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PubMed2004

Genes related to hearing disorders.

The inner ear is a highly specialized organ and the mechanisms of its function are complex and have not yet fully been elucidated. For example, there are questions such as how the stereocilia characteristics of hair cells are regularly arranged, how the reactions of stereocilia and ion channels of hair cells to sound are controlled, and how the ion environment is maintained in the internal ear. The mechanisms of inner ear function are being elucidated by analysis of human hereditary hearing disorders and genetic and molecular biological techniques using mouse hearing disorder models. Understanding of the mechanism of inner ear function provides important information for treatment of the inner ear. This review outlines several findings obtained from humans with hereditary hearing disorders and mouse hearing disorder models.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Hearing disorders associated with vision disorders in children].

Hearing and eye-sight are very important for the development in children. Early diagnosis of disorders of these organs is therefore essential to ensure the development of affected children from early age, or to provide a correction (hearing aid, glasses) or to enlist these children in special schools. The authors found that in schools for children with impaired eye-sight and schools for children with impaired hearing there were 6.7% children with impairment of both sense organs. The most frequent cause of disorders of both sense organs was intrauterine damage (45.7%), in 25.7% of the investigated children the cause was unknown, in 20% it was genetically conditioned and in 8.6% the cause was postnatal. Therefore when a disorder of one sense organ is revealed, it is necessary to examine on a preventive basis also the other sense organ.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Screening for hearing disorders in school children of Medellin, Colombia, 1993].

For detecting the group of children that have hearing disorders in a school health program, sweep testing, impedance audiometry, questionnaire of risk factors and pure tone audiometry were compared. Impedance audiometry was defined as the gold standard for the study. The authors suggest that combined questionnaire of risk factors and impedance audiometry screening should become the accepted way to screen schoolchildren in function of reasonable cost for the program and adequate predictive values of the first test. The prevalence of hearing disorders for children between five to 14 years was 20 per cent.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1988

[Quantitative evaluation of hearing disorders in expert assessment. A recent recommendation for calculating the percentage of hearing loss].

A short historical survey is given of grading the severity of hearing disorders and assessing the relevant disability for recompensation purposes according to the tables of Boenninghaus, Röser, and Feldmann. The present situation and the reasons giving rise to dissatisfaction with this procedure are analysed. They are the high threshold of 20% disability for recompensation, the rigidity of the tables, and the technical development of speech audiometry without concomitant adaptation of the tables. The following possible solutions are discussed and rejected: changing the tables, substituting speech audiometry by tone audiometry, speech audiometry with interfering noise, filtered speech audiometry, special bonus for recruitment. The following feasible solution is proposed: Retaining all tables in use up to this time, however, instead of using the sum of discrimination scores which simply adds the scores at 60, 80 and 100 dB SRL, weighting factors are introduced according to the formula [3 x (% at 60 dB) + 2 x (% at 80 dB) + 1 x (% at 100 dB)]: 2 The advantages and the effect of this procedure on calculating hearing loss and disability are discussed.

Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Noise as a stress factor for the onset of hearing disorders in workers using drilling equipment].

INTRODUCTION: Noise is one of the commonest environmental pollutants and it is defined as a sound which bothers, irritates, which is unpleasant and can damage hearing. The degree of negative effects of noise depends on its intensity, spectrum of frequency, nature, duration of exposition and individual sensibility. PURPOSE: This work is supposed to establish the degree of correlation between hearing damage and professional exposition to one of physical stressors of work environment--noise. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Investigation regarding work conditions included intensity and frequency analysis of noise at workplaces. The examination sample included 101 workers of "NIS--Naftagas" section "Hidrosonda" employed as drilling workers. The control group consisted of 50 workers not exposed to noise or any other professional influences, like workers from the examination sample. RESULTS: The results on the observed workplaces show that noise is of high intensity and bad frequency spectrum. Exposition of workers to noise is a highly important factor for hearing damages (p = 0.002). The relative risk for hearing damage is four times greater in relation to the control group (odds ratio 4.1). Attributable fraction (preventive potential) of noise factor is 61%. Smoking associated with exposition to noise multiplies the risk of hearing damage (odds ratio 5.8) while with non-smokers the risk decreases (odds ratio 3.0). DISCUSSION: Professional hearing disorders occur slowly and increase with time spent at noisy workplaces. At the beginning it presents with buzzing in ears and dizziness followed by latent phase after which hearing disorders occur. Tone audiometry is used to register first signs of hearing loss, whereas manifestations in social contacts come later. CONCLUSION: Once diagnosed hearing disorders cannot be cured so a lot more care should be paid to this problem. It is necessary to provide adequate work conditions by applying appropriate technologies, tools, work organisation, personal protection equipment, as well as previous and periodical examinations of hearing by tone audiometry before employing workers and during their work in noisy conditions.

Adult↗