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PubMed2001

Immunology and the REACH study: HIV immunology and preliminary findings. Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health.

This review paper presents the immunology findings in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and uninfected youth in the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) Project within the context of basic and HIV immunology concepts. Methods employed in the study for specimen collection, management, and laboratory analysis are presented. This paper reviews published analyses of cross-sectional data; longitudinal analyses are underway. These preliminary data extend the work of others in demonstrating the potential for substantial thymic reserve in youth. This finding in HIV infected adolescents has implications for a fuller response to antiretroviral or immune-based therapies compared to that seen in adults. Dysregulation in mucosal immunity may appear before systemic HIV effects are seen and requires attention particularly to screening and treatment of genital co-infections. REACH has demonstrated gender differences in immunologic measures irrespective of HIV infection status.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

An immunological approach to the role of the low molecular weight subunits in myosin. I. Physical--chemical and immunological characterization of the light chains.

The light chains of chicken breast muscle myosin (alkali 1 and 2, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) 1.c.) have been isolated in pure form and characterized with respect to amino acid composition, uv and circular dichroism (CD) spectral properties, and molecular weight. Antibodies specific for each of the light chains have been used to demonstrate the similarity of alkali 1 and 2 (mol wt 21,000 and 16,000, respectively), and the distinctness of these from DTNB 1.c. (mol wt of 18,000). The DTNB 1.c. isolated by a variety of methods were all immunologically identical. Significant cross-reactivity was observed between corresponding rabbit and chicken light chains, confirming other indications of homology between these proteins in the two species. The immunological difference between alkali 1 and 2 was largely accounted for by an N-terminal peptide, rich in proline, alanine, and lysine, which is unique to alkali 1. The presence of antibodies to this peptide in anti-alkali 1 serum suggests an immunological approach to the question of how alkali 1.c. are distributed in myosin.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2000

Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part I: immunology of the eye.

Immuno-ophthalmology evolved during the 20th century as a subspecialty linking ophthalmologists and immunologists. This emerging subspecialty has focused on the use of immunology to better understand and treat ocular disorders. To help the allergist/clinical immunologist better appreciate the growing field of immuno-ophthalmology, this 2-part review series (Part II: Ocular Allergy will appear in the December issue of the Journal) will provide an overview of the impact that immunology has had on our understanding and treatment of allergic and immunologic eye diseases. The current review will focus on mechanisms by which mast cells, T cells, eosinophils, cytokines, and other inflammatory constituents contribute to the unique features of eye disease and their link to allergic responses that occur in other organs of the body.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Molecular biology and immunology for clinicians 16: Dendritic cells and their role in immunology.

As is so often the case in immunology, with the passage of time and further research, cells of obscure lineage and function become the darlings of the field. Such is the case with dendritic cells. Probably the most potent antigen-presenting cells of all, dendritic cells are pivotal in the education and coaching of T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells, putting the dendritic cell firmly in place to influence both innate and antigen-specific immune reactivity. Thus, understanding dendritic cells' function and how they switch morphologically and functionally during their maturation may be very important if we are to manipulate dendritic cells to suppress or enhance immunologic function in disease. There is sure to be more about dendritic cells in the oncology, clinical immunology, and rheumatology literature over the coming years as we learn to control dendritic cell function.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1992

Quality assessment of immunological marker analysis and the immunological diagnosis in leukaemia and lymphoma: a multi-centre study. Dutch Cooperative Study Group on Immunophenotyping of Leukaemias and Lymphomas (SIHON).

In order to standardize and assess the quality of immunophenotyping of leukaemias and lymphomas for diagnostic purposes, a cooperative study group in the Netherlands, SIHON, has formulated guidelines for the composition of antibody panels to be applied and guidelines for the interpretation of the marker analysis. To assess the value of these guidelines frozen cell samples of three patients with different haematological malignancies were sent to the 26 participating laboratories twice a year. Here we present the results with respect to the marker analysis and to the immunological diagnosis on 387 samples from 18 patients. A large inter-laboratory variation was seen in the percentage of positive cells for each marker, which influenced the valuation of a marker to be discordant positive in up to 23% and discordant negative in up to 40%. No single major factor could be traced to explain the large variation in the results. However, probably due to the balanced composition of the antibody panel and to the application of the guidelines for interpretation, this variation did not much influence the agreement in immunological diagnosis. In only 13/387 samples (3.3%) differences in the percentage of positive cells caused disagreement in the final diagnosis. In 23 samples (5.9%) the disagreement was due to an incorrect application of the guidelines. Quantitative data of single observations obtained from different laboratories, in which the materials and methods are not standardized, cannot be compared; but standardization of guidelines for marker sets and for interpretation contributes to a high grade of agreement in immunological diagnosis.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed2005

Chronologically different impacts of immunologic and non-immunologic risk factors on renal allograft function.

INTRODUCTION: Upon analysis of the risk factors affecting renal graft survival and function, the time-dependent effects of each risk factor should be differentiated from their net effects. To evaluate the chronologically different impacts of risk factors on graft renal function, we reviewed 390 recipients who received a kidney from 1-haplotype-matched living-related donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Until 5-yr post-transplantation (TX), yearly serum creatinine (Scr), 24-h urinary excretion of protein, and their yearly changes were compared by the episodes of acute rejection within 1 yr, the kidney weight to recipient body weight (KW/BW) ratio, the donor/recipient (D/R) age ratio, and the D/R gender pairing. The Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazard model, ANOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA were each applied for different purposes. RESULTS: Only the episodes of acute rejection were a significant risk factor affecting graft survival. The episodes of acute rejection, KW/BW ratio, D/R age ratio, and D/R gender pairing consistently and independently had significant influences on Scr. Recipients having the lowest KW/BW ratio (first quartile) or the highest D/R age ratio (fourth quartile) had rapid increments of Scr after 4-yr post-TX. After 3-yr post-TX, there were significant correlations between the number of non-immunologic risk factors present and the yearly changes in Scr. CONCLUSIONS: Non-immunologic factors had a detrimental effect on renal graft function, especially after 3-yr post-TX. If immunologic risks seem to be similar, size matching, age, and gender pairing should be considered for better long-term graft function in renal TX recipients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1978

Modification of prostaglandin and thromboxane release by immunological sensitisation and successive immunological challenges from guinea-pig lumg.

The release of prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) from perfused guinea pig lungs was investigated during different immunological states. The major product released from normal lungs perfused with exogenous arachidonic acid was 6-oxo-PGF1a. The procedure of sensitisation to specific antigen resulted in an increase in the release of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-TxB2 and a decrease in the release of 6-oxo-PGF1a- and 6,15-dioxo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1a from lungs perfused with arachidonic acid. The relative amount of 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-TxB2 released progressively increased with the number of immunological challenges with both exogenous and endogenously derived substrate, arachidonic acid. This change in response to successive immunological challenges may represent a protective mechanism to prevent parent Txs and PGs entering the systemic circulation.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1984

Immunological aspects of pathological pregnancy (infertility immunology).

As, theoretically, any of the many mechanisms that appear to operate in normal pregnancy to maintain maternofetal immunologic balance could be altered in pathologic pregnancy, a detailed study of the known immunological aspects of pathological pregnancy is given. After looking into the parental genetic heterozygosity and fertility, a good explanation of the antifetal immunoresponse by the pregnant mother including the antibody formation is shown. The placental transport versus trapping of immunoglobulins is described in detail and it is also shown that the placenta is a source of a number of agents that inhibit cell-mediated immunity (HCG, HPL and steroids). These substances may affect a local inhibition of maternal cell-mediated immunity in the vicinity of the trophoblast. The placenta serves as an effective barrier for transfer of immunocompetent maternal lymphocytes to the fetus. The paramount role of the trophoblast as a barrier, while itself escaping immunologic destruction, calls for further studies.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1997

Effect of dietary energy source and immunological challenge on growth performance and immunological variables in growing pigs.

Forty-eight growing pigs (23 kg BW) were assigned to four treatments (n = 12) arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Dietary energy source (conventional [CON] vs high-oil corn [HOC]), with or without an immunological challenge (IC) regimen constituted main effects. The IC regimen consisted of injection of endotoxin (E. coli lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and vaccination for porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS). Growth performance data were collected over a 5-wk period and are presented as prechallenge (d 1 to 14; d 1 was the 1st d of the study), challenge (d 15 to 21), and postchallenge (d 22 to 36) periods, and overall. Overall, the pigs fed HOC consumed less feed (P < .11) and gained more efficiently (P < .03). During the immunological challenge period, ADG was depressed 21% and feed intake 15% (P < .01). The IC resulted in lower (P < .01) serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations on d 22, and the magnitude of the reduction was greater in the pigs fed the CON diet (energy source x immune challenge, P < .10). Serum AGP concentrations remained lower (P < .08) in challenged pigs on d 36. Immunoreactive prostaglandin concentrations were higher (55%, P < .08) in the pigs fed HOC immediately following the IC period (d 22). The data reported herein indicate that the performance of pigs fed HOC is satisfactory, and that feeding HOC does not compromise growth performance during or after an immunological challenge.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗

PubMed1990

Cancer immunology: highlights of the NCI Extramural Immunology Program.

The long-term goal of research supported by the Immunology Program is to better understand immune mechanisms and their regulation in order to develop more effective strategies to strengthen the immune response against cancer. While there has been much progress in the field of immunology in recent years, many major questions remain unanswered. The role of MHC antigens in regulating the immune response to tumors is still unclear, as is the nature of putative tumor-associated antigens which are the targets of this response. The efficacy of various immune cell subsets in tumor cell killing is differentially affected by changes in tumor cell surface MHC antigen expression. Furthermore, although we now know much more about the cellular interactions in the immune response, little is actually known about the particular cell subsets which participate in an immune response is regressing versus progressing tumors. Interleukins have been shown to stimulate a variety of immunes response, and some of these immune modulators are now being tested in clinical trials, in various stages, to determine their antitumor effects. However, systemic administration of large quantities of interleukins can result in very different effects than those created by the local release of effector molecules from specific T-cell populations. Effector T cells can deliver lymphokines to precise target structures, whereas systemically administered lymphokines would affect preferentially those cells expressing the largest numbers of high affinity receptors for the lymphokines. The specificity of lymphokines as mediators of immunologic response rests largely or exclusively in the local release of such materials by T cells upon activation by antigen: MHC complexes on a stimulating cell. Because lymphokines show specificity only for nonantigen-specific, non-MHC-restricted receptor molecules on target cells, the effect of lymphokine injections is likely to be determined solely by the expression of these receptors. Thus, lymphokines function well as effector molecules in a number of specific immune reactions, but it remains to be determined whether they will be useful in regulating immune responses in specific disease situations. It may be critical to recruit specific immune cells to the area of tumor growth where they, in turn, can release lymphokines to activate appropriate antitumor effector cells. Adoptively transferred T cells of the helper phenotype can induce an effective antitumor immune response in recipient mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Establishing clinical and immunologic criteria for diagnosis of occupational immunologic lung disease with phthalic anhydride and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride exposures as a model.

Using a questionnaire and serum antibody studies, we evaluated 13 workers exposed to phthalic anhydride (PA) and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA). The questionnaire was designed to identify symptoms compatible with anhydride-induced immunologic or irritant syndromes. Specific IgG and IgE for both PA-human serum albumin (PA-HSA) and TCPA-HSA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in two different laboratories. In addition, 11 workers had cutaneous testing with PA-HSA and TCPA-HSA, and nine workers were interviewed. One worker was found to have PA-associated asthma and rhinitis. We conclude that a questionnaire and serologic assays for specific IgG and IgE are helpful to identify workers who have or are at risk for developing occupational immunologic lung disease such as those induced by anhydrides. However, additional evaluation may be necessary in those workers with such diseases as intrinsic asthma that may be difficult to differentiate from occupational immunologic lung disease.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1986

[Immunology of the fetomaternal interaction: immunologic significance of colostrum and breast milk].

The importance of the mammary gland as a potential immunological organ is characterized in this literature survey by the following aspects: immunoglobulins in colostrum and mother's milk, immunological active cells in colostrum and mother's milk, nonspecific factors in the mother's milk. The importance of the early nursing is emphasized from the immunological point of view.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1983

[Diabetes and immunology. III. Immunological reactions related to insulin treatment].

Various immunological mechanisms help to understand the epidemiological and biological heterogenicity of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Immunological mechanisms are involved in the destruction of beta cells and perhaps explain the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus among certain patients with well defined genetic markers. Certain cases of Diabetes Mellitus seem to be mediated by auto-immune processes (cellular or humoral) and thus have a common denominator with other endocrinological diseases. Other immunological mechanisms are incriminated in the development of insulin resistance during exogenous insulin treatment of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Resistance to endogenous insulin which characterizes type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is related to a decrease in number and density of peripheral insulin receptors.

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1983

[Diabetes and immunology. I. Immunologic reactions linked to diabetes].

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL).

Criteria for the immunological classification of acute leukemias are proposed by a recently established European group designated EGIL. The main aims of EGIL are to establish guidelines for the characterization of acute leukemias based on marker expression and provide a uniform basis for the diagnosis of the various types of these hemopoietic malignancies which should be helpful for future multinational clinical and laboratory investigations. Within the two major types (B and T cell lineage) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), several groups are delineated according to the degree of cell differentiation. Within the acute myeloid leukemias (AML), only three subtypes as defined by the FAB classification: M0-AML, M6-AML and M7-AML, can be unequivocally defined by immunological markers; prospective studies are undertaken to see whether characteristic immunological profiles are associated with particular AML subtypes defined by specific cytogenetic abnormalities. Criteria for the definition of biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) are devised and a scoring system is outlined aimed to distinguish BAL from those acute leukemias with expression of a marker from another lineage. In addition, an uncommon subset of acute leukemias with no evidence of lymphoid or myeloid differentiation is recognized and the useful panel of markers to investigate and establish the cell nature of the acute leukemias is outlined. EGIL will focus in the future on testing the reproducibility of the proposed guidelines, particularly those for BAL, assessing their clinical value within a framework of multicentric trials and setting up uniform methodological criteria.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunologic state and effect of long-term levamisole therapy on selected immunologic parameters in children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome during remission].

Immunological system was tested in 14 children aged between 1.5 and 14 years (mean 5.4 years) with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome during remission. Levamisole (Decaris Richter) was administered in the dose of 2-3.5 mg/kg twice a week for 2.5-6 months. Immunological tests carried out before treatment showed a decrease in total T-cells and T2 subpopulation in 78.6% of patients in comparison with normal values for this age group; a decrease in total B-cells was noted in 87.6% of patients, and percentage of these cells was decreased on 57.1% of cases; gamma-globulins in blood serum were decreased below lower normal values in all children whereas serum IgM levels were above the upper limit of the normal values. Therapy with levamisole normalized total T-cells in 91.7% of patients (p < .05) mainly due to an increase in the number of T1 cells (by 127% in 7 patients in comparison with baseline values considered as 100%); total number of B-cells reached the values normal for this age group in 83.1% of patients (< .05) while percentage of these cells normalized in 66.7% of patients (p < .05), increasing by mean 66.7% in 6 children. It seems that immunologic status of patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome during remission depends, at least partially, on the recurrent respiratory tract infections and/or urinary tract infections accompanying the underlying disease. No significant levamisole effect on blood SGOT, SGPT, platelet count and leucocytosis was noted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Creation of the gingival immunologic defense index (GIDI) to evaluate the immunological potential of the gingiva and the possible risk for periodontal disease.

The objective of the present study was to create an index for the adequate evaluation of gingival immunological defense with respect to IgA levels. The gingival immunological defense index (GIDI), which is based on the simple count of the inflamed gingival surfaces of a child plus the measurement of salivary IgA content, provides clinicians with important information about the immunological defense potential of each subject.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Guidelines for the PhD degree in immunology. International Union of Immunological Societies Education Committee.

The International Union of Immunological Societies, recognizing the need for internationally acceptable standards for the PhD degree in immunology, commissioned the IUIS Education Committee to prepare recommendations on the subject. This document, the result of a two-year study of PhD programs in many countries, presents these recommendations.

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗