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Results for “Health determinants”

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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A scientific panel for determining health effects among radiation workers at Israel's nuclear research facilities.

The problem of compensation to employees of nuclear research facilities presents difficult issues to the practicing attorney. The major stumbling block to presenting a well-documented case in court is the worker's inability to discuss the full range of duties at his or her work station over the course of employment. In addition the worker is barred from discussing the types and concentrations of chemicals and radioactive substances to which he or she is exposed, thereby limiting the ability of a competent physician to prepare an opinion on the causation between effects of exposure and disease. This paper presents the dilemma faced by the authors, who represented over 40 workers with cancer at the nuclear research facility in Dimona, Israel. It shows how the authors extricated themselves from this difficult dilemma by creating a panel of scientific experts under the court's auspices and with the court's blessings, which obviated the need for heavy procedural rules of court that apply in torts litigation in Israel. The scheme as developed and approved by the court can serve as a model to other countries where security matters are as important as matters of environmental health.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Determining health care rights from behind a veil of ignorance.

Should our society establish positive rights to health care that each citizen could claim, as many health policy analysts believe? Or should it provide only background rules of contract and property law and leave the provision of health care to the free market, as Richard Epstein advocates in Mortal Peril? In this article, Professor Korobkin argues that this question should be addressed from the Rawlsian "veil of ignorance" perspective. That is, the question should be answered by asking what kind of society would individuals agree to form if they had no knowledge of their individual skills or endowments; if they did not know whether they were rich or poor, healthy or sick, weak or strong. Professor Korobkin contends that individuals behind such a veil of ignorance would balance their inherent risk aversion (which favors a safety net of "rights") against the inefficient incentives created by rights regimes that would reduce net social wealth (which favors a free market). Whether they would choose to establish rights to health care or not is ultimately an empirical question that turns on how inefficient any particular right would be. The question thus requires a case-by-case analysis of proposed rights. The article then considers the policy issues of (1) community rating of private health insurance and (2) the mandated provision of emergency medical care. It concludes that in these cases the inefficient incentives created by establishing rights are probably smaller and/or controllable enough to lead individuals behind the veil of ignorance to favor a regime of positive rights.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology applied to the investigation of infant health determinants: basic concepts and methods].

Epidemiologic principles and methods have been widely employed in clinical research. The purpose of this paper is to discuss basic epidemiological concepts applied to the investigation of the determinants of infant diseases. The theoretical framework outlines the hypothesis of the investigation. The design of the study is chosen accordingly. Exposure and outcome are defined, and the sampling criteria and the strategies for its implementation are specified. The researcher can be an observer (as in cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies) or can determine who will be exposed in the experimental studies (clinical trials). Cross-sectional study is the easiest one to conduct, since exposure and outcome are assessed simultaneously in a well-defined population. In a cohort study, a group of people is assembled according to the exposure and followed over time to detect who will develop the outcome. In a case-control study,people are selected based on disease status. Then, they are investigated about previous exposures which could be associated with the development of the disease. The investigator allocates the exposure and then follows the participants to assess the outcome in clinical trials. Contrasting with the experiment developed in laboratory, the subjects are human beings.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1999

[Quantitative evaluation of ecologically determined health risk among the population of industrial areas (on the example of the city of Angarsk)].

The authors discuss experience concerning use of risk evaluation methods. Those methods are designed to analyze and evaluate contribution made by air pollution sources into ecologically related risk for population living in territories of ecological hazard (exemplified by Angarsk city). Findings are that use of EPA methods combined with epidemiological risk evaluation technology appears the most effective. This combined approach helps to solve the following problems: 1) evaluation of territory's ecological hazard induced by environmental pollution; 2) estimate of quantitative dependencies of this hazard and health risk from actual composition and source of pollution; 3) disclosure of contribution made by main health risk sources.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1993

Determining health risks associated with disinfectants and disinfection by-products: research needs.

In order to minimize the levels of potentially toxic disinfectants and disinfection by-products in treated water while maintaining adequate protection against microbiological contamination, the total risks associated with disinfection have to be measured and compared with the risks from microbial agents. Because much work has already been carried out on chlorination and its by-products, it is recommended that research focus on major disinfection alternatives, i.e., ozonation, chloramination, carbon dioxidation, and the most practical combinations of these options. The primary research needs are (1) assessment of the relative toxicological hazards of the disinfectants and their by-products and (2) development of biologically based models for the dose-response relationships of these chemicals.

Animals↗