of 58 years (range 9-96 years). The prevalence varied between 1.3 and 1.6 per 1000 per annum. The left side was affected in 52% while the right was affected in 48%. The thoracic dermatomes were the most commonly affected (56%) followed by cervical (17%), lumbar (10%), sacral (5%), and the trigeminal nerve was infected in 12%. There was a significant seasonal (P less than 0.001) variation in the prevalence of acute varicella zoster virus infection, most common in the summer and least common in the spring. There was no clustering in time and space so that it is unlikely that the varicella zoster virus is infective or that re-exposure to the virus causes reactivation of the latent virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Is there evidence of a therapy-related increase in germ cell mutation among childhood cancer survivors?

Few studies have examined human population data for evidence of an association between environmental mutagens and genetic disease. Our objective was to determine whether study of pregnancies and offspring of childhood cancer survivors would show evidence that therapy potentially mutagenic to germ cells is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, serious congenital abnormalities, or altered sex ratio. We analyzed information from patients' general practitioners for 2286 survivors of childhood cancer (1049 females and 1237 males) who were exposed or not exposed to direct irradiation of the abdomen or gonads or treatment with an alkylating agent. In addition, external control data based on the general population were used for some of the comparisons relating to congenital abnormalities and sex ratio. Data on reproductive history were complete for 1037 female survivors, who had 944 completed pregnancies, and 1078 male survivors, who produced 537 offspring. For the female survivors given abdominal or gonadal irradiation, there was an excess of miscarriages for the total number of pregnancies (17%) and for first pregnancies (19%), compared with the proportion for the total number of pregnancies in the females with similar neoplasms who were not exposed to such therapy (9%) and for first pregnancies in these females (8%). These results show re-emergence of an association suggested in our previous report of an increased risk of miscarriage as well as low birth weight among off-spring of female survivors of childhood cancer who received abdominal irradiation. In that study, it was considered unlikely that the association was due to germ cell mutation. Data in the present study do not show an association of exposure to therapy potentially mutagenic to germ cells with sex ratio, or with occurrence of serious congenital abnormalities in the offspring of male or female survivors of such therapy. However, the question of a possible germ cell mutagenic effect of therapy will be adequately addressed only through an international collaborative effort.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1998

Needlesticks: who pays the price when costs are cut on safety.

Here is a syringe whose spring-loaded needle automatically retracts into the barrel of the syringe almost quicker than the eye can register--If you've never seen one, you're not alone. Despite the prevalence of needles engineered with safety features to prevent needlesticks, few organizations are using them. The reasons why go far beyond the expense of the syringe.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMed1981

Intermittent trachoma chemotherapy: a controlled trial of topical tetracycline or erythromycin.

In communities with endemic blinding trachoma, mass (or "blanket") treatment with a topically applied tetracycline derivative is a standard control measure. The widely used "intermittent" treatment schedule consists of the twice daily application of antibiotic ointment for five consecutive days once a month for six months. In this study, the efficacy of "intermittent" treatment was evaluated for the treatment of severe and moderate intensity trachoma in children in southern Tunisia. Tetracycline or erythromycin ointments (specific antichlamydial drugs) were compared with 5% boric acid ointment (a simple antiseptic) given by the intermittent schedule during the winter and spring. There was a statistically significant degree of improvement at only one examination, four weeks after the full course of treatment had been completed. When re-examined five months later there were no differences in intensity in the three groups. The limited effect of topical chemotherapy might be attributable to several causes, among which could be inadequate drug levels, inadequate treatment periods, reinfection from non-treated children in the community, and auto-infection from extraocular sites (e.g., respiratory tract) in the same child. The possible value of short-term (two weeks) systemic antimicrobial therapy as an additional strategy to prevent blindness of children with potentially blinding active trachoma is discussed.

Boric Acids↗
PubMed2002

Effect of hydrophobic surfactant protein SP-C on binary phospholipid monolayers. Molecular machinery at the air/water interface.

Fluorescent and modified dark-field microscopies were used to investigate the phase behavior of physiologically relevant lipid/protein monomolecular films containing surfactant protein C(SP-C). Synthetic human SP-C(1-34) was labeled at its N-terminus using the fluorescent probe 6-(((4(4,4-difluoro-5-(2-thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-yl)phenoxy)acetyl)amino)hexanoic acid (BODIPY/TR-X). Using dual fluorescent labeling (lipid and protein) in the monolayers, we have correlated (at physiologically small concentrations of the protein) the lipid phase separation and protein distribution in situ. A comparison of the lipid and protein dye fluorescent micrographs indicates that SP-C(1-34) is preferentially associated with the disordered lipid phase. Three concepts arise from our results. (1) The presence of SP-C alone does not result in the complete dissolution of condensed phase domains in a fashion that we have previously reported for the entire hydrophobic surfactant protein (SP-B/C) fraction (Biophys. J. 77 (1999) 903). Rather, the use of relatively high amounts ( approximately 10 wt.%) of the labeled SP-C protein is needed to reproduce the fluorescence monolayer morphology previously observed for small concentrations ( approximately 1 wt.%) of the natural SP-B/C mixture. (2) Scattered light, dark-field microscopy performed using grazing angle laser illumination reveals the presence of surface-associated, three-dimensional (3D) structures of micrometer-sized dimensions when the labeled BODIPY/TR-X:SP-C(1-34) protein is included in the monolayer, as previously observed with the naturally isolated SP-B/C mixture. The 3D structures are associated exclusively with the presence of the SP-C protein in disordered monolayer phases. (3) To explain these results, we have derived a molecular model accounting for the structure and physico-chemical properties of the SP-C protein in terms of its energetics. The molecular events involved in the SP-C-mediated production of the 3D surface particles are explained using the analogy of a simple molecular machine, namely a loaded spring. This interpretation is supported by an energetic analysis that suggests the major factor contributing to the formation of the 3D particles is the energy liberated by re-expansion of the surrounding phospholipid film into the area vacated by the SP-C protein as it re-orients away from the surface.

Air↗
PubMed2000

Insights into a structure-based mechanism of viral membrane fusion.

A number of different viral spike proteins, responsible for membrane fusion, show striking similarities in their core structures. The prospect of developing a general structure-based mechanism seems plausible in light of these newly determined structures. Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the best-studied fusion machine, whose action has previously been described by a hypothetical "spring-loaded" model. This model has recently been extended to explain the mechanism of other systems, such as HIV gp120-gp41. However, evidence supporting this idea is insufficient, requiring re-examination of the mechanism of HA-induced membrane fusion. Recent experiments with a shortened construct of HA, which is able to induce lipid mixing, have provided evidence for an alternative scenario for HA-induced membrane fusion and perhaps that of other viral systems.

Hemagglutinins↗
PubMed1982

Different types of tremor in the human thumb.

1. The upper limbs of normal subjects were immobilized in a way that allowed measurement of forces and movements at the thumb interphalangeal joint without significant movement elsewhere in the limb. 2. When the subject attempted to maintain a steady flexing force at the joint against a rigid stop, the actual force showed the irregular 8-11 Hz fluctuations characteristic of a 'physiological tremor'. This force fluctuation increased when the mean flexing force increased. 3. If the subject exerted his flexing force against a light complaint spring, there was an analogous irregular 8-11 Hz movement at the joint. 4. When, however, an extra inertial load was added to the terminal phalanx, flexion against a complaint spring was often accompanied by a different type of tremor. This was a more regular oscillation, of lower frequency (3-6 Hz), and of much larger amplitude. 5. The precise frequency and amplitude of this type of tremor depended on the characteristics of the added inertia and spring, in a way that could have been predicted from the responses of the joint to an imposed sinusoidal movement (Brown, Rack & Ross, 1982a). The movement appeared to arise from re-excitation within stretch reflex pathways. 6. The irregular 8-11 Hz tremor at this joint could not be attributed to reflex re-excitation, since the responses to sinusoidal movement indicated a stretch reflex whose timing would not support a movement at that frequency. It is, however, emphasized that other joints of the hand and fingers may behave in different ways.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Re-formation of the coracoacromial ligament after open resection or arthroscopic release.

In 21 (91%) of 23 shoulder revisions after primary surgery involving resection or release of the coracoacromial ligament, there was evidence of a reattached or re-formed coracoacromial ligament. In 9 cases there was no other obvious explanation for symptom recurrence, and in 7 cases the coracoacromial ligament might have influenced progression of rotator cuff pathosis. Electron micrographs of a re-formed ligament showed a substantially large amount of large-diameter (> 100 microns) collagen fibrils resembling those of a normal ligament. We conclude that the coracoacromial ligament has an ability to re-form or reattach, whether primarily resected or released, and that this might account for recurrent symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Litter burial and exhumation: spatial and temporal distribution on a cobble pocket beach.

A cobble beach (-6 diameter to -8 diameter) located on the South Wales coastline, UK, was studied over a three-month winter period to assess litter input levels. After total beach litter clearance, six surveys were conducted at consecutive spring tides which involved marking of previously unrecorded litter. The beach was soon inundated with debris, predominantly plastic beverage containers. Some marked litter was found to disappear from the beach surface, re-emerging weeks later which suggests that the potential for litter burial has been underestimated in litter research. Higher wave energies between surveys coincided with higher levels of previously unseen litter. These new inputs consisted of sea borne and exhumed litter. Items larger than the surrounding cobbles were found to work their way back to the surface of the beach after burial, smaller items remained buried. Pits dug into the cobble ridge confirmed the burial of mainly small items.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1995

The repair of orthodontic root resorption: an ultrastructural study.

It has previously been shown by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), that after force is terminated, repair of the orthodontic root resorption lacunae occur by deposition of new cementum. The ultrastructural details of the process are not well established. Since it has been hypothesized that a new barrier to protect the root surface is formed during the reparative phase, new information on this aspect of orthodontic root resorption may be valuable. The aim of the present investigation was, by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to study in more detail the repair of orthodontic root resorption lacunae and the re-establishment of the adjacent periodontal membrane (PM). Three experimental tooth movement groups of rats (age 40-45 days) were used. The maxillary first molar was moved mesially by a closed coil spring for 10, 14, and 21 days. The results indicate that transition of active root resorption into a process of repair which occurs even in the presence of a light force, is associated with invasion of fibroblast-like cells from the circumference into the active root resorption site. After 10 days, formation of new tooth supporting structures was seen in the periphery of the resorption lacunae, while active resorption by multinucleated odontoclast-like cells (OD) took place in the central parts. In the later phases, after termination of force, the repair process is similar to the early cementogenesis occurring during tooth development. New mineralized cementum was observed on the resorbed root surface by 21 days. After deposition of the new cementum, the structures of a new periodontal ligament (PDL) were comparable with the control specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Hospital separations indicate increasing need for prevention of diabetic foot complications in central Australia.

The aim of this study was to guide service provision for prevention of diabetic foot complications through the analysis of hospital separation data for those with diabetes in central Australia. We reviewed the hospital separation data for central Australia from 1992 to 1997 for adults known to be diabetic and those with diabetic foot complications. Foot complications were identified from International Classification of Diseases-9th Revision (ICD-9) codes. Additionally, we assessed the proportion of cases with diabetic foot, identified by ICD-9 coding and confirmed by record review, that were identified by Australian National-Diagnostic Related Group-Version 3 (AN-DRG-3) coding. Separations with diabetes doubled from 352 in 1992 to 796 in 1997. This represents an increase from 1232 to 2521 separations per 100,000 people over 15 years of age. Separations with foot complications increased threefold from 28 in 1992 to 90 in 1997, a rate increase from 98 to 285 per 100,000 people over 15 years of age. The proportion of diabetes separations that had foot complications remained around 10% during the 6 year period. Aboriginal people made up 89% of the individuals with foot complications and 91% of separations for diabetic foot. Foot complications were predominantly of the more acute type (90%), amenable to early intervention. The AN-DRG-3 code for diabetic foot identified only 59% (37/63 in 1997) of the separations identified by the ICD-9 codes, and admitted primarily for foot complications in Alice Springs Hospital. The known burden of hospital care for diabetes and diabetic foot complications has increased markedly in recent years. A combination of changes in prevalence, primary care utilisation, detection, hospital access or re-admission rates may underlie the observed increases. As it is very unlikely that diabetes or diabetic foot complications are being over diagnosed, or that the hospitals are over utilised, this analysis shows there is an increasingly apparent need for improved prevention of diabetic foot complications. Therefore primary health care systems should ensure that they implement evidence-based care for preventing foot complications among people with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Epidemiology and control of parasites in northern temperate regions.

The serious and widespread problem of drug resistance has forced a re-thinking of basic philosophy regarding control of equine parasites. It has illustrated the dangers of total reliance on chemical control and stimulated the use of alternate strategies. Two new approaches are described. Prophylactic treatments in the spring and summer provide effective strongyle and colic control with less selection pressure for drug resistance. A nonchemical approach of pasture cleaning twice a week offers the same advantages with the added bonus of a 50 per cent increase in grazing area.

Age Factors↗